Introduction to phyton , important topic

1 a) Demonstrate about Basics of Python Programming.
b) Demonstrate about fundamental Data types in Python
Programming. (i.e., int, float, complex, bool and string
types)
c) Demonstrate the working of following functions in
Python.
i) id( ) ii) type( ) iii) range( )
d) Write a Python program to demonstrate various base
conversion functions.
e) Write a Python program to demonstrate various type
conversion functions.
2 a) Demonstrate the following Operators in Python with
suitable examples.
i) Arithmetic Operators ii) Relational Operators
iii) Assignment Operator iv) Logical Operators
v) Bit wise Operators vi) Ternary Operator
vii) Membership Operators viii) Identity Operators
3 a) Write Python programs to demonstrate the following:
i) input( ) ii) print( )
iii) ‘sep’ attribute iv) ‘end’ attribute
v) replacement Operator ({ })
b) Demonstrate the following Conditional statements in
Python with suitable examples.
i) if statement ii) if else statement
iii) if – elif – else statement
PYTHON PROGRAMMING

c) Demonstrate the following Iterative statements in Python
with suitable examples.
i) while loop ii) for loop
d) Demonstrate the following control transfer statements in
Python with suitable examples.
i) break ii) continue iii) pass
4 Write Python programs to print the following Patterns:
i)
ii)
iii)
iv)

v)
vi)
vii)
viii)
5 a) Write a Python program to demonstrate various ways of
accessing the string.
i) By using Indexing (Both Positive and Negative)
ii) By using Slice Operator
b) Demonstrate the following functions/methods which
operates on strings in Python with suitable examples:
i) len( ) ii) strip( ) iii) rstrip( ) iv) lstrip( )
v) find( ) vi) rfind( ) vii) index( ) viii) rindex()

7 a) Demonstrate the different ways of creating list objects
with suitable example programs.
operates on lists in Python with suitable examples:
i) list( ) ii) len( ) iii) count( ) iv) index ( )
v) append( ) vi) insert( ) vii) extend() viii) remove( )
ix) pop( ) x) reverse( ) xi) sort( ) xii) copy( )
xiii) clear( )
c) Demonstrate the following with suitable example
programs:
i) List slicing ii) List Comprehensions
8 a) Demonstrate the different ways of creating tuple objects
operates on tuples in Python with suitable examples:
i) len( ) ii) count( ) iii) index( ) iv) sorted( )
v) min ( ) vi)max( ) vii) cmp( ) viii) reversed( )
9 a) Demonstrate the different ways of creating set objects
operates on sets in Python with suitable examples:
i) add( ) ii) update( ) iii) copy( ) iv) pop( )
v) remove( ) vi)discard( ) vii) clear( ) viii) union()
ix) intersection( ) x) difference( )
10 a) Demonstrate the different ways of creating dictionary
objects with suitable example programs.
operates on dictionary in Python with suitable examples:
i) dict( ) ii) len( ) iii) clear( ) iv) get( )
v) pop( ) vi)popitem( ) vii) keys( ) viii) values()
ix) items( ) x) copy( ) xi) update( )
11 a) Demonstrate the following kinds of Parameters used
while writing functions in Python.
i) Positional Parameters ii) Default Parameters
iii)Keyword Parameters iv) Variable length Parameters
b) Write a Python program to return multiple values at a
time using a return statement.
c) Write a Python program to demonstrate Local and Global
variables.
d) Demonstrate lambda functions in Python with suitable
example programs.
ix) count( ) x) replace( ) xi) split( ) xii) join( )
xiii) upper( ) xiv) lower( ) xv) swapcase( ) xvi) title( )
xvii) capitalize( ) xviii) startswith() xix) endswith()

INTRODUCTION TO PYTHON PROGRAMMING
Python is a high-level, general-purpose, interpreted, interactive and object-oriented programming
language.
It was created by Guido van Rossum during 1985- 1990.
Like Perl, Python source code is also available under the GNU General Public License (GPL).
i. Why the name python?
Guido van Rossum was interested on watching a comedy show, which is telecasting on the BBC channel
from 1969 to 1974 The complete Monty Python's FlyingCircus.
Guido Van Rossum thought he needed a name that was short,unique,andslightly mysterious for his
programming language,so he decided to call the language Python.
ii. Applications of Python Programming
Web Development
Game Development
Scientific and Numeric applications
Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning based applications
Data Science related applications
Desktop GUI applications
Software Development
Enterprise-level/Business Applications
Education programs and training courses
Web Scraping Applications
Image Processing and Graphic Design Applications
Data Analysis

iii. Features of Python programming
Simple and Easy to Learn
Freeware and Open Source
Dynamically typed
Object Oriented Programming and Procedure Oriented Programming
Extensive Library
Embedded
Extensible
Interpreted
Portability
Platform Independent

Experiment 1 :
a) Demonstrate about Basics of Python Programming.
i. Running Python Interpreter:
Python comes with an interactive interpreter.
When you type python in your shell or command prompt, the python interpreter becomes active with a
>>> (REPL) and waits for your commands.
Now you can type any valid python expression at the prompt.
Python reads the typed expression, evaluates it and prints the result.
ii. Running Python Scripts in IDLE (Integrated Development and Learning Environment):
IDLE is the standard Python development environment.
It's name is an acronym of "Integrated DeveLopment Environment".
It works well on both Unix and Windows platforms.
It has a Python shell window, which gives you access to the Python interactive mode.
It also has a file editor that lets you create and edit existing Python source files.

a=input("Enter a value ")
b=input("Enter b value ")
c=a+b
print "The sum is",c
Then run the program by pressing F5 or Run ==> Run Module.
iii. Running Python scripts in Command Prompt:
Before going to run python27 folder in the command prompt.
Open your text editor, type the following text and save it as hello.py.
print "hello"
In the command prompt, and run this program by calling python hello.py.
Make sure you change to the directory where you saved the file before doing it.
Write a Python program to purposefully raise Indentation Error and correct it.
Goto File menu click on New File (CTRL+N) and write the code and save add.py

Indentation:
Code blocks are identified by indentation rather than using symbols like curly braces.
Indentation clearly identifies which block of code a statement belongs to. Of course, code blocks can
consist of single statements, too.
When one is new to Python, indentation may come as a surprise. Humans generally prefer to avoid
change, so perhaps after many years of coding with brace delimitation, the first impression of using pure
indentation may not be completely positive.
However, recall that two of Python's features are that it is simplistic in nature and easy to read.
Python does not support braces to indicate blocks of code for class and function definitions or flow
control. Blocks of code are denoted by line indentation.
All the continuous lines indented with same number of spaces would form a block. Python strictly
follow indentation rules to indicate the blocks.
b) Demonstrate about Fundamental Data types in Python Programming.

Description:
Every value in Python has a datatype.
Since everything is an object in Python programming, data types are actually classes and variables are
instances (objects) of these classes.
There are various data types in Python. Some of the important types are listed below.
1. Python Numbers
Integers, floating point numbers and complex numbers fall under Python numbers category.
They are defined as int, float and complex classes in Python.
We can use the type() function to know which class a variable or a value belongs to.
Similarly, the isinstance() function is used to check if an object belongs to a particular class.
Example Programs:
In [21]:
a = 5
print(a, "is of type", type(a))
a = 2.0
print(a, "is of type", type(a))
a = 1+2j
print(a, "is complex number?", isinstance(1+2j,complex))
In [1]:
a=34
print(type(a))
b=456792357968700
print(b)
print(type(b))
Observation: int datatype is used to represent integral values. In python3 long int values can also be
represented by using int type only.
5 is of type <class 'int'>
2.0 is of type <class 'float'>
(1+2j) is complex number? True
<class 'int'>
456792357968700
<class 'int'>

In [2]:
f=3.413
print(f)
print(type(f))
f1=1.2e4
print(f1)
Observation: float datatype is used to represent floating point values. We can represent float values
scientifically by 'e'or'E'.
In [3]:
c=3+4j
print(type(c))
print(c.real)
print(c.imag)
Observation: In complex datatype we have some inbuilt attributes to retrieve real and imaginary parts.
In [4]:
b=True
print(type(b))
a=5
b=8
c=a<b
print(c)
Observation: This datatype is used to represent boolean values. The only allowed values for this datatype
are True and False.
Points to Ponder
Integers can be of any length, it is only limited by the memory available.
A floating-point number is accurate up to 15 decimal places. Integer and floating points are separated by
decimal points.
Complex numbers are written in the form, x + yj, where x is the real part and y is the imaginary part.
Here are some examples.
3.413
<class 'float'>
12000.0
<class 'complex'>
3.0
4.0
<class 'bool'>
True

In [23]:
a = 1234567890123456789
print(a)
b = 0.1234567890123456789
print(b) # float variable 'b' truncated
c = 1+2j
print(c)
2. Python Strings
String is sequence of Unicode characters.
We can use single quotes or double quotes to represent strings.
Multi-line strings can be denoted using triple quotes, ''' or """.
In [24]:
s = "This is a string"
print(s)
s = '''A multiline
string'''
print(s)
In [5]:
s1='python'
print(s1)
s2="record"
print(s2)
In [6]:
s="python is
a freeware"
print(s)
Observation: Multiline string literals are represented by triple quotes.They cannot be represented by using
single or double quotes.
1234567890123456789
0.12345678901234568
(1+2j)
This is a string
A multiline
string
python
record
File "<ipython-input-6-bccaede3693b>", line 1
s="python is
^
SyntaxError: EOL while scanning string literal

c) Demonstrate the working of ‘id’ and ‘type’ functions.
1. id() function:
The id() function returns identity (unique integer) of an object.
The syntax of id() is:
id(object)
As we can see the function accepts a single parameter and is used to return the identity of an object.
This identity has to be unique and constant for this object during the lifetime.
Two objects with non-overlapping lifetimes may have the same id() value.
If we relate this to C, then they are actually the memory address, here in Python it is the unique id.
The output is the identity of the object passed.
This is random but when running in the same program, it generates unique and same identity.
Examples:
In [1]:
id(1025)
In [2]:
id(1025) # Here, the Output varies with different runs
In [3]:
id("RGM")
In [4]:
s = "RGM"
print(id(s))
In [6]:
s2 = "RGM"
print(id(s2))
Out[1]:
2497999538928
Out[2]:
2497999539408
Out[3]:
2497997578032
2497999585904
2497999585904

