Introduction to ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA) in the agricultural sectors: Context, approaches and lessons learned
Download as PPT, PDF6 likes3,427 views
The document provides an overview of ecosystem-based adaptation (EBA) in agriculture, highlighting its importance in addressing climate change impacts across various ecosystems. It discusses the principles of EBA, including sustainable management and conservation, as well as its application in watershed management projects, particularly in Ecuador. The document emphasizes the multi-faceted benefits of EBA, which contribute to enhancing food production, water availability, and resilience against extreme weather events.
![EbA is « the use of biodiversity and ecosystem services to help people
adapt to the adverse effects of climate change » (CBD, 2009)
Similarities
•logic: healthy agroecosytem are more resilient
•practices at field/landscape level
•objective: « helping people » [food security and nutrition]
•approach: involving community, participatory process
Differencies
•entry points and scope: adaptation as a clear entry point for EbA while AE aims at
embracing all the environmental and socio-economical challenges linked to Food S.
•stakeholders: EbA from environmentalism/conservation and AE food producers and
science?
•strategic goal: social innovation and food system for a transformative approach in AE
Links between agroecology (AE) and EbA
Synergies need to be made !
Scaling-up Adaptation in Agricultural Sectors (SAAS) series
Introduction to ecosystem-based adaptation in the agriculture sectors: Context, approaches and lessons learned
22nd
November, 2017](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/finalebawebinar1presentation-171128142355/85/Introduction-to-ecosystem-based-adaptation-EbA-in-the-agricultural-sectors-Context-approaches-and-lessons-learned-53-320.jpg)
Introduction to ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA) in the agricultural sectors: Context, approaches and lessons learned
- 1. Introduction to ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA) in the agricultural sectors: Context, approaches and lessons 22 November, 2017 Scaling-up Adaptation in Agricultural Sectors (SAAS) Ecosystem-based Adaptation (EbA) in Agricultural Sectors: Context, approaches and lessons learned
- 2. Introduction to ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA) in the agricultural sectors: Context, approaches and lessons 22 November, 2017 Scaling-up Adaptation in Agricultural Sectors (SAAS) Ecosystem-based Adaptation (EbA) in Agricultural Sectors: An Introduction Selvaraju Ramasamy, Climate and Environment Division, FAO
- 3. Introduction to ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA) in the agricultural sectors: Context, approaches and lessons 22 November, 2017 Scaling-up Adaptation in Agricultural Sectors (SAAS) 1. Ecosystems and agricultural livelihoods 2. Climate change impacts on ecosystems 3. Ecosystem-based Adaptation (EbA) in agricultural sectors 4. EbA related priorities in (I)NDCs
- 4. Introduction to ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA) in the agricultural sectors: Context, approaches and lessons 22 November, 2017 Scaling-up Adaptation in Agricultural Sectors (SAAS) Mountain Ecosystems Extent and livelihoods: •22 percent of the world’s land surface •Home to some 915 million people •Livelihoods for 12% of global population •60 - 80% water flows from mountains (FA0 2015) Climate change impacts: •Shifts in plant species distribution •Shrinking glaciers and reduced water holding capacity •Reduced supply of water downstream
- 5. Introduction to ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA) in the agricultural sectors: Context, approaches and lessons 22 November, 2017 Scaling-up Adaptation in Agricultural Sectors (SAAS) Forest Ecosystems Extent and livelihoods: • 30.6% of global land area • 1.6 billion people • More than 20% of world population rely on forest resources (FAO 2015) Climate change impacts: •Pest outbreaks and dieback •Forest fires
- 6. Introduction to ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA) in the agricultural sectors: Context, approaches and lessons 22 November, 2017 Scaling-up Adaptation in Agricultural Sectors (SAAS) Cultivated Ecosystems Extent and livelihoods: •37.7% of global land area •500 million small-holder farmers in rural areas (FAO 2017) Climate change impacts: •Variable and unpredictable rainfall •Loss of production •Pests and disease outbreaks
- 7. Introduction to ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA) in the agricultural sectors: Context, approaches and lessons 22 November, 2017 Scaling-up Adaptation in Agricultural Sectors (SAAS) Freshwater Ecosystems Climate change impacts: •Altered flow regimes •Saltwater intrusion •Water quality deterioration •Drying out of wetlands
