introduction to Embedded Systems

Eng.HamdyAhmedEl-asawy
Eng.Hamdy Ahmed Hamdy El-asawy
IntroductionTo EmbeddedSystems

Content
1. What is An Embedded System
2. Embedded System Design
3. Embedded Design Goals
4. Embedded Design Characteristics
5. Embedded System Application
6. Microcontrollers
7. What is a Development Board
8. Central processing unit (CPU)
9. CPU Architecture(MemoryAccessing)
10. CPU Architecture(Numberof instructions)
11. MemoryTypes
12. Interrupts
13. Power
14. Embedded System Constrains

What is an Embedded
System

What is An Embedded System
An embedded system is one that has computer hardware with
software embedded in it as one of its components.
An embedded system is a dedicated system which performs the
desired function upon power up, repeatedly.

Or we can say that it is “A combination of computer hardware and software, and
perhaps additional mechanical or other parts, designed to perform a dedicated
function. In some cases, embedded systems are part of a larger system or product,
as is the case of an antilock braking system in a car

Software Hardware
Embedded System
1.0 What is An Embedded System
For A Dedicated purpose .

Embedded System Vs General Purpose system

General Purpose Systems
• A General Purpose Systems is A Computer System ( Hardware + Software ) That Perform Many
Applications which can be changed by the user.
• Can be ProgramedBy User
• Hardware And Software Modifications
can be done ByThe User
Like :
Personal Computers
Servers

Embedded Systems General Purpose Systems
Not programmable by user. programmable by user.
Specific Applications that are known at
design time
Computing Lots of Applications
Harder to Develop Easier to Develop
A Part of a Bigger System ( Embedded ) Standalone System or integrated with other
Systems

Embedded Systems Application

Embedded System Application
PC cannot be considered as an embedded system because :
It uses a General-Purpose Processor.
The system is built independently from the software runs on it.

• Automotive

• V2V Communication

Communications

Robotics

Image Processing

Biomedical Application

Biomedical applications

Military

SOC ( System on Chip)

SOB ( System on Board)

Embedded Systems Design

Embedded System Design
• Embedded Systems Consist of Hardware and software combined togetherfor a dedicated purpose
• The Key in Design is to Determine Which Function Block should be Performed in Hardware and
Which should be in software

• Hardware characteristics
Advantage:
» Betterperformance in high speed real time application
Disadvantage:
» Longer development cycle.
» Customized for specific application, not updatable
(unchangeable).

• Software characteristic
Advantage:
»Highly Configurable
»Shorter development cycles
»Easier in Versions updates
»Cheaper
Disadvantage:
» Constrains with processor speed which may satisfy
real time applications and may not

Embedded System Design Steps Requirement Analysis
System Architecture
Specifications
Hardware Design
Hardware
Testing
Hardware
Implementation
Software Design
Software Testing
Software
Implementation
System integration
Operation &
Maintenance
System Validation

Embedded Design Goals
• Performance
• Functionality and user interface.
• Manufacturing cost.
• Power consumption.
• Safety.
• Other requirements. (physical size ….. etc. )

• Any Embedded System
• Built for Certain Application
• The System Should Fulfill The Requirements of the Application
• Characteristics

Embedded System Design characteristics
1- Dependability:
• MakesUsers to Safely relay on The system
• Systems Like :
• Airplanes
• Nuclear Power Plants
• Automotive break system
• System should be Dependable because it have a direct impact on the Environment
As if any thing goes wrong it would cause some series injury to it’s user or maybe death

System is considered to be dependable if
System is Reliable
System is Available
System is Maintainable
System is Safe
System is Secure
Interactive System

•Reliability
The abilityofa machine, or system to consistentlyperform its intended
or required functionor mission, on demand and withoutdegradation
or failure.

Maintainability
The ability to modify the system after its initial release and enhance its performance
likeexecution time, code and memory size. likeAntilock ,Barking systems, Autopilot.
• Readability
• Changeability
• Stability
• Testability

• Availability
Probability of system working at time t.
• Safety
Cause no Harm even if in the case of failure .
sometimes it shouldn't be 24/7

• Security
The Data of The User is Secure
• Interactive System
It is easily understandable, Operated and Handled by auser and provide ease of task.