In [7]:
print(id(s)==id(s2))
In [8]:
# Use in Lists
list1 = ["Python", "Java", "C++"]
print(id(list1[0]))
print(id(list1[2]))
In [10]:
# This returns false
print(id(list1[0])==id(list1[2]))
Return Value from id():
The id() function returns identity of the object.
This is an integer which is unique for the given object and remains constant during its lifetime.
In [11]:
print('id of 5 =',id(5))
a = 5
print('id of a =',id(a))
b = a
print('id of b =',id(b))
c = 5.0
print('id of c =',id(c))
2. The ‘type()’ function:
Python have a built-in method called as type which generally come in handy while figuring out the type of
variable used in the program in the runtime.
The type function returns the datatype of any arbitrary object.
True
2497932653936
2497999588144
False
id of 5 = 140737105207824
id of a = 140737105207824
id of b = 140737105207824
id of c = 2497999538800

In [21]:
print(type(5))
print(type(5.0))
print(type('5'))
print(type("5"))
print(type([]))
print(type(()))
print(type({}))
print(type({a,}))
type takes anything and returns its data type. Integers, strings, lists, dictionaries, tuples, functions,
classes, modules, even types are acceptable.
type can take a variable and return its datatype.
3. range():
range() function is used to generate sequence of numbers.
In [1]:
r = range(10)
print(type(r))
print(r)
<class 'int'>
<class 'float'>
<class 'str'>
<class 'str'>
<class 'list'>
<class 'tuple'>
<class 'dict'>
<class 'set'>
<class 'range'>
range(0, 10)

In [2]:
r = range(10)
print(type(r))
print(r)
for i in r:
print(i)
In [3]:
r = range(10)
print(type(r))
print(r)
for i in r:
print(i,end = ' ')
In [4]:
r = range(10)
print(type(r))
print(r)
for i in r:
print(i,end = 't')
In [6]:
r = range(10,-25)
print(type(r))
print(r)
for i in r:
print(i,end = ' ')
<class 'range'>
range(0, 10)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
<class 'range'>
range(0, 10)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
<class 'range'>
range(0, 10)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
<class 'range'>
range(10, -25)

In [7]:
r = range(-25,10)
print(type(r))
print(r)
for i in r:
print(i,end = ' ')
In [8]:
r = range(1,21,1)
for i in r:
print(i,end = ' ')
In [9]:
r = range(1,21,2)
for i in r:
print(i,end = ' ')
In [10]:
r = range(1,21,3)
for i in r:
print(i,end = ' ')
In [11]:
r = range(1,21,4)
for i in r:
print(i,end = ' ')
In [12]:
r = range(1,21,-5)
for i in r:
print(i,end = ' ')
In [13]:
r = range(21,1,-5)
for i in r:
print(i,end = ' ')
<class 'range'>
range(-25, 10)
-25 -24 -23 -22 -21 -20 -19 -18 -17 -16 -15 -14 -13 -12 -11 -10 -9 -8 -7 -
6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19
1 4 7 10 13 16 19
1 5 9 13 17
21 16 11 6

In [14]:
r = range(21,0,-5)
for i in r:
print(i,end = ' ')
In [15]:
r = range(10,20)
print(r[0])
print(r[-1])
r1 = r[1:5]
print(r1)
for i in r1:
print(i)
r[1] = 3445
d) Python Programs to demonstrate various Base Conversion functions.
21 16 11 6 1
10
19
range(11, 15)
11
12
13
14
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
TypeError Traceback (most recent call las
t)
<ipython-input-15-0c82f2e5b728> in <module>
6 for i in r1:
7 print(i)
----> 8 r[1] = 3445
TypeError: 'range' object does not support item assignment

In [16]:
print(bin(12))
print(bin(0XA11))
print(bin(0o2345))
print(bin(54.67))
Observation: bin() is used to convert from any base to binary except float values.
In [17]:
print(oct(456))
print(oct(0b1101))
print(oct(0xAB123))
print(oct(56.5))
Observation: oct() is used to convert from any base to octal except float values.
0b1100
0b101000010001
0b10011100101
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
t)
<ipython-input-16-6aaa1bd5a457> in <module>
2 print(bin(0XA11))
3 print(bin(0o2345))
----> 4 print(bin(54.67))
TypeError: 'float' object cannot be interpreted as an integer
0o710
0o15
0o2530443
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
t)
<ipython-input-17-3d6cec98201e> in <module>
2 print(oct(0b1101))
3 print(oct(0xAB123))
----> 4 print(oct(56.5))

In [18]:
print(hex(675))
print(hex(0b1101))
print(hex(0o456))
print(hex(45.65))
Observation: hex() is used to convert from any base to octal except float values.
e) Python Programs to demonstrate of various Type Conversion Functions.
Converting the value from one type to another type is called as Type casting or Type Coersion.
In [19]:
print(int(45.56))
print(int(True))
print(int(False))
print(int(3+5j))
Observation: We can use int() to convert from other types to int except complex.We get typeError when we
try to convert complex to int.
0x2a3
0xd
0x12e
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
t)
<ipython-input-18-d5dc2a4af973> in <module>
2 print(hex(0b1101))
3 print(hex(0o456))
----> 4 print(hex(45.65))
45
1
0
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
t)
<ipython-input-19-857e366a281f> in <module>
2 print(int(True))
3 print(int(False))
----> 4 print(int(3+5j))
TypeError: can't convert complex to int

In [20]:
print(int('10'))
print(int('10.5'))
print(int('ten'))
Observation: To convert string to int type, compulsary string should contain integer values and specified with
base-10.
In [21]:
print(float('10'))
print(float('10.5'))
print(float('ten'))
Observation: To convert string to float is not possible when the string contains charecters.
In [22]:
print(float(3+4j))
Observation: It is not possible to convert complex to float.
10
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
ValueError Traceback (most recent call las
t)
<ipython-input-20-b088da98807d> in <module>
1 print(int('10'))
----> 2 print(int('10.5'))
3 print(int('ten'))
ValueError: invalid literal for int() with base 10: '10.5'
10.0
10.5
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
t)
<ipython-input-21-3b0ac2ae8b09> in <module>
1 print(float('10'))
2 print(float('10.5'))
----> 3 print(float('ten'))
ValueError: could not convert string to float: 'ten'
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
t)
<ipython-input-22-dd9e89f1504b> in <module>
----> 1 print(float(3+4j))
TypeError: can't convert complex to float

In [23]:
print(complex(2))
print(complex(5.0))
print(complex(True))
print(complex('10'))
print(complex('ram'))
Observation: It is possible to convert any type to complex except string contain characters.
In [24]:
print(bool(0))
print(bool(1))
print(bool(4))
print(bool(2.0))
print(bool(2+3j))
print(bool(True))
print(bool(False))
print(bool(-1))
Observation: To convert any type to bool is possiple.it always give either True or False.
(2+0j)
(5+0j)
(1+0j)
(10+0j)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
t)
<ipython-input-23-f42d0e340fec> in <module>
3 print(complex(True))
4 print(complex('10'))
----> 5 print(complex('ram'))
ValueError: complex() arg is a malformed string
False
True
True
True
True
True
False
True

In [25]:
print(str(12))
print(str(2.0))
print(str(2+8j))
print(str(True))
print(str(-122))
Observation: It is possible to convert from any type to string type.
12
2.0
(2+8j)
True
-122

Experiment 2: Demonstration of various operators used in Python with
suitable example programs.
Operator is a symbol which can perform specified operation on operands.
Types of Operators used in Python:
1. Arithmetic operators.
2. Relational or Comparision operators.
3. Equality operators.
4. Logical operators.
5. Bitwise operators.
6. Shift operators.
7. Assignment operators.
8. Ternary operator. (or) Conditional operator.
9. Special operators:
a. Identity operator.
b. Membership operator.
10. Operator precedence.
1. Arithmetic Operators:
The arithmetic operations are the basic mathematical operators which are used in our daily life. Mainly it
consists of seven operators.
i. Addition operator --> '+'
ii. Subtraction operator --> '-'
iii. Multiplication operator --> '*'
iv. Normal Division operator --> '/'
v. Modulo Division operator --> '%'
vi. Floor Division operator --> '//'
vii. Exponential operator (or) power operator --> '**'
i. Addition Operator :
Generally addition operator is used to perform the addition operation on two operands.
But in python we can use addition operator to perform the concatenation of strings, lists and so on, but
operands must of same datatype.