- 8. Introduction to ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA) in the agricultural sectors: Context, approaches and lessons 22 November, 2017 Scaling-up Adaptation in Agricultural Sectors (SAAS) Dryland Ecosystems Climate change impacts : •Highly variable rainfall patterns •Aridity and high frequency of droughts •Reduced grazing potential •Soil erosion and land degradation Extent and livelihoods: •47% of the earth’s land •50% of the livestock population •44% of food production
- 9. Introduction to ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA) in the agricultural sectors: Context, approaches and lessons 22 November, 2017 Scaling-up Adaptation in Agricultural Sectors (SAAS) Coastal and Marine Ecosystems Extent and livelihoods: •Fisheries and aquaculture support 10- 12% of world’s population •Provide 3 billion people with about 20% animal protein intake per capita (HLPE 2015) Climate change impacts: •Sea level rise and warming •Acidification and coral bleaching •Damage to fisheries assets
- 10. Introduction to ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA) in the agricultural sectors: Context, approaches and lessons 22 November, 2017 Scaling-up Adaptation in Agricultural Sectors (SAAS) Ecosystem-based Adaptation (EbA) in Agriculture • Use of biodiversity and ecosystem services as part of an overall adaptation strategy to help people to adapt to the adverse effects of climate change (CBD, 2009 & IPCC, 2014) • EbA in agricultural sectors: Sustainable management Conservation Restoration …. of natural resources and ecosystems that support agricultural livelihoods
- 11. Introduction to ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA) in the agricultural sectors: Context, approaches and lessons 22 November, 2017 Scaling-up Adaptation in Agricultural Sectors (SAAS) Ecosystem-based Adaptation (EbA) in agriculture Multiple Benefits: 1.Sustainable food production and water availability 2.Enhanced buffering capacities against extreme events (e.g. floods, droughts, landslides etc.) 3.Climate change mitigation co-benefits
- 12. Introduction to ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA) in the agricultural sectors: Context, approaches and lessons 22 November, 2017 Scaling-up Adaptation in Agricultural Sectors (SAAS) Ecosystem-based Adaptation – (I)NDC analysis • Ecosystem-based approaches to adaptation – 23 countries • Ecosystems and biodiversity – 132 countries
- 13. Introduction to ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA) in the agricultural sectors: Context, approaches and lessons 22 November, 2017 Scaling-up Adaptation in Agricultural Sectors (SAAS) Ecosystem based Approaches – (I)NDC priorities • Crops: Sustainable management of agricultural land and water and livelihood diversification • Livestock: Improved rangeland management • Fisheries and Aquaculture: Improved management, conservation and restoration of marine and coastal ecosystems • Forests: Conservation and restoration of forest biodiversity; sustainable forest management
- 14. Introduction to ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA) in the agricultural sectors: Context, approaches and lessons 22 November, 2017 Scaling-up Adaptation in Agricultural Sectors (SAAS) Thank You
- 15. Introduction to ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA) in the agricultural sectors: Context, approaches and lessons 22 November, 2017 Scaling-up Adaptation in Agricultural Sectors (SAAS) Scaling-up Adaptation in the Agricultural Sectors (SAAS) series EbA in the agricultural sectors: Watershed management case study Chimborazo (Ecuador) Petra Wolter and Luca Fè d’Ostiani Water and Mountains Team Forestry Department
- 16. Definitions • The CBD defines the ecosystem approach as a strategy for the integrated management of land, water and living resources that promotes conservation and sustainable use in an equitable way • Watershed management is defined by FAO as any human action aimed at ensuring a sustainable use of watershed resources • A watershed is the geographical area drained by a watercourse. © Conservation Ontario Scaling-up Adaptation in Agricultural Sectors (SAAS) series Introduction to ecosystem-based adaptation in the agriculture sectors: Context, approaches and lessons learned 22nd November, 2017