2- Efficiency:-
• Energy Efficiency
• Code Size Efficiency
• Cost Efficiency
• Time Efficiency
• If you consider a Real Time Application is onein which must beable to act at a speedcorresponding with the
occurrenceof an actual process
• MUST COMPLETE CERTAIN RESULTSIN A CERTAIN TIME WITH OUT DELAY
• If you are using an embedded system with a limited power source such as a Battery Efficiency in energy is A
require.

Energy Efficiency• For Processors Energy Efficiencycanbe estimated based on the number of instructionper joule
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 α 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑗𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑒
• The More ApplicationSpecificthe Components and the code are
The More Energy Efficientthe system is.

Efficiency
• Code size : Must Occupy as small space as possible
• Physical Appearance
• Small Size
• Portableif Desired
• Cost :
• Minimal Numbersof Component

Embedded Systems Characteristic
3- Real TimeConstrains
•If real Time Constrainsare notmet :
• Low Quality
• Serious consequences
• Lackof Dependency

Software Hardware
Embedded System
For A Dedicated purpose .

System Bus
Hardware
POWER
CCT
External
Hardware
Internal
Memory
CPU
Interrupt
Circuit
Timer
Watch
Dog
Serial
Communication
GPIO ADC
SystemBus
System Bus

What is a uc

Microcontrollers
• It is a micro-computer. As any computer it has internal CPU,
RAM, IOs interface.
• A microcontroller is a single chip, self-contained
computer(SOC), which incorporates all the basic components of
a personal computer on a much smaller scale.
• It is used for control purposes, and for data analysis.

• Microcontrollers don’t work alone in the circuit it must interfaces with other on chip
devices like Sensors, Switches, Leds , LCD, Keypad and DC Motor.
Microcontrollers
System Bus
POWER
CCT
External
Hardware
Internal
Memory
CPU
Interrupt
Circuit
Timer
Watch
Dog
Serial
Communication
GPIO ADC
SystemBus
System Bus

What is a Development Board

What is A Development Board
• A printed circuit board designed to facilitatework
with a particular microcontroller.
Typical components include:
•power circuit
•programming interface
•basic input; usually buttons and LEDs
•I/O pins

uc Basic Peripherals

Microcontrollers
• A microcontroller has seven main components:
Central processing unit (CPU)
internal Memory
Input and Output
Timer
Interrupt circuitry
Buses

Microcontrollers
1- Central processing unit (CPU)

• CPU Dose AllThe Computing :
• Arithmetic , control , logic , data , IO operations
• Instruction Cycle:
• Fetches
• Decodes
• ExecutesProgram Instruction

Cpu Architecture

Cpu Architecture
•There aretwo basic types of architecture:
1. Number of Instructions Based Architecture
2. CPU BUS Architecture

Memory Accessing(BUS) CPU Architecture
• Memory AccessingCPU Architecture :
Harvard and Von Neumann.
• Microcontrollers most often use a Harvard or a
modified Harvard-based architecture.
• The microcontroller is often part of a larger
system.

VonNeumann
• Von Neumann architecture has a single, common memory space where both program instructions and data
are stored. There are Common buss between both instructions and data memory.

VonNeumann
• Each time the CPU fetches a program instruction it may have to perform one or more
read/write operations to data memory space.
• It must wait until these subsequent operations are complete before it can fetch and
decode the next program instruction. The advantage to this architecture lies in its
simplicity and economy.

Harvard
•Harvard architecture computers have separate memory areas for program
instructionsand data.
•There are two or more internal data buses which allowsimultaneousaccess to
both instructionsand data.

Harvard
• The CPU fetches instructions on the program memory bus. If the fetched instruction
requires an operation on data memory, the CPU can fetch the nextprogram instruction
whileit uses the data bus for its data operation. This speeds up execution time at the
cost of more hardware complexity.

CPU Architecture(Numberof instructions):
There are two basic types of architecture:
Reduced Instruction Set Computing(RISC).
Complex Instruction Set Computing(CISC).
Microcontrollers most oftenuse a RISC Architecture

RISC CISC
CPU design that recognizes only a limited number of
instructions, Simple in design.
CPU design that recognizes a large number of instructions,
Complex in design.
Simple instructions. Complex and Large no. of instructions.
Instructions are executed quickly. Large execution time for each instruction.
Only the load and store instructions operate directly onto
memory.
Instructions can operate directly on memory.
RISC aims to optimize execution of instructions by limiting the
capabilities of a single instruction and having consistent
instructions’ execution time (Instruction Pipelining)
CISC is an old concepts that dates back when memory access
was slow.