In [1]:
x = 2
y = 3
print("ADDITION RESULT : ", x + y)
In [2]:
x = 2
y = 3.3
print("ADDITION RESULT : ", x + y) # both float and int type are accept
In [3]:
x = 2.7
y = 3.3
print("ADDITION RESULT : ", x + y) # both float type are accept
In [4]:
x = "2"
y = 3
print("ADDITION RESULT : ", x + y) #str type and int can't be added.
In [5]:
x = "2"
y = "3"
print("ADDITION RESULT : ", x + y) # concatenation will take place
ADDITION RESULT : 5
ADDITION RESULT : 5.3
ADDITION RESULT : 6.0
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
t)
<ipython-input-4-d873d6fd7998> in <module>
1 x = "2"
2 y = 3
----> 3 print("ADDITION RESULT : ", x + y) #str type and int can't be adde
d.
TypeError: can only concatenate str (not "int") to str
ADDITION RESULT : 23

In [6]:
x = "2"
y = 4.8
print("ADDITION RESULT : ", x + y) # float type and str typr can't be added.
In [7]:
x = 2
y = bool(4.8)
print("ADDITION RESULT : ", x + y) #here bool(4.8) returns True i.e, 1
In [8]:
x = "2"
y = bool(4.8)
print("ADDITION RESULT : ", x + y) #bool type cant be concatenated.
In [9]:
x = "2"
y = str(bool(4.8))
#bool returns 1 generally but we converted into str then it gives True
In [10]:
x = "2"
y = str(complex(4.8)) #Here both strings so concatenation will take place
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
t)
<ipython-input-6-32bf23d43c09> in <module>
1 x = "2"
2 y = 4.8
----> 3 print("ADDITION RESULT : ", x + y) # float type and str typr can't
be added.
TypeError: can only concatenate str (not "float") to str
ADDITION RESULT : 3
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
t)
<ipython-input-8-aa2b47f2b5f5> in <module>
1 x = "2"
2 y = bool(4.8)
----> 3 print("ADDITION RESULT : ", x + y) #bool type cant be concatenate
d.
TypeError: can only concatenate str (not "bool") to str
ADDITION RESULT : 2True
ADDITION RESULT : 2(4.8+0j)

In [11]:
x = 2
y = complex(4.8)
# here both are int type so addtion will take place
ii. Subtraction Operator :
Generally subtraction operator is used to perform the subtraction operation on two operands.
In [12]:
a = 30
b = 10
print("Subtraction result : ",a-b)
In [13]:
a = 30
b = "10"
In [14]:
a = "30"
b = "10"
# can not perform subtraction on str type operands.
ADDITION RESULT : (6.8+0j)
Subtraction result : 20
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
t)
<ipython-input-13-f0fd62944ccb> in <module>
1 a = 30
2 b = "10"
----> 3 print("Subtraction result : ",a-b)
TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for -: 'int' and 'str'
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
t)
<ipython-input-14-0bebbed27be9> in <module>
1 a = "30"
2 b = "10"
----> 3 print("Subtraction result : ",a-b)
4 # can not perform subtraction on str type operands.
TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for -: 'str' and 'str'

In [15]:
a = 20
b = 10.00
In [16]:
a = 20
b = bool(10)
iii. Multiplication operator :
Generally multiplication operator is used to perform the multiplication operation on two operends
But in python we can use multiplication operator to perform the repetition of strings, lists and so on, but
operands must belongs to same datatype.
In [17]:
num1 = 23
num2 = 35
print("MULTIPLICATION RESULT : ",num1 * num2)
In [18]:
num1 = 23
num2 = 35.0
In [19]:
num1 = "23"
num2 = 5
print("MULTIPLICATION RESULT : ",num1 * num2) # 23 string will prints 5 times
Subtraction result : 10.0
Subtraction result : 19
MULTIPLICATION RESULT : 805
MULTIPLICATION RESULT : 805.0

In [20]:
num1 = "23"
num2 = "5"
In [21]:
l = "(1,2,3,4)"
print(float(l * 5))
In [22]:
l = "123"
print(float(l * 4))
#initially it will prints string 5 times and converts it into float
In [23]:
l = "123"
b = 2.3
print("MULTIPLICATION RESULT : ", l * b)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
t)
<ipython-input-20-e4135d9e3a29> in <module>
1 num1 = "23"
2 num2 = "5"
----> 3 print("MULTIPLICATION RESULT : ",num1 * num2)
TypeError: can't multiply sequence by non-int of type 'str'
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
t)
<ipython-input-21-18109e54b2f8> in <module>
1 l = "(1,2,3,4)"
----> 2 print(float(l * 5))
ValueError: could not convert string to float: '(1,2,3,4)(1,2,3,4)(1,2,3,
4)(1,2,3,4)(1,2,3,4)'
123123123123.0
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
t)
<ipython-input-23-e235870edcad> in <module>
1 l = "123"
2 b = 2.3
----> 3 print("MULTIPLICATION RESULT : ", l * b)
TypeError: can't multiply sequence by non-int of type 'float'

In [24]:
l = "123"
b = bool(2.3)
print("MULTIPLICATION RESULT : ", l * b)
In [25]:
l =[1,2,3]
m = [2,4,5]
print(l * m) # multiplication of two list data types is not possible
In [26]:
l = (5,6,7)
m = (1,2,3)
print(l* m) # multiplication of two tuple data types is not possible
In [27]:
l = bool(1)
m = bool(4657)
print(l * m) # as bool returns 1 it prints only one time
In [28]:
l = bool()
m = bool(123456789)
print(l*m) # As bool doesn't contain any value it consider as zero.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
t)
<ipython-input-25-309b92e03dcb> in <module>
1 l =[1,2,3]
2 m = [2,4,5]
----> 3 print(l * m) # multiplication of two list data types is not possib
le
TypeError: can't multiply sequence by non-int of type 'list'
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
t)
<ipython-input-26-91a31577591d> in <module>
1 l = (5,6,7)
2 m = (1,2,3)
----> 3 print(l* m) # multiplication of two tuple data types is not possib
le
TypeError: can't multiply sequence by non-int of type 'tuple'
1
0

In [29]:
l = str(bool([1,2,3]))
m = 99
print(l*m)
In [30]:
l = bool([1,2,3])
m = 99
print(l*m)
iv. Division Operator :
Generally division operator is used to perform the division operation on two operands.
It returns the result in float type.
In [31]:
a = 3
b = 45
print("Division result : ", a/ b) # returns float value
In [32]:
a = 3
b = "45"
print("Division result : ", b / a)
In [33]:
a = 3
b = 45.0000
print("Division result : ", b / a)
TrueTrueTrueTrueTrueTrueTrueTrueTrueTrueTrueTrueTrueTrueTrueTrueTrueTrueTr
ueTrueTrueTrueTrueTrueTrueTrueTrueTrueTrueTrueTrueTrueTrueTrueTrueTrueTrue
ueTrueTrueTrueTrueTrueTrueTrueTrueTrueTrueTrueTrueTrueTrueTrueTrueTrueTrue
ueTrueTrueTrueTrueTrueTrue
99
Division result : 0.06666666666666667
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
t)
<ipython-input-32-1b2bbedeebd4> in <module>
1 a = 3
2 b = "45"
----> 3 print("Division result : ", b / a)
TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for /: 'str' and 'int'
Division result : 15.0

In [34]:
a = 3
b = bool(0.0000)
print("Division result : ", a / b)
In [35]:
a = 3
b = complex((90))
In [36]:
a = [1,2,3]
b = [7,8,9]
In [37]:
a = (1,2,3)
b = (1,2,3)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
ZeroDivisionError Traceback (most recent call las
t)
<ipython-input-34-854e10cbf4f9> in <module>
1 a = 3
2 b = bool(0.0000)
----> 3 print("Division result : ", a / b)
ZeroDivisionError: division by zero
Division result : (0.03333333333333333+0j)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
t)
<ipython-input-36-8289b4627a90> in <module>
1 a = [1,2,3]
2 b = [7,8,9]
TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for /: 'list' and 'list'
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
t)
<ipython-input-37-f02db8ba9671> in <module>
1 a = (1,2,3)
2 b = (1,2,3)
TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for /: 'tuple' and 'tuple'

In [38]:
a = {1,2,3}
b = {1,2,3}
In [39]:
l = bool()
m = bool(9)
print(l / m)
v. Modulo Division:
It returns reminder.
In [40]:
a = 3
b = 4
print(a%b)
print(b%a)
vi.Floor Division:
Suppose 10.3 is there, what is the floor value of 10.3?
Answer is 10
What is the ceil value of 10.3?
Answer is 11
In [41]:
print(10/2)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
t)
<ipython-input-38-cd4ea53f676a> in <module>
1 a = {1,2,3}
2 b = {1,2,3}
TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for /: 'set' and 'set'
0.0
3
1
5.0

In [42]:
print(10/3)
If you want to get integer value as result of division operation, you need to make use of floor division(//)
operator.
floor division(//) operator meant for integral arithmetic operations as well as floating point arithmetic
operations.
The result of floor division(//) operator can be always floor value of either integer value or float value
based on your arguments.
If both arguments are 'int' type, then the result is 'int' type.
If atleast one of the argument is float type, then the result is also float type.
In [43]:
print(10//2)
In [44]:
print(10/3)
In [45]:
print(10.0/3)
In [46]:
print(10.0//3)
In [47]:
print(10//3)
In [48]:
print(10.0//3.0)
3.3333333333333335
5
3.3333333333333335
3.3333333333333335
3.0
3
3.0

In [49]:
print(20/2)
print(20.5/2)
print(20//2)
print(20.5//2)
print(30//2)
print(30.0//2)
vii. Power Operator or Exponential Operaor :
In [50]:
print(10**2) # meaning of this is 10 to the power 2
print(3**3)
2. Relational Operators (or) Comparison Operators:
Following are the relational operators usedin Python:
1. Less than (<)
2. Greater than (>)
3. Leass than or Equal to (<=)
4. Greater than or Equal to (>=)
i) We can apply relational operators for number types:
In [51]:
a = 10
b = 20
print('a < b is', a<b)
print('a <= b is', a<=b)
print('a > b is', a>b)
print('a >= b is', a>=b)
ii) We can apply relational operators for 'str' type also, here comparison is performed based on ASCII
or Unicode values.
10.0
10.25
10
10.0
15
15.0
100
27
a < b is True
a <= b is True
a > b is False
a >= b is False

