Introduction to IoT Unit - I PRESENTATION.pptx

INTRODUCTION TO
INTERNET OF THINGS
(21A050505)

UNIT - I
Fundamentals of IoT
Genesis of IoT
The Internet of Things (IoT) era began around 2008 - 2009
when more devices were connected to the internet than
people.
Kevin Ashton coined the term "Internet of Things" in 1999.
IoT enables computers to sense things on their own,
marking a major technology shift.

Evaluation of Internet
The evolution of the Internet can be categorized into four phases.

These four phases of internet further defined as

IoT Network Architecture
1.Importance of Architecture: Careful planning and design are crucial for
IoT networks, just like building a house.
2. Differences from IT Networks: IoT networks have unique challenges
and requirements, such as scale, security, and constrained devices.
Key Challenges
1. Scale: IoT networks need to support millions of devices.
2. Security: IoT devices are vulnerable to cyber attacks and require
robust security measures.
3. Constrained Devices: IoT devices have limited power, CPU, and
memory.
4. Legacy Device Support: IoT networks need to support older devices
with different protocols

IoT Architectures
1. oneM2M: A standardized architecture for IoT.
2. IoT World Forum: A framework for IoT architecture.
The one M2M IoT Standardized Architecture
 Global Initiative: oneM2M is a global initiative to promote
efficient M2M communication systems and IoT.
 Common Services Layer: oneM2M aims to create a common
services layer for IoT devices and applications.
Overview

Introduction to IoT Unit - I PRESENTATION.pptx

Architecture of oneM2M
Three Domains: The oneM2M architecture consists of three domains:
Application Layer, Services Layer, and Network Layer.
 Application Layer: Focuses on connectivity between devices and
applications, with standardized northbound API definitions.
Services Layer: A horizontal framework that provides APIs and middleware
for third-party services and applications.
Network Layer: The communication domain for IoT devices and endpoints,
including wireless and wired connections.
Benefits
 Interoperability: oneM2M promotes interoperability at all levels of the IoT
stack.
 Standardization: oneM2M develops technical specifications for a common
M2M Service Layer.

IoT World Forum (IoTWF) Architecture
7-Layer Reference Model: Published in 2014, it provides a technical
perspective on IoT.
Layer 1: Physical Devices and Controllers Layer
Sensors, devices and controllers.
Layer 2: Connectivity Layer
Reliable transmission of data

Layer 3: Edge Computing Layer
Data reduction, filtering, and processing

Upper Layers: Layers 4–7
Data handling and processing

Benefits of IoTWF Reference Model
 Decompose IoT problems: Break down IoT issues into smaller parts.
 Identify technologies: Determine different technologies at each layer and
their relationships.
 Multi-vendor support: Enable different vendors to provide different parts
of the system.
 Interoperability: Define interfaces for seamless interaction between
components.
 Tiered security: Implement a security model enforced at transition points
between levels.

Alternative IoT Models
These are the models are endorsed by various organizations and standards
bodies and are often specific to certain industries or IoT applications.

A Simplified IoT Architecture
Two Parallel Stacks: IoT Data Management and Compute Stack and
Core IoT Functional Stack.

Core IoT Functional Stack
• Layer 1: Things: Sensors and Actuators Layer: Sensors and devices.
• Layer 2: Communications Network Layer: Connecting devices to the
• Layer 3: Applications and Analytics Layer: Analytics and industry-specific
control systems.
IoT Data Management and Compute Stack
The massive scale of IoT networks drives new architectures to manage the vast
amount of data generated by IoT devices.
Challenges
Data Volume: IoT devices generate enormous amounts of data.
Data Variety: Much of the data is unstructured and of little use on its own.
Latency: Milliseconds matter in many IoT applications.
Bandwidth: Limited bandwidth in last-mile IoT networks.

Fog Computing
Distributed data management and computing at the edge of the network.

Benefits:
 Minimizes latency
 Offloads network traffic
 Keeps sensitive data local
Fog Nodes: Devices with computing, storage, and network connectivity.
Edge Computing
(Mist Computing)
Computing and data management within IoT devices or sensors.
Benefits:
 Real-time analysis and response
 Reduced data transmission
 Improved efficiency

The Hierarchy of Edge, Fog, and Cloud
Edge: Real-time analysis and response.
Fog: Distributed computing and data management.
Cloud: Historical analysis, big data analytics, and long-term
storage.

Functional blocks of an IoT ecosystem

Sensors in IoT
Sensors are devices that measure physical quantities and convert them into
digital representations. They play a crucial role in IoT systems, enabling
devices to perceive and respond to their environment.
Types of Sensors
1.Active or Passive: Active sensors produce energy output, while passive
sensors receive energy.
2.Invasive or Non-invasive: Invasive sensors are part of the environment,
while non-invasive sensors are external.
3.Contact or No-contact: Contact sensors require physical contact, while
no-contact sensors do not.
4. Absolute or Relative: Absolute sensors measure on an absolute scale,
while relative sensors measure differences.