RISC CISC
thus gaining speed from execution point of view but code size
will be large for a dedicated function. But it will increase the
number of memory access.
CISC aimed to integrate several functionalities in one
instruction, in order to limit the program size. and thus limit
memory access in order to gain some speed.
So It's harder to write powerful optimized compilers, since
large number of instructions needed.
It's easier to write powerful optimized compilers, since fewer
instructions exist.
Combine a large number of general registers for arithmetic
operations to avoid storing variables on a stack in memory.
Small number of general purpose registers.
Example: ARM, AVR, PIC,POWER-PC and SPARC. Example: Intel X86, AMD and Motorola 68000.

Cpu Structure

•CPU Mainly consistof :
Arithmetic Logic Unit(ALU).
Control Unit.
Registers.
Bus

• Arithmetic Logic Unit :-
One part of the CPU is responsible for performing calculationsand executing instructions.Thispart is
calledthe arithmetic logic unit, or ALU.
Logic instructioninclude
AND
OR
Not
XOR
Arithmetic instructioninclude:-
Addition
Subtraction
ShiftingOperation

• Control Unit:-
Controls The Internal Flow to Fetch , Decode and execute an instruction
1-Program Counter:-
is a register in a computer processor that containsthe address (location)
of the instructionthat willbe executednext to the current instruction.
Note That in SomeArch, the PC points to the currentinstruction being executed

• Control Unit:-
2-Instruction Register:-
Register which contains theinstruction after getting it from program memory (Fetch stage).

• Control Unit:-
3-Instruction Decoder:-
Converts instructionstored or Fetched in aprogram memory into codes whichthe ALUcan
understand and generate the control signalsof this instruction
The instruction set Differs From Microcontroller Family to another and it express the ability of the
Microcontroller circuit

Eng.Hamdy Ahmed Hamdy
El-asawy
AVR CPU Core
 Common CPU for all AVR parts
 Ex. add $r1, $r2, $r3
1. Read instruction from program memory
2. Load instr. into instr. Register
3. Get source register numbers from instruction
4. Fetch source data from register file
5. Pass sources to ALU, add
6. Pass result to register file

• Registers
are used by the CPU to temporarily store vital data which are volatile.(most of them )
Registers are classified into
General Purpose
Stores Current programor data being processed
Special Function
Control Registers
States Registers
• Many of the microcontroller registers arememory-mapped, associated with a memory location, and can beused like
any othermemory location if not the register is then port mappedand require special assembly instruction to handle
it .
• The number and names of registers varies drastically among microcontrollers.Howevertherearecertain registers
which are commonto most microcontrollers

• Register File
A number of registers grouped together
AVR CPU contains 32 GP registers R0 -R31.

SFR (Specialfunction registers)
1- The stack pointer
The stack pointer contains the address of the next location on the stack.
The address in the stack pointer is decremented when data is pushed on the stack
and incremented when data is popped from the stack.
• The Stack is implemented as growing from higher memory locations to lower memory
locations. This implies that a Stack PUSH command decreases the Stack Pointer and a
Stack POP command increases the Stack Pointer(and may be vice versa for some
processors).

•The Stack is mainly used for storing temporary data, for storing local
variables and for storingreturn addresses after interrupts and
subroutine calls.
•A stack is a LIFO(lastin, first out) mechanism the last thing store on the
stack is the first thing tobe retrieved from the stack.

• Initial Stack Pointer value equals the last address of the internalSRAM and the Stack
Pointer must be set to point above start of the SRAM
• Stack Pointer have to be initialized to point to the last memory location in SRAM
(i.e. first empty location in the stack).
AVR Stack

Stack Example

SFR (Specialfunction registers)
2- IndexRegister
• The index register is used to specify an address when certain addressing modes are used. It is also known as
the pointer register.The Microchip devices use the name FSR (file select register).
• Also called Base Register.
Used in indirect addressing modes,
as the accessed address = index register + offset mentioned in code.

SFR (Special function registers)
3 - The program counter
• Perhaps the single most important CPU registeris the program counter(PC). The PC holds the address of the
next instruction in program memory space.
• It contains the address of the next instruction the CPU will process. As each instruction is fetched and
processed by the ALU, the CPU increments the PC and thereby steps through the program stored in the
program memory space.
4- Instruction Register(IR)
Register which contains the instruction after getting it from program memory (Fetch stage).