- 17. Key principles of watershed management • Applies an integrated approach: multi-sector, multi-stakeholder and multi-scale • Has an explicit spatial focus and reflects upstream–downstream linkages, processes, interactions and effects on-site and off-site • Combines local traditional knowledge and scientific knowledge through action research and joint learning • Seeks innovative and low-cost solutions and combines them to obtain multiple benefits for ecosystem conservation and livelihoods improvements • Promotes a flexible, adaptive long-term perspective to management, planning and financing Scaling-up Adaptation in Agricultural Sectors (SAAS) series Introduction to ecosystem-based adaptation in the agriculture sectors: Context, approaches and lessons learned 22nd November, 2017
- 18. Management of Chimborazo’s Natural Resources •GEF-funded project (USD 3,87 Mio), 2011 - 2017 •Full national execution by Provincial Government of Chimborazo •Integrated watershed management approach is applied across different altitudinal belts, including the high-mountain páramo ecosystem •Active in 5 watersheds totaling 115,000 ha and 33,000 inhabitants Watershed management in Ecuador Scaling-up Adaptation in Agricultural Sectors (SAAS) series Introduction to ecosystem-based adaptation in the agriculture sectors: Context, approaches and lessons learned 22nd November, 2017
- 19. How are FAO’s watershed management principles applied ? •Enhancing holistic/cross-sectoral ecosystem/territorial vision, strengthening planning & implementation capacities at Prov./Local Govts. & users level (community and watershed committees), leading to jointly agreed and validated watershed management plans and localized micro-projects •Supporting national execution and inter-institutional arrangements combining bottom-up & top-down processes for joint implementation, monitoring and re- orientation •Reflecting upstream-downstream linkages and supporting design/implementation of mechanisms to compensate for ecosystem services (CES) rendered by upper watershed inhabitants Watershed management in Ecuador Scaling-up Adaptation in Agricultural Sectors (SAAS) series Introduction to ecosystem-based adaptation in the agriculture sectors: Context, approaches and lessons learned 22nd November, 2017
- 20. Strong focus on water as key connecting factor •Watershed-level assessment, planning and implementation •Protection of headwater areas, springs and watercourses through reforestation with native species to increase water infiltration •Bio-physical soil and water conservation measures on steep slopes to reduce erosion and increase water infiltration •Water collection and storage in ponds and hill lakes for improved/regulated water supply •Drinking water quality analysis & promotion of chlorinated drinking water supply Watershed management in Ecuador Scaling-up Adaptation in Agricultural Sectors (SAAS) series Introduction to ecosystem-based adaptation in the agriculture sectors: Context, approaches and lessons learned 22nd November, 2017
- 21. Other interventions include: •Cattle and sheep grazing replaced by alpacas, llamas and vicunas (930 ha) •Forest restoration (431 ha enrichment, 1,382 ha regeneration) •Organic and conservation agriculture practices to enhance local agrobiodiversity •Income diversification and value chain development (alpaca/vicuna wool, bio- horticulture, milk, certified potato seeds, handicrafts, agro-tourism…) •Reduced post-harvest losses through efficient crops/milk storage systems It’s the mix of good practices of sustainable land management (SLM) and sustainable forest management (SFM) within the watershed that helps to reduce pressures on natural resources, to improve local livelihoods and increase resource efficiency Watershed management in Ecuador Scaling-up Adaptation in Agricultural Sectors (SAAS) series Introduction to ecosystem-based adaptation in the agriculture sectors: Context, approaches and lessons learned 22nd November, 2017
- 22. Innovative CES schemes Developped along 4 main types of funding sources and user groups: i.National financial incentives (SocioBosque) to cover trade-off agreements with farmers protecting upper forests/rangelands ii.Local Govts. funds for watershed afforestation, processing facilities (milk, alpaca wool…) & infrastructures iii.Private sector funds for upstream afforestation & tourism infrastructures (e.g. hydro-electric company; flower nurseries) iv.Progressive increase in water charges system negotiated with and paid by irrigation user groups + Testing of additional compensations flows involving improved production systems (potato certified seeds and silos) in return for upper areas protection + Exploring potential flows to be generated by new peri-urban irrigation schemes and urban drinking water supply systems Watershed management in Ecuador Scaling-up Adaptation in Agricultural Sectors (SAAS) series Introduction to ecosystem-based adaptation in the agriculture sectors: Context, approaches and lessons learned 22nd November, 2017