How to know the Unicode or ASCII value of any character?
By using ord() function, we can get the ASCII value of any character.
In [52]:
print(ord('a'))
print(ord('A'))
If you know the ASCII value and to find the corresponding character, you need to use the chr() function.
In [53]:
print(chr(97))
print(chr(65))
In [54]:
s1 = 'karthi' # ASCII value of 'a' is 97
s2 = 'sahasra' # ASCII value of 'b' is 98
print(s1<s2)
print(s1<=s2)
print(s1>s2)
print(s1>=s2)
In [55]:
s1 = 'karthi'
s2 = 'karthi'
print(s1<s2)
print(s1<=s2)
print(s1>s2)
print(s1>=s2)
97
65
a
A
True
True
False
False
False
True
False
True

In [56]:
s1 = 'karthi'
s2 = 'Karthi'
print(s1<s2)
print(s1<=s2)
print(s1>s2)
print(s1>=s2)
iii) We can apply relational operators even for boolean types also.
In [57]:
print(True > False)
print(True >= False) # True ==> 1
print(True < False) # False ==> 0
print(True <= False)
In [58]:
print(10 > 'karthi')
In [60]:
a = 10
b = 20
if a>b:
print('a is greater than b')
else:
print('a is not greater than b')
iv) Chaining of relational operatrs:
Chaining of relational operators is possible.
In the chaining, if all comparisons returns True then only result is True.
If atleast one comparison returns False then the result is False.
False
False
True
True
True
True
False
False
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
t)
<ipython-input-58-e2ae37134b58> in <module>
----> 1 print(10 > 'karthi')
TypeError: '>' not supported between instances of 'int' and 'str'
a is not greater than b

In [61]:
print(10<20) # ==>True
print(10<20<30) # ==>True
print(10<20<30<40) # ==>True
print(10<20<30<40>50) # ==>False
3. Equality Operators:
Equality operators are used to check whether the given two values are equal or not. The following are the
equality operators used in Python.
1. Equal to (==)
2. Not Equal to (!=)
In [62]:
print(10==20)
print(10!=20)
In [63]:
print(1==True)
print(10==10.0)
print('karthi'=='karthi')
We can apply these operators for any type, even for incompatible types also.
In [64]:
print(10=='karthi')
In [65]:
print(10=='10')
Note:
Chaining concept is applicable for equality operators.
If atleast one comparison returns False then the result is False. otherwise the result is True.
True
True
True
False
False
True
True
True
True
False
False

In [66]:
print(10==20==30==40)
print(10==10==10==10)
4. Logical operators:
Following are the various logical operators used in Python.
1. and
2. or
3. not
You can apply these operators for boolean types and non-boolean types, but the behavior is different.
For boolean types:
and ==> If both arguments are True then only result is True
or ==> If atleast one arugemnt is True then result is True
not ==> complement
i) 'and' Operator for boolean type:
If both arguments are True then only result is True
In [67]:
print(True and True)
print(True and False)
print(False and True)
print(False and False)
ii) 'or' Operator for boolean type:
If both arguments are True then only result is True.
False
True
True
False
False
False

In [68]:
print(True or True)
print(True or False)
print(False or True)
print(False or False)
iii) 'not' Operator for boolean type:
Complement (or) Reverse
In [69]:
print(not True)
print(not False)
Eg:
Now we will try to develop a small authentication application with this knowledge.
we will read user name and password from the keyboard.
if the user name is karthi and password is sahasra, then that user is valid user otherwise invalid user.
In [70]:
userName = input('Enter User Name : ')
password = input('Enter Password : ')
if userName == 'karthi' and password == 'sahasra':
print('valid User')
else:
print('invalid user')
In [71]:
userName = input('Enter User Name : ')
password = input('Enter Password : ')
if userName == 'karthi' and password == 'sahasra':
print('valid User')
else:
print('invalid user')
True
True
True
False
False
True
Enter User Name : karthi
Enter Password : sahasra
valid User
Enter User Name : ECE
Enter Password : CSE
invalid user

For non-boolean types behaviour:
Note:
0 means False
non-zero means True
empty strings, list,tuple, set,dict is always treated as False
i) X and Y:
Here, X and Y are non boolean types and the result may be either X or Y but not boolean type (i.e., The
result is always non boolean type only).
if 'X' is evaluates to false then the result is 'X'.
If 'X' is evaluates to true then the result is 'Y'.
In [72]:
print(10 and 20)
print(0 and 20)
print('karthi' and 'sahasra')
print('' and 'karthi') # first argument is empty string
print(' ' and 'karthi')
# first argument contains space character, so it is not empty
print('karthi' and '') # second argument is empty string
print('karthi' and ' ')
# second argument contains space character, so it is not empty
ii) X or Y
Here, X and Y are non boolean types and the result may be either X or Y but not boolean type (i.e., The
result is always non boolean type only).
if 'X' is evaluates to true then the result is 'X'.
If 'X' is evaluates to false then the result is 'Y'.
20
0
sahasra
karthi

In [1]:
print(10 or 20)
print(0 or 20)
print('karthi' or 'sahasra')
print('' or 'karthi') # first argument is empty string
print(' ' or 'karthi')
# first argument contains space character, so it is not empty
print('karthi' or '') # second argument is empty string
print('karthi' or ' ')
iii) not X:
Even you apply not operator for non boolean type, the result is always boolean type only.
If X is evalutates to False then result is True otherwise False.
In [2]:
print(not 'karthi')
print(not '')
print(not 0)
print(not 10)
5. Bitwise Operators:
We can apply these operators bit by bit.
These operators are applicable only for int and boolean types. By mistake if we are trying to apply for
any other type then we will get Error.
Following are the various bitwise operators used in Python:
1. Bitwise and (&)
2. Bitwise or (|)
3. Bitwise ex-or (^)
4. Bitwise complement (~)
5. Bitwise leftshift Operator (<<)
6. Bitwise rightshift Operator(>>)
1. Bitwise and (&):
10
20
karthi
karthi
karthi
karthi
False
True
True
False

In [3]:
print(10.5 & 20.6)
In [4]:
print('karthi' | 'karthi')
In [5]:
print(bin(10))
print(bin(20))
print(10 & 20) # Valid
print(10.0 & 20.0) # In valid
In [6]:
print(True & False)
2. Bitwise or (|):
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
t)
<ipython-input-3-d0942894908d> in <module>
----> 1 print(10.5 & 20.6)
TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for &: 'float' and 'float'
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
t)
<ipython-input-4-482742ac27fc> in <module>
----> 1 print('karthi' | 'karthi')
TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for |: 'str' and 'str'
0b1010
0b10100
0
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
t)
<ipython-input-5-2449e0efc92e> in <module>
2 print(bin(20))
3 print(10 & 20) # Valid
----> 4 print(10.0 & 20.0) # In valid
TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for &: 'float' and 'float'
False

In [7]:
print(True | False)
3. Bitwise ex-or (^):
In [9]:
print(2^4)
Behavior of Bitwise Operators:
& ==> If both bits are 1 then only result is 1 otherwise result is 0
| ==> If atleast one bit is 1 then result is 1 otherwise result is 0
^ ==>If bits are different then only result is 1 otherwise result is 0
~ ==> bitwise complement operator, i.e 1 means 0 and 0 means 1
<< ==> Bitwise Left shift Operataor
Bitwise Right Shift Operator ==> >>
In [8]:
print(4 & 5) # 100 & 101
print(4 | 5) # 100 | 101
print(4 ^ 5) # 100 ^ 101
Bitwise Complement Operator (~):
We have to apply complement for total bits.
In [10]:
print(~4) # 4 ==> 100
Here, we have to apply complement for total bits, not for three bits (in case of 4). In Python minimum 28 bits
required to represent an integer.
Note:
The most significant bit acts as sign bit. 0 value represents +ve number where as 1 represents -ve value.
Positive numbers will be repesented directly in the memory where as Negative numbers will be
represented indirectly in 2's complement form.
True
6
4
5
1
-5

How you can find two's complement of a number?
To find Two's complement of a number, first you need to find One's complement of that number and add
1 to it.
One's complement ==> Interchange of 0's and 1's
In [11]:
print(~5)
In [12]:
print(~-4) # negative values are stored in the memory in 2's complement form.
6. Shift Operators:
Following are the various shift operators used in Python:
1. Left Shift Operator (<<)
2. Right Shift Operator (<<)
1. Left Shift Operator (<<):
After shifting the bits from left side, empty cells to be filled with zero.
In [13]:
print(10<<2)
2. Right Shift Operator (<<):
After shifting the empty cells we have to fill with sign bit.( 0 for +ve and 1 for -ve).
In [14]:
print(10>>2)
We can apply bitwise operators for boolean types also.
-6
3
40
2

In [15]:
print(True & False)
print(True | False)
print(True ^ False)
print(~True)
print(~False)
print(True<<2)
print(True>>2)
7. Assignment Operators:
We can use assignment operator to assign value to the variable.
In [ ]:
x = 2
We can combine asignment operator with some other operator to form compound assignment operator.
Eg :
x+=10 ====> x = x+10
In [16]:
x = 10
x += 20 # x = x + 20
print(x)
False
True
True
-2
-1
4
0
30

The following is the list of all possible compound assignment operators in Python:
+=
-=
*=
/=
%=
//=
**=
&=
|=
^=
<<= and >>=
In [17]:
x = 10 # 1010
x &= 5 # 0101
print(x)
In [18]:
x = 10
x **= 2 # x = x**2
print(x)
In Python increment/decrement operators concept is not there.
Let us see the following code
0
100

