Introduction to pathology
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The document provides an introduction to pathology, discussing cell adaptation, injury, and death. It defines pathology and outlines its main divisions. It then defines homeostasis, cellular adaptation, and the six types of adaptive responses cells may undergo. It further defines reversible and irreversible cell injury, the phases and mechanisms of injury, and the morphologic changes that can occur during injury and cell death, including apoptosis and the different types of necrosis.
Introduction to pathology
- 1. Introduction to Pathology Cell Adaptation, Injury and Death By Noel C. Santos, M.D.
- 3. Introduction to Pathology Define Pathology Give the two main divisions of Pathology Give the four aspects of disease process
- 4. Cell Adaptation Define and review the concept of normal homeostasis Define cellular adaptation Give the six types of adaptive response that may occur in a cell
- 5. Cell Injury Define cell injury Enumerate the general categories of the cause of cell injury Give the two main phase of cell injury Give the basic principles of cell injury Give the general biochemical mechanisms of cell injury Discuss the events that occur during ischemia with hypoxia Discuss the events that occur during ischemia with reperfusion Discuss the events that occur in free radical-induced cell injury Discuss the mechanisms of chemical injury Give the morphologic changes that occur during reversible cell injury Enumerate and discuss each of the subcellular responses to cell injury
- 6. Cell Death Define cell death Give the principal patterns of cell death in response to lethal and/or acute cell injury Discuss the causes, biochemical features and mechanisms of apoptosis Give examples of apoptosis Give the morphologic changes of cells that undergo apoptosis Give the morphologic changes that occur during irreversible cell injury and cell death Enumerate the morphologic types of necrosis, and give examples Give the morphologic cellular alterations in response to sublethal and/or chronic cell injury
- 7. Pathology Definition: “ pathos” = “suffering” or “disease” “ logos” = “study” “ study of diseases” study of the structural and functional causes of human disease.
- 8. Main Divisions of Pathology BASIC or GENERAL PATHOLOGY SYSTEMIC PATHOLOGY CLINICAL PATHOLOGY ANATOMIC PATHOLOGY PATHOPHYSIOLOGY SURGICAL PATHOLOGY
- 9. Four Aspects of Disease Process ETIOLOGY – cause of a disease PATHOGENESIS – mechanism/s of disease development MORPHOLOGIC CHANGE – structural alterations induced in cells, tissues, organs, systems, body FUNCTIONAL DERANAGEMENT and CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE – functional consequences of the morphologic changes
- 10. HOMEOSTASIS “ steady state – normal function where there is a balance between physiologic demands and the constraints of cell structure and metabolic capacity.” MAINTAINED STATE OF VIABILITY OR VITALITY
- 11. THE CELL Can alter their functional state in response to modest stress, maintain the steady state More excessive physiologic stresses or adverse pathologic stimuli ADAPTATION INJURY: Reversible or Irreversible DEATH
- 12. Normal Cell Cell Adaptation Cell Injury Reversible Irreversible Cell Death Hypoxia Infectious Chemical Physical Immunologic Genetic Nutritional Imbalance Duration Strength Intensity
- 14. ADAPTATION Stressful stimuli induce a new state that changes the cell Preserves the cell’s viability HYPERPLASIA HYPERTROPHY ATROPHY INVOLUTION METAPLASIA DYSPLASIA
- 18. CELL INJURY REVERSIBLE Pathologic cell changes that can be restored to normal state IRREVERSIBLE Stress exceeds the capacity to adapt “ point of no return” Permanent changes – DEATH
- 28. CELL DEATH 2 patterns NECROSIS Always pathologic Severe cell swelling Denaturation and coagulation of proteins Breakdown of cellular organelles Cell rupture Large number cells in the adjoining tissue are affected APOPTOSIS May be physiologic Activation of internal “suicide” program Orchestrated disassembly of cell components Minimal disruption of the surrounding tissue Chromatin condensation/fragmentation
- 30. Morphologic Types of Necrosis Coagulation Liquefaction Caseation Enzymatic Fat