- 23. Legal/policy/institutional changes •Regulation on the conservation and management of vicuna updated (in line with CITES) and preparation of new operational guidelines for vicuna shearing •Integration of income generating activities in Chimborazo Fauna Reserve mgmt. system (eco-tourism, visitor center, leisure areas, handicrafts shops…) •Consolidation of multi-stakeholder/inter-sectoral processes at Provincial/Local Govt. level (e.g. on environmental subjects) •Establishing a multi-stakeholder Provincial Hydro-meteorological Monitoring Network and Surveillance System for Natural Resources, integration of hydrological stations into national meteorological system, incorporation of water quality assessment Watershed management in Ecuador Scaling-up Adaptation in Agricultural Sectors (SAAS) series Introduction to ecosystem-based adaptation in the agriculture sectors: Context, approaches and lessons learned 22nd November, 2017
- 24. The way forward • FAO recently concluded a review of 12 watershed management projects. These lessons learned are being published, and the publication will be released on 12 December 2017. Scaling-up Adaptation in Agricultural Sectors (SAAS) series Introduction to ecosystem-based adaptation in the agriculture sectors: Context, approaches and lessons learned 22nd November, 2017
- 25. The way forward Watershed management has a great potential to mainstream adaptation, especially ecosystem- based adaptation, by applying a climate lens and incorporating climate-related data, tools and methods in watershed management programme and project design and implementation, e.g. •When assessing the conditions and trends in a watershed: include assessment of climate vulnerabilities and risks as well as assessment of existing adaptive capacities and needs among stakeholders •When identifying options: give priority to low-cost nature-based solutions to restore, maintain, or improve ecosystem health and account for adaptation co-benefits •When formulating watershed management plans: promote adaptive planning and management, long-term perspective, flexibility to deal with uncertainties and change •When monitoring the changes in the watershed: include indicators to monitor ecosystems services, health and stability. Scaling-up Adaptation in Agricultural Sectors (SAAS) series Introduction to ecosystem-based adaptation in the agriculture sectors: Context, approaches and lessons learned 22nd November, 2017
- 26. Main challenges • Access to climate data and downscaling of global/national models • Baseline and indicator development for measuring, monitoring and reporting of results and benefits • Capacity development is needed at all levels, especially analytical capacities for cross-sectoral territorial analysis, systems thinking, scenario development or risk analysis • Mainstreaming and scaling up good practices and approaches tested at watershed scale requires a long-term integrated planning and investment framework Scaling-up Adaptation in Agricultural Sectors (SAAS) series Introduction to ecosystem-based adaptation in the agriculture sectors: Context, approaches and lessons learned 22nd November, 2017
- 27. THANK YOU ! Petra Wolter and Luca Fè d’Ostiani Water and Mountains Team Forestry Department Scaling-up Adaptation in Agricultural Sectors (SAAS) series Introduction to ecosystem-based adaptation in the agriculture sectors: Context, approaches and lessons learned 22nd November, 2017
- 28. Introduction to ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA) in the agricultural sectors: Context, approaches and lessons 22 November, 2017 Scaling-up Adaptation in Agricultural Sectors (SAAS) Agroecology and Ecosystem based Adaptation (EbA) Rémi Cluset Agricultural officer – agroecology /AGP 22.11.17 / EbA Seminar
- 29. Index • Section 1: Agroecology in FAO • Section 2: Agroecology: definitions • Section 3: Agroecological principles and practices and EbA • Section 4: Case study on agroecology • Section 5: Conclusion: Agroecology and EbA Scaling-up Adaptation in Agricultural Sectors (SAAS) series Introduction to ecosystem-based adaptation in the agriculture sectors: Context, approaches and lessons learned 22nd November, 2017
- 30. Agroecology in FAO Section 1 Scaling-up Adaptation in Agricultural Sectors (SAAS) series Introduction to ecosystem-based adaptation in the agriculture sectors: Context, approaches and lessons learned 22nd November, 2017
- 31. Recognizing the role that agroecology can play in food security and nutrition, FAO organized in 2014 an International Symposium on agroecology followed by Regional Symposia from 2015 to 2017 Global and regional consultations Scaling-up Adaptation in Agricultural Sectors (SAAS) series Introduction to ecosystem-based adaptation in the agriculture sectors: Context, approaches and lessons learned 22nd November, 2017