In [19]:
x = 10
print(++x)
print(++++x)
# Here, + and - are sign bits, not increment and decrement operators
print(-x)
print(--x)
print(++++++++++++-x)
print(-------------+x)
8. Ternary Operator (or) Conditional Operator
1. If the operator operates on only one operand, we will call such operator as unary operator. For eg:, ~a.
2. If the operator operates on Two operands, we will call such operator as binary operator. For eg:, a + b.
3. If the operator operates on Three operands, we will call such operator as Ternary operator.
Syntax:
x = firstValue if condition else secondValue
If condition is True then firstValue will be considered else secondValue will be considered.
In [1]:
a,b=23,43 # a =23 b = 43
c = 50 if a>b else 100
print(c)
Read two integer numbers from the keyboard and print minimum value using ternary operator.
In [2]:
x =int(input("Enter First Number:"))
y =int(input("Enter Second Number:"))
min=x if x<y else y
print("Minimum Value:",min)
10
10
-10
10
-10
-10
100
Enter First Number:255
Enter Second Number:22
Minimum Value: 22

In [3]:
x =int(input("Enter First Number:"))
y =int(input("Enter Second Number:"))
min=x if x<y else y
Program for finding minimum of 3 numbers using nesting of ternary operators.
In [4]:
a=int(input("Enter First Number:"))
b=int(input("Enter Second Number:"))
c=int(input("Enter Third Number:"))
min= a if a<b and a<c else b if b<c else c
In [5]:
min= a if a<b and a<c else b if b<c else c
Python Program for finding maximum of 3 numbers.
In [6]:
max=a if a>b and a>c else b if b>c else c
print("Maximum Value:",max)
Minimum Value: 22
Enter Third Number:301
Minimum Value: 101
Enter First Number:-10
Enter Second Number:-20
Enter Third Number:-30
Minimum Value: -30
Maximum Value: 44

Assume that there are two numbers, x and y, whose values to be read from the keyboard, and print
the following outputs based on the values of x and y.
case 1: If both are equal, then the output is : Both numbers are equal
case 2: If first number is smaller than second one, then the output is: First Number is Less than Second
Number
case 3: If the firts number is greater than second number, then the output is : First Number Greater than
Second Number
In [7]:
print("Both numbers are equal" if a==b
else "First Number is Less than Second Number"
if a<b else "First Number Greater than Second Number")
In [8]:
In [9]:
9. Special Operators:
There are two types of special operators are there in Python:
1. Identity Operators
2. Membership Operators
Both numbers are equal
First Number is Less than Second Number
First Number Greater than Second Number

1. Identity Operators:
We can use identity operators for address comparison. There are two identity operators used in Python:
i) is
ii) is not
r1 is r2 returns True if both r1 and r2 are pointing to the same object.
r1 is not r2 returns True if both r1 and r2 are not pointing to the same object.
In [1]:
a=10
b=10
print(a is b)
x=True
y=True
print( x is y)
In [2]:
a="karthi"
b="karthi"
print(id(a))
print(id(b))
print(a is b)
In [3]:
list1=["one","two","three"]
list2=["one","two","three"]
print(id(list1))
print(id(list2))
print(list1 is list2)
print(list1 is not list2) # reference comaprison (is & is not)
print(list1 == list2) # content comparison (==)
Note:
We can use is operator for address comparison where as == operator for content comparison.
True
True
1509178647664
1509178647664
True
1509178190144
1509178196736
False
True
True

2. Membership Operators
We can use Membership operators to check whether the given object present in the given collection.(It may
be String,List,Set,Tuple or Dict)
There are two types of membership operators used in Python:
i) in
ii) not in
in returns True if the given object present in the specified Collection.
not in retruns True if the given object not present in the specified Collection.
In [4]:
x="hello learning Python is very easy!!!"
print('h' in x)
print('d' in x)
print('d' not in x)
print('python' in x) # case sensitivity
print('Python' in x)
In [5]:
list1=["sunny","bunny","chinny","pinny"]
print("sunny" in list1)
print("tunny" in list1)
print("tunny" not in list1)
10. Operator Precedence:
If multiple operators present then which operator will be evaluated first is decided by operator
precedence.
In [6]:
print(3+10*2)
print((3+10)*2)
True
False
True
False
True
True
False
True
23
26

The following list describes operator precedence in Python:
() ==> Parenthesis
** ==> exponential operator
~,- ==> Bitwise complement operator,unary minus operator
*,/,%,// ==> multiplication,division,modulo,floor division
+,- ==> addition,subtraction
<<,>> ==> Left and Right Shift
& ==> bitwise And
^ ==> Bitwise X-OR
| ==> Bitwise OR
<,<=,>,>=,==, != ==> Relational or Comparison operators
=,+=,-=,*=... ==> Assignment operators
is , is not ==> Identity Operators
in , not in ==> Membership operators
not ==> Logical not
and ==> Logical and
or ==> Logical or
In [7]:
a=30
b=20
c=10
d=5
print((a+b)*c/d)
# division operoator in Python always going to provide float value as result
print((a+b)*(c/d))
print(a+(b*c)/d)
100.0
100.0
70.0

In [8]:
print(3/2*4+3+(10/5)**3-2)
print(3/2*4+3+2.0**3-2)
print(3/2*4+3+8.0-2)
print(1.5*4+3+8.0-2)
print(6.0+3+8.0-2)
15.0
15.0
15.0
15.0
15.0

Experiment 3:
a) Write Python programs to demonstrate the following:
i) input( ) ii) print( ) iii) ‘sep’ attribute
iv) ‘end’ attribute v) replacement Operator ({ })
i. input():
This function always reads the data from the keyboard in the form of String Format. We have to convert
that string type to our required type by using the corresponding type casting methods.
In [1]:
type(input("Enter value:"))
In [2]:
In [3]:
In [4]:
Enter value:10
Out[1]:
str
Enter value:22.7
Out[2]:
str
Enter value:True
Out[3]:
str
Enter value:'SMVDU'
Out[4]:
str

Note:
Why input() in Python 3 gave the priority for string type as return type?
Reason: The most commonly used type in any programming language is str type , that's why they gave the
priority for str type as default return type of input() function.
Demo Program 1: Read input data from the Keyboard
In [5]:
x=input("Enter First Number:")
y=input("Enter Second Number:")
i = int(x)
j = int(y)
print("The Sum:",i+j)
Above code in simplified form:
In [6]:
x=int(input("Enter First Number:"))
y=int(input("Enter Second Number:"))
print("The Sum:",x+y)
We can write the above code in single line also.
In [7]:
print("The Sum:",int(input("Enter First Number:"))
+int(input("Enter Second Number:")))
Demo Program 2: Write a program to read Employee data from the keyboard and print that data.
The Sum: 3000
The Sum: 3000
The Sum: 3000

In [8]:
eno=int(input("Enter Employee No:"))
ename=input("Enter Employee Name:")
esal=float(input("Enter Employee Salary:"))
eaddr=input("Enter Employee Address:")
married=bool(input("Employee Married ?[True|False]:"))
print("Please Confirm your provided Information")
print("Employee No :",eno)
print("Employee Name :",ename)
print("Employee Salary :",esal)
print("Employee Address :",eaddr)
print("Employee Married ? :",married)
In [9]:
Enter Employee No:11111
Enter Employee Name:Karthikeya
Enter Employee Salary:100000
Enter Employee Address:Nandyal
Employee Married ?[True|False]:T
Please Confirm your provided Information
Employee No : 11111
Employee Name : Karthikeya
Employee Salary : 100000.0
Employee Address : Nandyal
Employee Married ? : True
Employee Married ?[True|False]:False
Employee No : 11111
Employee Married ? : True

In [10]:
When you are not providing any value to the married (Just press Enter), then only it considers empty string
and gives the False value. In the above example, to read the boolean data, we need to follow the above
process.
But it is not our logic requirement. If you want to convert string to Boolean type, instead of using bool()
function we need to use eval() function.
In [11]:
married=eval(input("Employee Married ?[True|False]:"))
Employee Married ?[True|False]:
Employee No : 11111
Employee Married ? : False
Employee Married ?[True|False]:False
Employee No : 11111
Employee Married ? : False

eval() Function:
eval() Function is a single function which is the replacement of all the typecasting functions in Python.
In [12]:
x = (input('Enter Something : '))
print(type(x))
In [13]:
x = (input('Enter Something :'))
print(type(x))
In [15]:
x = eval((input('Enter Something : ')))
print(type(x))
In [16]:
print(type(x))
In [17]:
print(type(x))
In [18]:
print(type(x))
Enter Something : 10
<class 'str'>
Enter Something :33.3
<class 'str'>
Enter Something : 'Nandyal'
<class 'str'>
Enter Something : 10
<class 'int'>
Enter Something : 33.3
<class 'float'>
Enter Something : 'Nandyal'
<class 'str'>

In [19]:
print(type(x))
In [20]:
print(type(x))
In [21]:
print(type(x))
In [22]:
print(type(x))
ii.print():
We can use print() function to display output to the console for end user sake.
Multiple forms are there related to print() function.
Form-1: print() without any argument
Just it prints new line character (i.e.,n)
In [1]:
print('karthi')
print() # prints new line character
print('sahasra')
see the difference in below code:
Enter Something : [1,2,3]
<class 'list'>
Enter Something : (1,2,3)
<class 'tuple'>
Enter Something : (10)
<class 'int'>
Enter Something : (1,)
<class 'tuple'>
karthi
sahasra