5- Processor Status Word/Register(PSW)
• The Status Register contains information about the result of the most recently executed arithmetic instruction. This
information can be used for altering programflow in order to perform conditional operations.
• Status Register is updated after ALU operations.
SFR (Special function registers)

SREG - AVRStatus Register
• Bit 7 – I: Global Interrupt Enable
The Global Interrupt Enable bit must be set for the interrupts to be enabled. The individual interrupt enable control is
thenperformedin separate control registers.
If the Global Interrupt Enable Register is cleared,none of the interrupts areenabled independent of the individual
interrupt enable settings.
The I-bit is cleared by hardware after an interrupt has occurred,and is set by the RETI instruction to enable subsequent
interrupts. The I-bit can also beset and cleared in software with the SEI and CLI instructions, as describedin the
instruction set reference.

SREG - AVRStatus Register
• Bit 4–S: Sign Flag
indicates theresult sign ofarithmetic Data.
Bit 3–V :Overflow flag
indicates an overflowoccurs in an arithmetic operation.
• Bit 2–N: Negativeflag
indicates a negativeresult in an arithmetic or logic operation.(ALU)
• Bit 1–Z :Zero flag
indicates a zero result in an arithmetic or logic operation.
• Bit 0–C: Carryflag
indicates a carry in an arithmetic or logic operation.

Instruction Pipelining:
Continuous and parallel streaming of instruction to the CPU.
A method of achieving higher execution speed at same clock speed.

Co processors
• A Processor that supplements the function of the primary processor.
• Ex:
FPU
Graphics processor
Digital Signalprocessor
Encryption processor

System Bus
• DataBus
The set of lines carrying data and instructions to or fromthe CPU is called the databus.
The number of lines in the data bus determines the maximum datawidththe CPU can handle in a single transaction
an 8-bit data bus can transfer atmost one byte (or two nibbles) in a single transaction, and a 16-bit transaction would
require two data bus transactions.

System Bus
• Address Bus
The CPUinteracts with only one memory register or peripheral device at a time.
Each register, either in memory or aperipheral device, is uniquely identified with
an identifier called address.
The set of lines transporting this address information form the addressbus..

System Bus
• ControlBus
The controlbusgroups all the lines carryingthe signalsthat regulate the system activity.
Control signals include those used to indicate whether the CPU is performing a read or write access.
For Example : Memory chip READ/WRITE (R/W)lines and Chip Select (CS)lines

Microcontrollers
1- Central processing unit (CPU)
2- Memory Unit ( RAM , ROM )

MemoryUnits
• Memory is a part of a microcontroller used for data and program storage
There are Two Basic Types of Memory
RAM
ROM

ROM
• ROM, read only memory, is non-volatile memory used for program information and permanent data.
• The microcontroller uses ROM memory space to store program instructions it will execute when it is started
or reset.
• Program instructions must be saved in non-volatile memory so that they are not affectedby loss of power.

ROM Types
• Mask ROM (MROM)is a type of read-only memory (ROM)whose contents are programmed by the
integrated circuit manufacturer (rather than by the user).
• It is common practice to use rewritable non-volatile memory – such as UV-EPROM or EEPROM – for the
development phase of a project, and to switch to mask ROM when the code has been finalized.

MROM
• The main advantage of mask ROM is its cost. Per bit, mask ROM is more compact than any other kind of
semiconductor memory. Since the cost of an integrated circuit strongly depends on its size, mask ROM is
significantly cheaper than any other kind of semiconductor memory.
Design errors are costly: if an error in the data or code is found, the mask ROM is useless and must be
replaced in order to change the code or data.

One Time Programed Memory (OTP) (PROM)
• Can be programed one time only
• A typical PROM comes with all bits reading as "1". Burning a fuse bit during programming causes the bit
to read as "0". The memory can be programmed just once after manufacturing by "blowing" the fuses,
which is an irreversible process.

UV EPROM
• It enables data to be erased under strong ultraviolet light.
• Aftera fewminutes it is possible to download a new program.