- 32. www.fao.org/agroecology FAO agroecology knowledge hub Official portal launched in 2017 Scaling-up Adaptation in Agricultural Sectors (SAAS) series Introduction to ecosystem-based adaptation in the agriculture sectors: Context, approaches and lessons learned 22nd November, 2017
- 33. FAO 40th Conference (July 2017): Agroecology in the Medium Term Plan and Programme of Work and Budget “More integrated, cross-sectoral and coherent approaches, including those based on landscapes, territories, agricultural heritage systems, agroecology, ecosystems, and/or value chains, are needed to change policies and practices in a sustainable way (FAO DG MTP 2018-2021) Agroecology in FAO work plan in 2017 Scaling-up Adaptation in Agricultural Sectors (SAAS) series Introduction to ecosystem-based adaptation in the agriculture sectors: Context, approaches and lessons learned 22nd November, 2017
- 34. • Analysis of FAO workplan regarding agroecology and gradually embedding the work on agroecology in FAO’s Strategic Framework (analysis of the workplan) • Launch of a new, forward looking and action-oriented “scaling up agroecology initiative” in cooperation with major partners such as IFAD and others in April 2018 (2nd International Symposium) • Develop a global analytical framework for policy-makers, researchers and analysts to assess the multi-dimensional performance of agroecological approaches (FAO Global Knowledge Product SP2 – 2018-2019) • Many other activities and field projects… Next step 2018 Agroecology and agroecological approaches are already developed in FAO process even if not so called « agroecology» EbA is one of them Scaling-up Adaptation in Agricultural Sectors (SAAS) series Introduction to ecosystem-based adaptation in the agriculture sectors: Context, approaches and lessons learned 22nd November, 2017
- 35. Agroecology: definitions Section 2 Scaling-up Adaptation in Agricultural Sectors (SAAS) series Introduction to ecosystem-based adaptation in the agriculture sectors: Context, approaches and lessons learned 22nd November, 2017
- 36. Scientific perspective There are many definitions on agroecology since 1928 (Bensin) moving from field/farm/agroecosystem to the entire food system level (Francis et al, 2003) •Altieri, 1995: The application of ecological science to the study, design, and management of sustainable systems” (Altieri, 1995) •Francis et al, 2003: Agroecology: the integrative study of the ecology of the entire food system, encompassing ecological, economic and social dimensions From the field to the food system Scaling-up Adaptation in Agricultural Sectors (SAAS) series Introduction to ecosystem-based adaptation in the agriculture sectors: Context, approaches and lessons learned 22nd November, 2017
- 37. “From a scientific and technical perspective, agroecology applies ecological concepts and principles to farming systems, focusing on the interactions between microorganisms, plants, animals, humans and the environment, to foster sustainable agriculture development in order to ensure food security and nutrition for all, now and in the future” (HLPE, 2016) Today’s more transformative visions of agroecology integrate transdisciplinary knowledge, farmers’ practices and social movements while recognizing their mutual dependence. HLPE definition: in FAO publications From science to Society for a transformative vision Scaling-up Adaptation in Agricultural Sectors (SAAS) series Introduction to ecosystem-based adaptation in the agriculture sectors: Context, approaches and lessons learned 22nd November, 2017
- 38. 3 components of agroecology Scaling-up Adaptation in Agricultural Sectors (SAAS) series Introduction to ecosystem-based adaptation in the agriculture sectors: Context, approaches and lessons learned 22nd November, 2017
- 39. Agroecological principles and practices and EbA Section 3 Scaling-up Adaptation in Agricultural Sectors (SAAS) series Introduction to ecosystem-based adaptation in the agriculture sectors: Context, approaches and lessons learned 22nd November, 2017