In [2]:
print('karthi')
#print() # prints new line character
print('sahasra')
Form-2: print() function to print of string argument
In [3]:
print("Hello World")
We can use escape characters also.
In [4]:
print("Hello n World")
print("HellotWorld")
We can use repetetion operator (*) in the string.
In [6]:
print(10*"RGM")
print("RGM"*10)
We can use + operator also.
Note:
If both arguments are string type then + operator acts as concatenation operator.
If one argument is string type and second is any other type like int then we will get Error
If both arguments are number type then + operator acts as arithmetic addition operator.
Form-3: print() with variable number of arguments:
karthi
sahasra
Hello World
Hello
World
Hello World
RGMRGMRGMRGMRGMRGMRGMRGMRGMRGM
RGMRGMRGMRGMRGMRGMRGMRGMRGMRGM
In [7]:
print("RGM"+"xyz")
RGMxyz

In [8]:
a,b,c=10,20,30
print("The Values are :",a,b,c)
# here, we are passing 4 arguments to the print function.
iii. 'sep' attribute:
Form-4: print() with 'sep' attribute:
By default output values are seperated by space. If we want we can specify seperator by using "sep"
attribute.
'sep' means seperator.
In [9]:
a,b,c=10,20,30
print(a,b,c) # 10 20 30
print(a,b,c,sep=',') # 10,20,30
print(a,b,c,sep=':') # 10:20:30
print(a,b,c,sep='-') # 10-20-30
iv. 'end' attribute:
Form-5: print() with 'end' attribute:
In [10]:
print("Hello")
print("Karthi")
print("Sahasra")
If we want output in the same line with space, we need to use end attribute.
default value of 'end' attribute is newline character. (That means, if there is no end attribute,
automatically newline character will be printed).
In [11]:
print("Hello",end=' ')
print("Karthi",end=' ') # if end is space character
print("Sahasra")
The Values are : 10 20 30
10 20 30
10,20,30
10:20:30
10-20-30
Hello
Karthi
Sahasra
Hello Karthi Sahasra

In [12]:
print("Hello",end='')
print("Karthi",end='') # if end is nothing
print("Sahasra")
In [13]:
print('hello',end = '::')
print('karthi',end = '****')
print('sahasra')
Eg: Program to demonstrate both 'sep' and 'end' attributes.
In [14]:
print(10,20,30,sep = ':', end = '***')
print(40,50,60,sep = ':') # default value of 'end' attribute is 'n'
print(70,80,sep = '**',end = '$$')
print(90,100)
Eg : Consider the following case,
In [15]:
print('karthi' + 'sahasra') # Concatanation
print('karthi','sahasra') # ',' means space is the seperator
print(10,20,30)
Form-6: print(object) statement:
We can pass any object (like list,tuple,set etc)as argument to the print() statement.
In [16]:
l=[10,20,30,40]
t=(10,20,30,40)
print(l)
print(t)
HelloKarthiSahasra
hello::karthi****sahasra
10:20:30***40:50:60
70**80$$90 100
karthisahasra
karthi sahasra
10 20 30
[10, 20, 30, 40]
(10, 20, 30, 40)

Form-7: print(String,variable list):
We can use print() statement with String and any number of arguments.
In [17]:
s="Karthi"
a=6
s1="java"
s2="Python"
print("Hello",s,"Your Age is",a)
print("You are learning",s1,"and",s2)
Form-8: print(formatted string):
%i ====>int
%d ====>int
%f =====>float
%s ======>String type
Syntax:
print("formatted string" %(variable list))
In [18]:
a=10
b=20
c=30
print("a value is %i" %a)
print("b value is %d and c value is %d" %(b,c))
In [19]:
s="Karthi"
list=[10,20,30,40]
print("Hello %s ...The List of Items are %s" %(s,list))
Hello Karthi Your Age is 6
You are learning java and Python
a value is 10
b value is 20 and c value is 30
Hello Karthi ...The List of Items are [10, 20, 30, 40]

In [20]:
price = 70.56789
print('Price value = {}'.format(price))
print('Price value = %f'%price)
print('Price value = %.2f'%price)
v. Replacement Operator ({}):
Form-9: print() with replacement operator { }
In [21]:
name = "Karthi"
salary = 100000
sister = "Sahasra"
print("Hello {} your salary is {} and Your Sister {} is waiting"
.format(name,salary,sister))
print("Hello {0} your salary is {1} and Your Sister {2} is waiting"
.format(salary,sister,name))
print("Hello {x} your salary is {y} and Your Sister {z} is waiting"
.format(x=name,y=salary,z=sister))
In [22]:
a,b,c,d = 10,20,30,40 # print a=10,b=20,c=30,d=40
print('a = {},b = {},c = {},d = {}'.format(a,b,c,d))
b) Demonstrate the following Conditional statements in Python with suitable examples.
i) if statement ii) if else statement
iii) if – elif – else statement
i) if statement:
Price value = 70.56789
Price value = 70.567890
Price value = 70.57
Hello Karthi your salary is 100000 and Your Sister Sahasra is waiting
Hello 100000 your salary is Sahasra and Your Sister Karthi is waiting
a = 10,b = 20,c = 30,d = 40

Syntax:
if condition:
statement 1
statement 2
statement 3
statement
In [23]:
if 10<20:
print('10 is less than 20')
print('End of Program')
In [24]:
if 10<20:
print('End of Program')
In [25]:
name=input("Enter Name:")
if name=="Karthi":
print("Hello Karthi Good Morning")
print("How are you!!!")
In [26]:
if name=="Karthi":
print("Hello Karthi Good Morning")
print("How are you!!!")
ii) if else statement:
10 is less than 20
End of Program
File "<ipython-input-24-f2d3b9a6180e>", line 2
^
IndentationError: expected an indented block
Enter Name:Karthi
Hello Karthi Good Morning
How are you!!!
Enter Name:Sourav
How are you!!!

Syntax:
if condition:
Action 1
else:
Action 2
if condition is true then Action-1 will be executed otherwise Action-2 will be executed.
In [27]:
name = input('Enter Name : ')
if name == 'Karthi':
print('Hello Karthi! Good Morning')
else:
print('Hello Guest! Good Morning')
print('How are you?')
In [29]:
name = input('Enter Name : ')
if name == 'Karthi':
print('Hello Karthi! Good Morning')
else:
print('Hello Guest! Good Morning')
print('How are you?')
iii) if – elif – else statement :
Enter Name : Karthi
Hello Karthi! Good Morning
How are you?
Enter Name : sourav
Hello Guest! Good Morning
How are you?

Syntax:
Based condition the corresponding action will be executed.

In [30]:
brand=input("Enter Your Favourite Brand:")
if brand=="RC":
print("It is childrens brand")
elif brand=="KF":
print("It is not that much kick")
elif brand=="FO":
print("Buy one get Free One")
else :
print("Other Brands are not recommended")
In [31]:
if brand=="RC":
elif brand=="KF":
elif brand=="FO":
else :
In [32]:
if brand=="RC":
elif brand=="KF":
elif brand=="FO":
else :
Points to Ponder:
1. else part is always optional.
2. There is no switch statement in Python.
c) Demonstrate the following Iterative statements in Python with suitable examples.
i) while loop ii) for loop
i) while loop:
Enter Your Favourite Brand:RC
It is childrens brand
Enter Your Favourite Brand:FO
Buy one get Free One
Enter Your Favourite Brand:ABC
Other Brands are not recommended

If we want to execute a group of statements iteratively until some condition false,then we should go for
while loop.
Syntax:
while condition:
body
Eg 1: Write a Python program to print numbers from 1 to 10 by using while loop.
In [13]:
x=1
while x <=10:
print(x,end=' ')
x=x+1
Eg 2: Write a Python program to display the sum of first 'n' numbers.
In [14]:
n=int(input("Enter number:"))
sum=0
i=1
while i<=n:
sum=sum+i
i=i+1
print("The sum of first",n,"numbers is :",sum)
Eg 3: write a program to prompt user to enter some name until entering RGM.
In [15]:
name=""
while name!="RGM":
print("Thanks for confirmation")
ii) for loop:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Enter number:10
The sum of first 10 numbers is : 55
Enter Name:SREC
Enter Name:GPR
Enter Name:KSRM
Enter Name:AITS
Enter Name:RGM
Thanks for confirmation

If we want to execute some action for every element present in some sequence (it may be string or
collection) then we should go for for loop.
Syntax:
for x in sequence:
body
Where, 'sequence' can be string or any collection.
Body will be executed for every element present in the sequence.
Eg 1: Write a Python Program to print characters present in the given string.
In [1]:
s="Sahasra"
for x in s :
print(x)
In [3]:
s="Sahasra"
for x in s :
print(x,end='t')
Eg 2: To print characters present in string index wise.
S
a
h
a
s
r
a
S a h a s r a

In [4]:
s=input("Enter some String: ")
i=0
for x in s :
print("The character present at ",i,"index is :",x)
i=i+1
Eg 3: Write a Python program to print Hello 10 times.
In [5]:
s = 'Hello'
for i in range(1,11):
print(s)
In [7]:
s = 'Hello'
for i in range(10):
print(s)
Eg 4: Write a Python program to display numbers from 0 to 10.
Enter some String: Karthikeya
The character present at 0 index is : K
The character present at 1 index is : a
The character present at 2 index is : r
The character present at 3 index is : t
The character present at 4 index is : h
The character present at 5 index is : i
The character present at 6 index is : k
The character present at 7 index is : e
The character present at 8 index is : y
The character present at 9 index is : a
Hello
Hello
Hello
Hello
Hello
Hello
Hello
Hello
Hello
Hello
Hello
Hello
Hello
Hello
Hello
Hello
Hello
Hello
Hello
Hello