EEPROM(Electrically ErasableProgrammableROM)
• Can be erased by electricity
• The content of This memory can be changed Like ( RAM ) but it can hold the data inside it even if in
the case of no power

RAM(Random Access Memory)
• Volatile Memory
• Faster Than Rom
• Used to Store Temporary Programs
• Also called Read/Write Memory, The term random access refers to the ability to access any memory cell
directly.

DRAM( Dynamic Random AccessMemory )
• The capacitor arrays will hold their charge only for a short period before it
begins to diminish , Meaning that it always have to be refreshed to keep it’s
content

SRAM( StaticRandom AccessMemory )
• Doesn’t Need To Refresh it Self The Data instead will wait to be overwritten.
• Consist of a 4~ 6 Transistors for
each memory Cell
More Expensive and Higher Performance than DRAM

Non-Volatile RAM (NVRAM)
• A Volatile Ram connected
to an Emergency battery.

FLASH Memory ( Hybrid Memory – Mix between Ram & ROM )
• Flash Memory is just like EEPROM the only Difference is in it’s erase cycle as flash is erased sector by
sector ( Multiple Bytes )
• But EEPROM is erased Byte by Byte

RAM is Divided into
• Mapped General Purpose Registers
• Mapped IO Registers
• SRAM (Contains the Program Data)
• Note thatin Some Arch Ram Contains The Code
To be executed to but ithas to be copied from flash
After each reset.

Cpu Cache
Cache memory, also called CPU memory, is random access memory
(RAM) that a computer microprocessor can access more quickly than it
can access regular RAM.
This memory is typically integrated directly with the CPU chip or placed
on a separate chip that has a separate bus interconnect with the CPU.

Register File:
A (usually) relatively small memory embedded on the CPU. It is used as a scratchpad for
temporary storage of values the CPU is working with you could call it the CPU’s short
term memory.
Data Memory:
For longer term storage, generic CPUs usually employ an external memory which is
much larger than the register file. Data that is stored there may be short-lived, but may
also be valid for as long as the CPU is running
Instruction Memory:
Likethe data memory, the instruction memory is usually a relatively large external
memory (at least with general CPUs)

Memory Management unit MMU
• Translates Address From CPU Memory ( Virtual Memory ) to Physical Address on Memory
• Provides Memory Protection Function
• Typically the MMU is tightly coupled to the processor core .

Memory Controller
• The memory controller would handle the physical signaling involved in communicating to external
memory.
• Typically Memory controller is a peripheral on the uc internal bus.

Direct Memory AccessDMA
• A Co Processorthat Allows Data transfers without the interference of the processor
• It can movedata betweenDifferent Memories or A Memory and an IO Device.
• DMA Speed is limited by the speed of the slowest devicein the transferee.
• Ex:-
In a typical DMA transfer, some event (such as an incoming data-available signal from a UART)
notifiesaseparatedevicecalledtheDMAcontrollerthatdataneedsto be transferredto memory.
TheDMAcontrollerthenassertsaDMArequestsignalto theCPU, askingitspermissionto usethebus.
TheCPU completesitscurrentbus activity,stopsdrivingthebus, andreturnsaDMAacknowledgesignaltotheDMA
controller.
TheDMAcontrollerthenreadsandwritesoneor more memory bytes,drivingtheaddress,data,andcontrolsignalsasif it were
itselftheCPU. (The CPU's address,data,andcontroloutputsaretristatedwhiletheDMA controllerhascontrolof thebus.)
Whenthetransferis complete,theDMAcontrollerstops drivingthebus andde assertstheDMArequestsignal.
TheCPU canthenremoveitsDMAacknowledgesignalandresumecontrolof thebus.

Microcontrollers
ROM
RAM
Input and Output
Timer
Interrupt circuitry

IO Devices
• Microcontrollers cannot be used without a hardware to interface with I ex:
• Send an information to an lcd
• Receive an analogsignal
• Send a digitalsignal
• IO Modules do the work of exchanging information with the processors and external Hardware.
• All signals passed to the Cpu should be Digital Signals but IO Devices can deal with digital – not digital
signal.
• Ex: if an analog signal is passed to uc a certain IO module called ADC translates the Analog signal
to a digital code which the cpu can handle with.
• Some IO Devices is small enough to be integrated in the same chip with the uc ( ADC , RTC ..ETC)
and some cannot be integrateddue to size or differentinterface system ( LCD , Keypad , Speakers.. ETC)

How To Access IOMemory Space
• There are 2 Common Ways to Access An IO Space
1. Port Mapped IO
• IO’s Have Their Own Mapping ( Address ) And Require special Assembly instruction to interface with them ( as in , out inst in AVR )
• Isn't common in Embedded System ( But Still used )
2. Memory Mapped IO
1. Io’s Share Memory Mapping ( Memory segmentsand IO’s are in the Same Mapping ) using this way will make it easier to interface
IO as we interface Memory ( Load , Store inst in AVR ).
2. Commonly used in Embedded Sysetms.