- 40. Agroecological principles 1. Enhance the recycling of biomass, with a view to optimizing organic matter decomposition and nutrient cycling over time 2. Strenghten the “immune system” of agricultural systems through enhancement of functional biodiversity –natural enemies, antagonists, etc. by creating appropriate habitats 3. Provide the most favourable soil conditions for plant growth, particularly by managing organic matter and by enhancing soil biological activity 4. Minimize losses of energy, water, nutrients and genetic resources by enhancing conservation and regeneration of soil and water resources and agrobiodiversity 5. Diversify species and genetic resources in the agroecosystem over time and space at the field and landscape level 6. Enhance biological interactions and synergies among the components of agrobiodiversity, thereby promoting key ecological processes and services * The agroecological principles for the design resilient farming systems, Nicholls and Altieri (2016) Agroecology does not promote technical recipes but rather the above principles* to be adapted to local context, strengthening natural processes: Scaling-up Adaptation in Agricultural Sectors (SAAS) series Introduction to ecosystem-based adaptation in the agriculture sectors: Context, approaches and lessons learned 22nd November, 2017
- 41. Agroecology: principles, practices and processes Agroecological principles for the conversion of farming systems (Nicholls and al.) Scaling-up Adaptation in Agricultural Sectors (SAAS) series Introduction to ecosystem-based adaptation in the agriculture sectors: Context, approaches and lessons learned 22nd November, 2017
- 42. Agroecological practices Scaling-up Adaptation in Agricultural Sectors (SAAS) series Introduction to ecosystem-based adaptation in the agriculture sectors: Context, approaches and lessons learned 22nd November, 2017
- 43. Agroecological approaches Agroecology takes different technological forms depending on the prevailing socioeconomic and biophysical circumstances of farmers. It can also have many diverse representations and technical appellations. Source: P. Ferrand, presentation FAO Agroecology Symposium for Asia 2015, adapted from E. Hainzelin Scaling-up Adaptation in Agricultural Sectors (SAAS) series Introduction to ecosystem-based adaptation in the agriculture sectors: Context, approaches and lessons learned 22nd November, 2017
- 44. Case study on agroecology Section 4 Scaling-up Adaptation in Agricultural Sectors (SAAS) series Introduction to ecosystem-based adaptation in the agriculture sectors: Context, approaches and lessons learned 22nd November, 2017
- 45. Malawi farmer to farmer agroecology project Legumes diversification to improve soil fertility Source: Soil and Food - http://soilandfood.org/malawi-farmer-to-farmer-agroecology-project/ Scaling-up Adaptation in Agricultural Sectors (SAAS) series Introduction to ecosystem-based adaptation in the agriculture sectors: Context, approaches and lessons learned 22nd November, 2017
- 46. A Project with 6600 farming households in 308 villages on 2 areas Typical planting patterns are monocropped maize with limited organic matter returned to the soil, and reliance on commercial fertilizer Transdisciplinary research-action project began due to the rising costs of commercial fertilizer, low crop and dietary diversity, high gender inequality and high levels of child malnutrition and agroecosystem degradation (organic matter and soil fertility) Soils, Food and Healthy Communities organization, Chancellor College, the University of Malawi, Ekwendeni Hospital, Western University, Cornell University and the University of Manitoba, funded by Global Affairs Canada and the Canadian Food Grains Bank The project Scaling-up Adaptation in Agricultural Sectors (SAAS) series Introduction to ecosystem-based adaptation in the agriculture sectors: Context, approaches and lessons learned 22nd November, 2017
- 47. Agroecological practices implemented •Use of site adapted cultivar •Diversification (sorghum, finger millet, sweet potatoes, cowpea pigeon pea, groundnut, soya bean…) crop rotation •Intercropping with legumes •Agroforestry •Incorporating crop residues (vs burning) •Organic matter management and compost Other agroecological practices and methodology •Integration of equity concerns into programming and research activities (women, youth, poor households) •Community seed banks creation •Farmer research team created and participatory action research •Farmer exchanges (field trips and trainings) to deepen knowledge on ecological principles, equity, farmer associations and marketing •Involving people from multiple disciplines (i.e. nutrition, social sciences, agriculture, medicine, development) and different stakeholders (e.g. hospital staff, village leaders) in carrying out research and in development activities. Practices Scaling-up Adaptation in Agricultural Sectors (SAAS) series Introduction to ecosystem-based adaptation in the agriculture sectors: Context, approaches and lessons learned 22nd November, 2017
