Introduction to Microbiology And Common Micro-Organisms, Epidemiology
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The document provides an introduction to microbiology, detailing the classification of micro-organisms such as bacteria, fungi, and viruses, along with their characteristics and applications in medicine. It also covers epidemiology, including the study of disease transmission, outbreaks, and public health measures. Key definitions related to disease prevalence and control methods are also presented.
Introduction to Microbiology And Common Micro-Organisms, Epidemiology
- 1. Introduction to Microbiology And Common Micro-Organisms, Epidemiology Presented By Ms. Monika P. Maske Assistant Professor M. Pharm (Pharmaceutical Chemistry) Ms. M. P. Maske 1
- 2. Introduction to Microbiology • Microbiology is a branch of medical science which deals with the study of shape, size, structure, reproduction, physiology and classification of micro-organisms. • The term microbiology was introduced by Louis Pasteur a French chemist. • Who demonstrated that fermentation was caused by the growth of yeast. Ms. M. P. Maske 2
- 3. • Micro-organisms are smaller than 1 micrometer in size and not visible to naked eye. • Only seen through microscope. • The pathogenic micro-organisms ex. Viruses are too small to be seen in electron microscope not observed in simple microscope. • Viruses vary in diameter from 20 nanometers to 250-400 nm. • A large number of micro-organisms are not harmful to humans are known as non-pathogenic organisms. Ms. M. P. Maske 3
- 4. Classification Of Micro-Organisms • Micro-organisms neither plants nor animals. • They included in kingdom named as Protista. • Disease producing micro-organisms are classified as : Bacteria, Rickettisa, Mycoplasma, Algae, Fungi, moulds, yeast, viruses, Protozoa. Ms. M. P. Maske 4
- 5. • Depend on cellular structure, micro-organisms also classified as : • Prokaryotic : Bacteria, rickettsia, mycoplasma. • Eukaryotic : Algae, fungi, moulds, protozoa. Ms. M. P. Maske 5
- 6. Bacteria • Bacteria are extremely minute one called organisms. • They are found in animals, plants, soil, water and the atmosphere. • They widely present in nature. • Bacteria generally very in size from 0.2-1.5 mm in diameter and 3-14 micron in length. • Many bacteria are useful in the preparation of curd, wine, antibiotics and synthesis of vitamins in the body. Ms. M. P. Maske 6
- 8. Classification of Bacteria Depend on Shape and Characteristic Arrangement A) Cocci : They are spherical bodies with smooth outline and diameter ranges from 0.75 – 3.0 micron. • Coccus : The cells are arranged single. • Diplococci : The cells are arranged in pairs like Pneumococci, Gonococci. • Streptococci : The cells are arranged in chains of different length like streptococci, pyogenes. Ms. M. P. Maske 8
- 9. • Tetra cocci : The cells are arranged in groups of four. • Staphylo cocci : The cells are arranged in clusters like a bunch of grapes like staphylococcus aureus. B) Bacilli (Rods) : Bacilli are almost cylindrical in shape and vary greatly in length and diameter. It also arranged in chains and groups. C) Vibrios : These are comma shaped. D) Sprilla :These are in the form of partial rigid spirals. E) Spirochaete : These have a number of turns and are flexuous. Actinomycetes : They are true branches and remain adherent in chains known as fungi. Ms. M. P. Maske 9
- 10. Various types of Bacteria Ms. M. P. Maske 10
- 11. Algae • Algae also known as cyanobacteria or blue- green algae. • Algae are a group of chlorophyll bearing plants. • Some algae are unicellular and some are multicellular. • Obtaining from food by photosynthesis process. • They grow in water, soil, rocks. • They produce oxygen and carbohydrates used by other organisms. Ms. M. P. Maske 11
- 12. Fungi, Moulds And Yeasts • Fungi are eukaryotic cells and having nucleus. • Most of them are multicellular and having cell wall. • They form characteristics filamentous tubes called hyphae and it helps in absorption of material. • Fungi undergoes reproduction by releasing spores. • Fungi are classified according to the cell morphology are yeasts, moulds and dimorphic fungi. Ms. M. P. Maske 12
- 13. • Yeasts :- They are unicellular fungi and cells are spherical. They are found in the air, soil, intestine of animals and fruits. It produce by budding. Only pathogenic yeast known is cryptococcus neoformans. • Moulds :- They are small multicellular, multinuclear, filamentous fungi are called moulds. These are important chemical and antibiotics. A few of them produces diseases in plants, animals and human beings. • Dimorphic fungi :- These can occur as filaments or as yeast. Most of systemic fungal infections are caused by dimorphic fungi. Ms. M. P. Maske 13