How to Deal WithIO
• There Are Commonly two ways to Deal With IO :
• By Polling :
• Write the Program to Continuously check IO for a Certain Event.
• Less CPU Utilization
• Have A Lot of Disadvantages
• Don't Require extra Resources ( Interrupt pin)
• Assigning them to an interrupt
• The Program wont check the IO , when a certain event reaches the IO , the IO signals The Cpu That
the event has occurred and then the Cpu handles it.

Interrupts
• Interrupts allow the microcontroller to interact with its environment.
• An interrupt is a signal sent to the microcontroller which causes it to stop its current execution and
perform another action. The chip stops executing your main program and executessome other code.
Interrupts can be edge triggered (rising or falling) or level triggered.

Interrupt handler
• Code executed by an interrupt is not generally considered part of the main application. Since this
code handles the cases where an interrupt occurs, it is called an interrupt handler or an interrupt
service routine.

SynchronousandAsynchronousInterrupt Acknowledgement
• Most interrupt acknowledgement is synchronous, the instruction currently being executed is completed
before the interrupt is acknowledged.
• when the processor acknowledges an interrupt asynchronously it halts execution of the currentinstruction
and immediately services theinterrupt.
• The only asynchronously acknowledged interrupt is RESET. Since RESET erases the stateof the machine, it is
a moot point whether the CPU actually halts execution of the current instruction or not.

NestedInterrupts
• To minimize the possibility of an interrupt handler being itself interrupted, the microcontroller will
usually disable interrupts while executing an interrupt handler.
• if we Enable it again then we have enabled interrupt nesting

Power
• Most microcontrollers support 4.5 to 5.5 Volt operation. There are also many low voltage parts which
are designed to work at 3 volts or less.
Brownout
• Microcontrollers have an on-board circuit which provides brownout protection. A brownout occurs
when the operating voltage falls below the defined brownout voltage. When a brownout occurs the
device is reset and waits for the operating voltage to rise above the brownout voltage.

Halt/Idle
• Individual microcontrollers have specific modes which stop the execution of the program without affecting
the power to themicrocontroller. In thesemodes less power is required and power consumption is reduced.
Halt mode stops all activities and can be terminated by a reset or an interrupt. Idle mode

Watch dog Timer
Most embedded systems need to be self-reliant. It's not usually possible to wait for someone
to reboot them if the software hangs.
A watchdog timer is a piece of hardware that can be used to automatically detect software
anomalies and reset the processor if any occur. Generally speaking, a watchdog timer is based
on a counter that counts down from some initial value to zero.

Software

Software
DEVICE DRIVER
OS
Middleware
Application

DEVICE DRIVER
Low Level Device Driver
High Level Device Driver
Hardware Dependent
OS Dependent

Operating Systems
Os is a Software That manages the Hardware Resources.
Two Kinds of Operating Systems Could Be Used With Embedded sys:
GPOS ( the Throughput is the AIM )
RTOS ( Meeting Tasks Deadline is the AIM)

Middleware
middleware is an abstraction layer generally used on embedded devices with two or
more applications in order to provide flexibility, security, portability, connectivity,
and intercommunication between applications.

Application
This is a Software Layer that provides User interface (UI)
Uses the OS and Device Drivers

Embedded SystemsConstrains
• Number of Pins ( I/o)
• Memory Size
• Execution Time (speed )
• Sampling Rate
• BuadRate
• Cost
• Performance ( Depend Clock Frequency , Power , Used memory size )
• Time To Market ( Depending on The Market window )

Embedded systems Life Cycle

•ThankYou
References

Any Questions ??
• Hamdy.elasawy@gmail.com
• 01004750613
• https://www.linkedin.com/in/hamdyelasawy
• www.Facebook.com/Hamdy.elasawy

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