In [8]:
for i in range(0,11):
print(i,end=' ')
Eg 5: Write a Python program to display odd numbers from 0 to 20.
In [9]:
for i in range(21):
if(i%2!=0):
print(i,end=' ')
Eg 6: Write a Python Program to display numbers from 10 to 1 in descending order.
In [10]:
for i in range(10,0,-1):
print(i,end=' ')
Eg 7: Write a Python program to print sum of numbers presenst inside list.
In [11]:
list=eval(input("Enter List:"))
sum=0;
for x in list:
sum=sum+x;
print("The Sum=",sum)
In [12]:
sum=0;
for x in list:
sum=sum+ x;
print("The Sum=",sum)
Nested Loops:
Sometimes we can take a loop inside another loop,which are also known as nested loops.
Eg 1:
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Enter List:10,20,30,40
The Sum= 100
Enter List:[10,20,30,40]
The Sum= 100

In [16]:
for i in range(3):
for j in range(2):
print('Hello')
Eg 2:
In [17]:
for i in range(4):
for j in range(4):
print('i = {} j = {}'.format(i,j))
Write Python Programs to display the below patterns.
Hello
Hello
Hello
Hello
Hello
Hello
i = 0 j = 0
i = 0 j = 1
i = 0 j = 2
i = 0 j = 3
i = 1 j = 0
i = 1 j = 1
i = 1 j = 2
i = 1 j = 3
i = 2 j = 0
i = 2 j = 1
i = 2 j = 2
i = 2 j = 3
i = 3 j = 0
i = 3 j = 1
i = 3 j = 2
i = 3 j = 3

Introduction to phyton , important topic

In [21]:
n=int(input("Enter the number of rows: "))
for i in range(1,n+1):
print("* "*n)
Enter the number of rows: 10
* * * * * * * * * *
* * * * * * * * * *
* * * * * * * * * *
* * * * * * * * * *
* * * * * * * * * *
* * * * * * * * * *
* * * * * * * * * *
* * * * * * * * * *
* * * * * * * * * *
* * * * * * * * * *

In [23]:
for j in range(1,n+1):
print(i,end=" ")
print()
Pattern-3:
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 5
In [24]:
print(j,end=" ")
print()
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3 3 3 3
4 4 4 4 4 4 4
5 5 5 5 5 5 5
6 6 6 6 6 6 6
7 7 7 7 7 7 7
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 5

In [25]:
print(chr(64+i),end=" ")
print()
A A A A A A A A A A
B B B B B B B B B B
C C C C C C C C C C
D D D D D D D D D D
E E E E E E E E E E
F F F F F F F F F F
G G G G G G G G G G
H H H H H H H H H H
I I I I I I I I I I
J J J J J J J J J J

In [26]:
print(chr(64+j),end=" ")
print()
n=int(input("Enter the number of rows: ")) for i in range(1,n+1): for j in range(1,n+1): print(n+1-i,end=" ")
print()
A B C D E F G
A B C D E F G
A B C D E F G
A B C D E F G
A B C D E F G
A B C D E F G
A B C D E F G

In [28]:
print(n+1-j,end=" ")
print()
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

In [29]:
print(chr(65+n-i),end=" ")
print()
J J J J J J J J J J
I I I I I I I I I I
H H H H H H H H H H
G G G G G G G G G G
F F F F F F F F F F
E E E E E E E E E E
D D D D D D D D D D
C C C C C C C C C C
B B B B B B B B B B
A A A A A A A A A A

In [30]:
print(chr(65+n-j),end=" ")
print()
J I H G F E D C B A
J I H G F E D C B A
J I H G F E D C B A
J I H G F E D C B A
J I H G F E D C B A
J I H G F E D C B A
J I H G F E D C B A
J I H G F E D C B A
J I H G F E D C B A
J I H G F E D C B A

In [31]:
n=int(input("Enter the number of rows:"))
for j in range(1,i+1):
print("*",end=" ")
print()
Alternative Way:
In [32]:
n=int(input("Enter the number of rows:"))
print("* "*i)
Enter the number of rows:5
*
* *
* * *
* * * *
* * * * *
*
* *
* * *
* * * *
* * * * *

In [34]:
print(i,end=" ")
print()
1
2 2
3 3 3
4 4 4 4
5 5 5 5 5
6 6 6 6 6 6
7 7 7 7 7 7 7
8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9

In [36]:
print(i,end="t")
print()
1
2 2
3 3 3
4 4 4 4
5 5 5 5 5
6 6 6 6 6 6
7 7 7 7 7 7 7
8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

In [37]:
print(j,end=" ")
print()
1
1 2
1 2 3
1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

In [38]:
print()
A
B B
C C C
D D D D
E E E E E
F F F F F F
G G G G G G G
H H H H H H H H
I I I I I I I I I
J J J J J J J J J J

In [39]:
print()
A
A B
A B C
A B C D
A B C D E
A B C D E F
A B C D E F G
A B C D E F G H
A B C D E F G H I
A B C D E F G H I J

In [40]:
for j in range(1,n+2-i):
print("*",end=" ")
print()
* * * * * * * * * *
* * * * * * * * *
* * * * * * * *
* * * * * * *
* * * * * *
* * * * *
* * * *
* * *
* *
*

In [41]:
print(i,end=" ")
print()
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
4 4 4 4 4 4 4
5 5 5 5 5 5
6 6 6 6 6
7 7 7 7
8 8 8
9 9
10

In [42]:
print(j,end=" ")
print()
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4
1 2 3
1 2
1

In [43]:
print()
In [44]:
print()
A A A A A A A A A A
B B B B B B B B B
C C C C C C C C
D D D D D D D
E E E E E E
F F F F F
G G G G
H H H
I I
J
A B C D E F G
A B C D E F
A B C D E
A B C D
A B C
A B
A

In [45]:
print(n+1-i,end=" ")
print()
9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9
8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
7 7 7 7 7 7 7
6 6 6 6 6 6
5 5 5 5 5
4 4 4 4
3 3 3
2 2
1

In [46]:
print(n+1-j,end=" ")
print()
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3
10 9 8 7 6 5 4
10 9 8 7 6 5
10 9 8 7 6
10 9 8 7
10 9 8
10 9
10

In [1]:
print(chr(65+n-i),end=" ")
print()
J J J J J J J J J J
I I I I I I I I I
H H H H H H H H
G G G G G G G
F F F F F F
E E E E E
D D D D
C C C
B B
A

In [2]:
print(chr(65+n-j),end=" ")
print()
J I H G F E D C B A
J I H G F E D C B
J I H G F E D C
J I H G F E D
J I H G F E
J I H G F
J I H G
J I H
J I
J

In [5]:
print(" "*(n-i),"*"*i,end=" ")
print()
In [6]:
print(" "*(n-i),"* "*i,end=" ")
print()
Alternative Way:
*
**
***
****
*****
*
* *
* * *
* * * *
* * * * *

In [7]:
print(" "*(n-i),end="")
print("*",end=" ")
print()
*
* *
* * *
* * * *
* * * * *

In [8]:
print(" "*(n-i),(str(i)+" ")*i)
print()
Another Pattern:
In [9]:
n = int(input("Enter the number of rows: "))
print(' '*(n-i),((str(i))*i))
print()
1
2 2
3 3 3
4 4 4 4
5 5 5 5 5
6 6 6 6 6 6
7 7 7 7 7 7 7
8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
1
22
333
4444
55555

In [10]:
print(j,end=" ")
print()
1
1 2
1 2 3
1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

In [11]:
print(" "*(n-i),(chr(64+i)+" ")*i)
print()
In [14]:
print(" "*(i-1),str(i)*(n+1-i))
A
B B
C C C
D D D D
E E E E E
F F F F F F
G G G G G G G
H H H H H H H H
11111
2222
333
44
5

In [15]:
print(" "*(i-1),str(n+1-i)*(n+1-i))
In [12]:
print(" "*(i-1),(str(n+1-i)+" ")*(n+1-i))
In [16]:
print(" "*(i-1),end="")
print(j,end=" ")
print()
55555
4444
333
22
1
5 5 5 5 5
4 4 4 4
3 3 3
2 2
1
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4
1 2 3
1 2
1

In [17]:
print(" "*(i-1),end=' ')
print(j,end="")
print()
In [18]:
print(" "*(i-1),(str(chr(65+n-i))+" ")*(n+1-i))
In [19]:
print(" "*(i-1),(str(chr(65+n-i)))*(n+1-i))
12345
1234
123
12
1
E E E E E
D D D D
C C C
B B
A
EEEEE
DDDD
CCC
BB
A

In [20]:
print(" "*(i-1),end="")
for j in range(65,66+n-i):
print(chr(j),end=" ")
print()
In [21]:
print(" "*(i-1),end="")
for j in range(65,66+n-i):
print(chr(j),end="")
print()
A B C D E
A B C D
A B C
A B
A
ABCDE
ABCD
ABC
AB
A

In [23]:
print(" "*(n-i),str(i)*(2*i-1))
1
222
33333
4444444
555555555

In [24]:
print(" "*(n-i),(str(chr(64+i)))*(2*i-1))
In [25]:
print(" "*(n-i),(str(chr(64+2*i-1)))*(2*i-1))
In [26]:
print(" "*(n-i),(str(chr(64+3*i-1)))*(2*i-1))
A
BBB
CCCCC
DDDDDDD
EEEEEEEEE
A
CCC
EEEEE
GGGGGGG
IIIIIIIII
B
EEE
HHHHH
KKKKKKK
NNNNNNNNN

In [28]:
for j in range(1,2*i):
print(j,end="")
print()
1
123
12345
1234567
123456789

In [29]:
for j in range(2*i-1,0,-1):
print(j,end="")
print()
Few more similar patterns:
In [31]:
for j in range(2*i,1,-1):
print(j,end="")
print()
In [32]:
for j in range(2*i,0,-1):
print(j,end="")
print()
1
321
54321
7654321
987654321
2
432
65432
8765432
1098765432
21
4321
654321
87654321
10987654321