Sensor Applications
 Precision Agriculture: Sensors measure soil characteristics, such as pH levels,
moisture, and nutrient levels.
 Smart Homes: Sensors detect temperature, humidity, motion, and more.
 Intelligent Vehicles: Sensors monitor speed, pressure, temperature, and other
factors.
 Connected Cities: Sensors track traffic, weather, and environmental
conditions.

Actuators in IoT
Actuators are devices that receive control signals and trigger physical effects,
such as motion or force. They complement sensors, enabling IoT systems to
interact with and impact the physical world.
Types of Actuators
1.Classification by Energy Type: Actuators can be categorized based on their
energy source, such as electric, pneumatic, hydraulic, or thermal.
2.Classification by Motion: Actuators can be classified based on the type of
motion they produce, such as linear, rotary, or multi-axis.

Actuator Applications
1. Precision Agriculture: Actuators can control valves to deliver optimized
amounts of water, pesticides, fertilizers, and herbicides based on sensor
readings.
2. Industrial Automation: Actuators can perform tasks such as assembly,
inspection, and material handling.
3. Robotics: Actuators enable robots to move and interact with their
environment.

Smart Objects
Smart objects are the building blocks of IoT, transforming everyday objects
into intelligent, networked devices that can learn from and interact with their
environment.
Characteristics of Smart Objects
1. Processing Unit: A smart object has a processing unit for acquiring,
processing, and analyzing data.
2. Sensor(s) and/or Actuator(s): Smart objects interact with the physical
world through sensors and actuators.
3. Communication Device: Smart objects have a communication unit for
connecting with other devices and the outside world.
4. Power Source: Smart objects require a power source, often with limited
power consumption.

Trends in Smart Objects
1. Decreasing Size: Smart objects are getting smaller, making them easier to
embed in everyday objects.
2. Decreasing Power Consumption: Smart objects are becoming more
power-efficient, with some lasting 10+ years on a single battery.
3. Increasing Processing Power: Processors are getting more powerful and
smaller, enabling more complex tasks.
4. Improving Communication Capabilities: Wireless speeds and ranges are
increasing, enabling more sophisticated applications.

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs)
WSNs are networks of wirelessly connected smart objects that can sense and
measure their environment.
They offer advantages such as:
1. Greater Deployment Flexibility: WSNs can be deployed in harsh
environments and hard-to-reach places.
2. Simpler Scaling: WSNs can scale to large numbers of nodes with ease.
3. Lower Implementation Costs: WSNs can reduce implementation costs
compared to wired networks.
Challenges in WSNs
1. Limited Processing Power: Smart objects in WSNs often have limited
processing power and memory.
2. Lossy Communication: WSNs can experience packet loss and interference.
3. Limited Power: Smart objects in WSNs often have limited power sources,
requiring efficient power management.

Applications of WSNs
 Smart Homes: WSNs can control temperature, lighting, and security
systems.
 Industrial Automation: WSNs can monitor and control industrial processes.
 Environmental Monitoring: WSNs can detect earthquakes, forest fires, and
other environmental phenomena.

Connecting Smart Objects
When connecting smart objects, several key criteria must be considered:
1. Range: Signal propagation and distance are crucial factors.
2. Frequency Bands: Licensed and unlicensed spectrum, including sub-
GHz frequencies, are used for IoT connectivity.
3. Power Consumption: Devices may be powered or battery-powered,
affecting connectivity options.
4. Topology: Star, mesh, and peer-to-peer topologies are common in IoT
networks.
5. Constrained Devices: Devices with limited resources impact
networking capabilities.
6. Constrained-Node Networks: Networks connecting smart objects may
be low-power and lossy.

IoT Access Technologies
Several technologies are used to connect smart objects:
1.IEEE 802.15.4: A wireless protocol for low-power, low-data-rate
applications.
2.IEEE 802.15.4g: An extension of 802.15.4 for smart utility networks.
3.IEEE 802.15.4e: An amendment to 802.15.4 for industrial and commercial
applications.
4.IEEE 1901.2a: A technology for narrowband power line communications.
5.IEEE 802.11ah: A Wi-Fi-based technology for low-power, low-bandwidth
applications.
6.LoRaWAN: A wireless technology for long-range, low-power
communications.
7.NB-IoT and LTE Variations: Cellular technologies for IoT applications.

Range
The distance over which a signal needs to be propagated, determining the
area of coverage for a selected wireless technology.
Range Categories:
 Short Range: Up to tens of meters (e.g., IEEE 802.15.1 Bluetooth,
IEEE 802.15.7 Visible Light Communications)
 Medium Range: Tens to hundreds of meters (e.g., IEEE 802.11 Wi-Fi,
IEEE 802.15.4, IEEE 802.3 Ethernet)
 Long Range: Greater than 1 mile (e.g., cellular, LPWA, outdoor IEEE
802.11 Wi-Fi)

Introduction to IoT Unit - I PRESENTATION.pptx

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