- 48. Resilience of the global agroecosystem •Agroecological diversification, by breaking the monoculture nature of farming systems, contributed to yield stability in the midst of climatic variability Spreading out of the harvest period •Sweet potatoes have early harvest but also multiple benefits, such as soil cover, a source of both leafy greens and tubers Drought tolerance of crops •Sorghum and finger millet are drought tolerant indigenous grains that can be substituted for maize, the main staple in Malawian diets •Local orange landrace varieties of maize (Mtinkinya) source of provitamin A and harvested earlier than other maize varieties, drought tolerant, reducing risk of crop failure Impacts on adaptation (1) Farmers experiment diverse mixed systems, including growing edible legume intercrops, diversifying their cropping system with additional crops and agroforestry Scaling-up Adaptation in Agricultural Sectors (SAAS) series Introduction to ecosystem-based adaptation in the agriculture sectors: Context, approaches and lessons learned 22nd November, 2017
- 49. Protection from erosion, enhancing soil fertility and water retention •Legumes fix Nitrogen and pigeon pea has deep roots that draw nutrients from deeper in the soil •Agroforestry (Acacia albida, Gliricidia sepium and Tephrosia voglii), provide shade cover to reduce erosion and improve soil fertility but also attract beneficial insects and Tephrosia has a natural pesticide that does not kill beneficial insects but is effective with one of the major insect pests of pigeonpea •After harvest, the legume residue can be incorporated into the soil, increasing soil organic matter, which builds both soil fertility and soil structure. Farmers have found that it is effective at increasing maize yields the following growing season, reducing the need for fertilizer application •Some farmers are making compost, using a combination of animal manures, grasses, and legume residue. They make the compost during the dry season and incorporate it into their fields before planting Impacts on adaptation (2) and mitigation Scaling-up Adaptation in Agricultural Sectors (SAAS) series Introduction to ecosystem-based adaptation in the agriculture sectors: Context, approaches and lessons learned 22nd November, 2017
- 50. Food and nutrition security •Legumes help to diversify the diet providing important source of protein •local orange landrace varieties of maize having potential to contribute vitamin A in diets •Greater crops: improved maize yield •Longer harvest period (early harvest of sweet potato) •Yield stability in the midst of climatic variability •Seed sovereignty (community seed banks created) Rural livehood and social well being •Reduce of the costs an input dependency •Raise of income through legume sale •Greater improvement in decision making for women and men taking more household tasks •Improved cohesion and social relations at the community level •Empowerment of farmers creating their own research association •Pigeon pea provide firewood Other impacts Scaling-up Adaptation in Agricultural Sectors (SAAS) series Introduction to ecosystem-based adaptation in the agriculture sectors: Context, approaches and lessons learned 22nd November, 2017
- 51. Conclusion: Agroecology and EbA Section 5 Scaling-up Adaptation in Agricultural Sectors (SAAS) series Introduction to ecosystem-based adaptation in the agriculture sectors: Context, approaches and lessons learned 22nd November, 2017
- 52. 3 components of agroecology : Paralell with EbA Scaling-up Adaptation in Agricultural Sectors (SAAS) series Introduction to ecosystem-based adaptation in the agriculture sectors: Context, approaches and lessons learned 22nd November, 2017
- 53. EbA is « the use of biodiversity and ecosystem services to help people adapt to the adverse effects of climate change » (CBD, 2009) Similarities •logic: healthy agroecosytem are more resilient •practices at field/landscape level •objective: « helping people » [food security and nutrition] •approach: involving community, participatory process Differencies •entry points and scope: adaptation as a clear entry point for EbA while AE aims at embracing all the environmental and socio-economical challenges linked to Food S. •stakeholders: EbA from environmentalism/conservation and AE food producers and science? •strategic goal: social innovation and food system for a transformative approach in AE Links between agroecology (AE) and EbA Synergies need to be made ! Scaling-up Adaptation in Agricultural Sectors (SAAS) series Introduction to ecosystem-based adaptation in the agriculture sectors: Context, approaches and lessons learned 22nd November, 2017
- 54. Introduction to ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA) in the agricultural sectors: Context, approaches and lessons 22 November, 2017 Scaling-up Adaptation in Agricultural Sectors (SAAS) Thank you Contact us remi.cluset@fao.org 54