- 14. Spores • Under the unfavorable conditions for growth of the cell, certain bacteria can produce a spores within the cell wall. • These are 1-3 micron in diameter and ovoid in shape. • Whole structure contains less water and outer coat is water-repellent. • Spores are resistant to a wide range of chemical and physical agents. • Spores grow in contacts into bacterial cell when they come in favorable conditions. Ms. M. P. Maske 14
- 15. Viruses • These are non-cellular and consist nucleic acid ( DNA or RNA) surrounded by protein coat. • Produces organic matter which can grow and multiply within host cells only. • Viruses can causes many infectious diseases in human beings ranging from common cold to highly fatal diseases such as AIDS, cancer, rabies and yellow fever. Ms. M. P. Maske 15
- 16. • Classification of viruses, 1. DNA (Deoxyribose nucleic acid)- They contains DNA like Pox, Herpes virus. 2. RNA (Ribo nucleic acid)- They contain RNA like Polio, influenza, AIDS virus. Ms. M. P. Maske 16
- 17. Protozoa, Rickettsia & Mycoplasma • Protozoa :- These are the lowest and simplest forms of all animal life. Unicellular organisms with protoplasm. Protozoa multiply asexually and certain species may multiply by sexually. • Rickettsia :-They are very small, unicellular, rod or spherical in shape. Typhus fever caused by rickettsia. • Mycoplasma :- They are prokaryotic, very small organisms. Don’t have cell wall. Pneumonia, vaginal infection caused by mycoplasma. Ms. M. P. Maske 17
- 18. Identification of Bacteria • Identify by sensory character like shapes, colour of colonies. • Microscopic examination by using various types of staining solutions like crystal violet, methylene blue, etc. • Preparation of smear is prepared on glass slide and thin film of microbe is spread after that film is dried, fixed, gently heat and observed in microscopes. • Gram +ve bacteria is present is show blue or violet colour bacteria. • Gram –ve bacteria s present is show red colour bacteria. Ms. M. P. Maske 18
- 19. Scope of Microbiology • Production of antibiotics. • Production of enzymes, vaccines, alcoholics and other pharmaceutical products. • Diagnosis of diseases and treatment like Widel test, ELISA, etc. • Treatment of industrial waste material. • Sterile product preparation like aseptic detection, sterility test, etc. • Sterilization of pharmaceutical products. • Identification of micro-organisms. Ms. M. P. Maske 19
- 20. Introduction to Epidemiology • Epidemiology is the study of determinants, distribution and frequency of disease indicating who gets the disease and why. • Features of epidemiology is, - It study sick people, study healthy people. - They determine the crucial difference between those who get the disease and those who are spared. - Study exposed people, study non-exposed people. - They also determine the crucial effects of the exposure. Ms. M. P. Maske 20
- 21. Applications of Epidemiology • To study the cause or etiology of disease, conditions, disorders, disabilities, etc. • To determine the primary agent responsible or ascertain causative factors. • To determine the mode of transmission. • To determine characteristics of the agent or causative factors. • To provides a basis for developing disease control and prevention measures for groups at risk. • To prevent or control the diseases. Ms. M. P. Maske 21
- 22. Definitions • Epidemic :- Epidemic refers to an often and sudden increase in the number of cases of a disease, above what is normally excepted, in the population in that area. • Pandemic :- It’s a disease outbreak that spreads across countries or continents and affects more people. • Endemic :- The amount of particular disease that is present in a community is referred to as endemic level of the disease. Ms. M. P. Maske 22
- 23. • Mode of Transmission :- The contact direct/indirect, droplets, airborne and vectors are mode of transmission of infection. • Outbreak :- Outbreak is a sudden increase in occurrences of a disease when cases are in excess of normal expectancy for the location or season. • Quarantine :- A quarantine is a restriction on the movement of people, animals and goods which is intended to prevent the spread of disease or pests. • Isolation :- Isolation of patients involves placing away of patients at specific distance to avoid the spread of infection. Ms. M. P. Maske 23
- 24. • Incubation Period :- It’s the time from infection to illness onset. Incubation period of a directly transmitted infectious disease is essential to determine the time period required for monitoring and restricting the movement of healthy individual i.e. quarantine period. • Contact tracing :- It’s the process to find all contacts of a confirmed case of infectious diseases, in order to test or monitor them for infection. • Morbidity :- Morbidity is the state of having a specific illness or condition. • Mortality :- Mortality refers to the number of deaths that have occurred due to a specific illness or condition. Ms. M. P. Maske 24