Introduction to Logic
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Chapter 1 introduces logic as a branch of philosophy, defining key concepts such as philosophy, wisdom, and knowledge. It discusses the various branches of philosophy, including metaphysics, epistemology, logic, ethics, and aesthetics, and highlights the importance of logical reasoning and argumentation. The chapter concludes with an explanation of propositions and their types, including simple and complex propositions.
Introduction to Logic
- 1. LOGIC BS Commerce 06 Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION:
- 2. Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION: Logic is a branch of Philosophy. What is Philosophy? Here are 2 types of definitions. (1) Literal Meaning/ Definition. (2) General Definition. Literal Definition of Philosophy: The word “Philosophy” is the Combination of 2 Greek words Philo-Sophia, which means Love of wisdom. Philo: Philo means Love of something or Search & Pursuit. In other words Philo means Liking for or affinity for something. Sophia: Sophia means wisdom, cleverness, knowledgeableness, or knowledge.
- 3. What is wisdom? Wisdom means acquisition of knowledge which is sincerely & practically applied for correct use. e.g., Wisdom is that “if we have a knife” and we use it for cutting fruits not for cutting throat(s). What is Knowledge? Knowledge: According to Socrate “knowledge is the justified true belief and proven evidence.” e.g., when scientists goes to Mars (Mareeh), they see some thing about life on Mars so this is Knowledge.
- 4. General Definition of Philosophy: According to “UMAR KHAYAM” The Universe is like an “Old manuscript” who’s first and last page are lost. Philosophy is the study of finding those lost pages. Philosophy: Philosophy is the systematic inquiry into the principles and presupposition of any field of inquiry.
- 5. Logic: The study of the methods and principles used in distinguishing correct from incorrect reasoning. Note:- In preliminary definition the term logic comes from the Greek word LOGOS which means “sentence”, “discourse”, “reason”, “rule”, “Ratio” and also logic is the study of The Principles of Correct Reasoning. Study of correct principles. Reasoning , thinking, speaking, about something in rational & Logical ways.
- 6. BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY: Traditionally, there are five main branches of philosophy. They are: Metaphysics: which deals with the fundamental questions of reality. Or a branch that differentiate appearance (Theory of reality) from reality Or that discuss things which exist beyond the physical world. E.g., (Soul, God, Life after Death etc.) Epistemology: which deals with our concept of knowledge, how we learn and what we can know. Or (theory of knowledge), the discussion of the sources of knowledge & theory of thought.
- 7. Logic: which studies the rules of valid reasoning and argumentation. Or Science of reasoning and arguments which we claim and have a solid evidence of. Ethics or moral philosophy: which is concerned with human values and how individuals should act. Or a Branch of philosophy that discuss human voluntary action as Good and Bad. Aesthetics or esthetics: which deals with the notion of beauty and the philosophy of art? Or the theory of beauty.
- 8. In short: Metaphysics StudyofExistence What'soutthere? Epistemology StudyofKnowledge HowdoIknowaboutit? Ethics StudyofAction WhatshouldIdo? Politics StudyofForce Whatactionsarepermissible? Esthetics StudyofArt Whatcanlifebelike?
- 9. Logic is the science of Reasoning Logic is the study of methods, techniques & principles used to differentiate correct reasoning from incorrect reasoning. Logic is the study of methods, techniques & principles used to differentiate good or valid arguments from bad or invalid arguments.
- 10. Conclusion: (the derived statement) A proposition that make a claim Or which is derived on the bases of other proposition. Premises: (the supporting statement) Other proposition that are given to support the conclusion. E.g.: the most traditional example in philosophy. All men are mortal, Socrates is a man, therefore Socrates is mortal. All students are intelligent, (Conclusion) X is a Student. Therefore “X” is intelligent (Argument)
- 11. Proposition : A statement that assist or deny something. E.g: Pakistan is in Asia. A statement that can be proven as true or false. Every proposition is a sentence, but every sentence is not a proposition. It’s a declarative or informative sentence. Eg: Pakistan is in south Asia, & Pakistan has 5 province.
- 12. Kinds of proposition Simple Proposition: That gives us information about a single fact. Eg: “Y” is ill. Complex proposition: That gives us information about more than one facts. Eg: Y is ill and is admitted in a hospital.