Editor's Notes
- #2: Ecosystems that provide essential services to agricultural livelihoods are at risk due to climate change impacts This presentation provides an overview on benefits of ecosystem based adaptation in agricultural sectors I am Selvaraju Ramasamy, working with climate and environment division in FAO, Rome
- #3: Ecosystems that provide essential services to agricultural livelihoods are at risk due to climate change impacts This presentation provides an overview on benefits of ecosystem based adaptation in agricultural sectors I am Selvaraju Ramasamy, working with climate and environment division in FAO, Rome
- #4: In this presentation, four key aspects related to Ecosystem based adaptation are highlighted 1. Support of ecosystems to agricultural dependent livelihoods 2. Impacts of climate change on ecosystems that are relevant to agricultural sectors 3. What is ecosystem based adaptation and why this is important in agricultural sectors 4. What are the priorities related to EbA that are highlighted in (I)NDCs
- #11: EbA offers an opportunity to explore and make use of the potential for synergies between biodiversity conservation and climate change adaptation and mitigation. It aims to maintain and increase the resilience and reduce the vulnerability of ecosystems and people in the face of the adverse effects of climate change
- #12: EbA offers an opportunity to explore and make use of the potential for synergies between biodiversity conservation and climate change adaptation and mitigation. It aims to maintain and increase the resilience and reduce the vulnerability of ecosystems and people in the face of the adverse effects of climate change
- #13: (I)NDCs prioritized adaptation - 140 Africa (47) Asia (37) Latin America and the Caribbean (31) Near East and North Africa (17) Europe (8)
- #32: A strong interest and commitment for agroecology was observed in the regions: a total of about 1350 participants from 162 member countries participated in the meetings, including representatives of governments, researchers, farmers’ organizations, civil society and the private sector
- #49: Diversification By breaking the monoculture nature of farming systems, agroecological diversification contributed to yield stability in the midst of climatic variability. Farmers who participate in the project get training on agroecological principles along with nutrition and social equity issues. Farmers experiment diverse mixed systems, including growing edible legume intercrops, diversifying their cropping system with additional crops such as sorghum, finger millet, sweet potatoes or cowpea. Sweet potatoes, have multiple benefits, such as soil cover, a source of both leafy greens and tubers, and early harvest, thereby spreading out the harvest period and increasing food security for households. Data from several experiments on mixed cropping sorghum/pigeon pea showed that for a given ‘disaster’ (drought, frost, etc.), pigeon pea monoculture would fail one year in five, sorghum monoculture would fail one year in eight, but intercropping would fail only one year in thirty-six [reference 44 Nicholls Altieri Sweet potatoes, have multiple benefits, such as soil cover, a source of both leafy greens and tubers, and early harvest, thereby spreading out the harvest period and increasing food security for households
- #50: Diversification By breaking the monoculture nature of farming systems, agroecological diversification contributed to yield stability in the midst of climatic variability. Farmers who participate in the project get training on agroecological principles along with nutrition and social equity issues. Farmers experiment diverse mixed systems, including growing edible legume intercrops, diversifying their cropping system with additional crops such as sorghum, finger millet, sweet potatoes or cowpea. Sweet potatoes, have multiple benefits, such as soil cover, a source of both leafy greens and tubers, and early harvest, thereby spreading out the harvest period and increasing food security for households. Data from several experiments on mixed cropping sorghum/pigeon pea showed that for a given ‘disaster’ (drought, frost, etc.), pigeon pea monoculture would fail one year in five, sorghum monoculture would fail one year in eight, but intercropping would fail only one year in thirty-six [reference 44 Nicholls Altieri Sweet potatoes, have multiple benefits, such as soil cover, a source of both leafy greens and tubers, and early harvest, thereby spreading out the harvest period and increasing food security for households