In [33]:
for j in range(65,65+2*i-1):
print()
A
ABC
ABCDE
ABCDEFG
ABCDEFGHI

In [34]:
for j in range(65+2*i-2,64,-1):
print()
In [37]:
for j in range(1,i):
print(i-j,end="")
for k in range(0,i):
print(k,end="")
print()
A
CBA
EDCBA
GFEDCBA
IHGFEDCBA
0
101
21012
3210123
432101234

In [38]:
print(chr(i-j+65),end="")
print(chr(k+65),end="")
print()
A
BAB
CBABC
DCBABCD
EDCBABCDE

In [39]:
print(j,end="")
for k in range(i-1,0,-1):
print(k,end="")
print()
In [41]:
print(chr(64+j),end="")
print(chr(64+k),end="")
print()
1
121
12321
1234321
123454321
A
ABA
ABCAB
ABCDABC
ABCDEABCD

Pattern 46:
In [42]:
n=int(input("Enter a number:"))
print(n+1-j,end="")
print()
In [44]:
n=int(input("Enter a number:"))
print(n-j+1,end=" ")
print()
Enter a number:5
5
54
543
5432
54321
Enter a number:5
5
5 4
5 4 3
5 4 3 2
5 4 3 2 1

Pattern 47:
In [45]:
num=int(input("Enter a number:"))
for i in range(1,num+1):
print(" "*(i-1),end="")
for j in range(1,num+2-i):
print("*",end=" ")
for k in range(1,num+1-i):
print("*",end=" ")
print()
In [47]:
print(" "*(i-1),end="")
print("*",end="")
print("*",end="")
print()
Alternative Way:
Enter a number:5
* * * * * * * * *
* * * * * * *
* * * * *
* * *
*
Enter a number:5
*********
*******
*****
***
*

In [48]:
print(" "*(i-1),end="")
print("*",end=" ")
print()
Pattern 48:
In [49]:
print(" "*(i-1),end="")
print(num+1-i,end="")
print()
Simi;ar type Patterns:
Enter a number:5
* * * * *
* * * *
* * *
* *
*
Enter a number:5
555555555
4444444
33333
222
1

In [50]:
print(" "*(i-1),end="")
for k in range(1,num-i+1):
print()
Pattern 49:
In [51]:
print(" "*(i-1),end="")
print(2*num+1-2*i,end="")
print(2*num+1-2*i,end="")
print()
Enter a number:5
5555555555
44444444
333333
2222
11
Enter a number:5
999999999
7777777
55555
333
1

Pattern 50:
In [52]:
print(" "*(i-1),end="")
print(j,end="")
print(num+k-i,end="")
print()
d) Demonstrate the following control transfer statements in Python with suitable examples.
i) break ii) continue iii) pass
i) break:
We can use break statement inside loops to break loop execution based on some condition.
In [3]:
for i in range(10):
if i==7:
print("processing is enough..plz break")
break
print(i)
Enter a number:5
123456789
1234567
12345
123
1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
processing is enough..plz break

In [4]:
cart=[10,20,600,60,70]
for item in cart:
if item>500:
print("To place this order insurence must be required")
break
print(item)
ii) continue:
We can use continue statement to skip current iteration and continue next iteration.
Eg 1: Write a Python program to print odd numbers in the range 0 to 9.
In [5]:
for i in range(10):
if i%2==0:
continue
print(i)
Eg 2:
In [6]:
cart=[10,20,500,700,50,60]
for item in cart:
if item >= 500:
print("We cannot process this item :",item)
continue
print(item)
Eg 3:
10
20
To place this order insurence must be required
1
3
5
7
9
10
20
We cannot process this item : 500
We cannot process this item : 700
50
60

In [7]:
numbers=[10,20,0,5,0,30]
for n in numbers:
if n==0:
print("Hey how we can divide with zero..just skipping")
continue
print("100/{} = {}".format(n,100/n))
Loops with else block:
Inside loop execution,if break statement not executed ,then only else part will be executed.
else means loop without break.
In [9]:
cart=[10,20,30,40,50]
for item in cart:
if item>=500:
print("We cannot process this order")
break
print(item)
else:
print("Congrats ...all items processed successfully")
In [11]:
cart=[10,20,600,30,40,50]
for item in cart:
if item>=500:
print("We cannot process this order")
break
print(item)
else:
print("Congrats ...all items processed successfully")
iii) pass:
100/10 = 10.0
100/20 = 5.0
Hey how we can divide with zero..just skipping
100/5 = 20.0
Hey how we can divide with zero..just skipping
100/30 = 3.3333333333333335
10
20
30
40
50
Congrats ...all items processed successfully
10
20
We cannot process this order

pass is a keyword in Python.
In our programming syntactically if block is required which won't do anything then we can define that
empty block with pass keyword.
pass statement ==>
1. It is an empty statement
2. It is null statement
3. It won't do anything
In [12]:
if True: # It is invalid
In [13]:
if True:
pass # It is valid
In [14]:
def m1(): # It is invalid
In [15]:
def m1():
pass # It is valid
Use of pass:
Sometimes in the parent class we have to declare a function with empty body and child class
responsible to provide proper implementation. Such type of empty body we can define by using pass
keyword. (It is something like abstract method in java).
Example:
File "<ipython-input-12-2d7926e5e65a>", line 1
if True: # It is invalid
^
SyntaxError: unexpected EOF while parsing
File "<ipython-input-14-55805493e471>", line 1
def m1(): # It is invalid
^
SyntaxError: unexpected EOF while parsing

In [16]:
for i in range(100):
if i%9==0:
print(i)
else:
pass
More example programs on all the above concepts:
Q1. Write a program to find biggest of given 2 numbers.
In [33]:
n1=int(input("Enter First Number:"))
n2=int(input("Enter Second Number:"))
if n1>n2:
print("Biggest Number is:",n1)
else :
Q2. Write a program to find biggest of given 3 numbers.
In [34]:
n3=int(input("Enter Third Number:"))
if n1>n2 and n1>n3:
elif n2>n3:
else :
0
9
18
27
36
45
54
63
72
81
90
99
Biggest Number is: 20
Biggest Number is: 35

Q3. Write a program to find smallest of given 2 numbers?
In [35]:
if n1>n2:
print("Smallest Number is:",n2)
else :
Q4. Write a program to find smallest of given 3 numbers?
In [36]:
n3=int(input("Enter Third Number:"))
if n1<n2 and n1<n3:
elif n2<n3:
else :
Q5. Write a program to check whether the given number is even or odd?
In [37]:
rem = n1 % 2
if rem == 0:
print('Entered Number is an Even Number')
else:
print('Entered Number is an Odd Number')
Smallest Number is: 35
Smallest Number is: 100
Entered Number is an Even Number

In [39]:
rem = n1 % 2
if rem == 0:
print('Entered Number is an Even Number')
else:
print('Entered Number is an Odd Number')
Q6. Write a program to check whether the given number is in between 1 and 100?
In [40]:
n=int(input("Enter Number:"))
if n>=1 and n<=100 :
print("The number",n,"is in between 1 to 100")
else:
print("The number",n,"is not in between 1 to 100")
In [41]:
n=int(input("Enter Number:"))
if n>=1 and n<=100 :
print("The number",n,"is in between 1 to 100")
else:
print("The number",n,"is not in between 1 to 100")
Q7. Write a program to take a single digit number from the key board and print it's value in English
word?
Entered Number is an Odd Number
Enter Number:45
The number 45 is in between 1 to 100
Enter Number:123
The number 123 is not in between 1 to 100

In [42]:
n=int(input("Enter a digit from o to 9:"))
if n==0 :
print("ZERO")
elif n==1:
print("ONE")
elif n==2:
print("TWO")
elif n==3:
print("THREE")
elif n==4:
print("FOUR")
elif n==5:
print("FIVE")
elif n==6:
print("SIX")
elif n==7:
print("SEVEN")
elif n==8:
print("EIGHT")
elif n==9:
print("NINE")
else:
print("PLEASE ENTER A DIGIT FROM 0 TO 9")
In [43]:
n=int(input("Enter a digit from o to 9:"))
if n==0 :
print("ZERO")
elif n==1:
print("ONE")
elif n==2:
print("TWO")
elif n==3:
print("THREE")
elif n==4:
print("FOUR")
elif n==5:
print("FIVE")
elif n==6:
print("SIX")
elif n==7:
print("SEVEN")
elif n==8:
print("EIGHT")
elif n==9:
print("NINE")
else:
print("PLEASE ENTER A DIGIT FROM 0 TO 9")
Another Way of writing program for the same requirement:
Enter a digit from o to 9:8
EIGHT
Enter a digit from o to 9:10
PLEASE ENTER A DIGIT FROM 0 TO 9

In [44]:
list1 = ['ZERO','ONE','TWO','THREE','FOUR','FIVE','SIX','SEVEN','EIGHT','NINE']
n =int(input('Enter a digit from 0 to 9 :'))
print(list1[n])
In [45]:
list1 = ['ZERO','ONE','TWO','THREE','FOUR','FIVE','SIX','SEVEN','EIGHT','NINE']
n =int(input('Enter a digit from 0 to 9 :'))
print(list1[n])
How can you extend the above program from 0 to 99?
In [47]:
words_upto_19 = ['','ONE','TWO','THREE','FOUR','FIVE','SIX','SEVEN','EIGHT',
'NINE','TEN','ELEVEN','TWELVE','THIRTEEN','FOURTEEN','FIFTEEN',
'SIXTEEN','SEVENTEEN','EIGHTEEN','NINETEEN']
words_for_tens = ['','','TWENTY','THIRTY','FORTY','FIFTY','SIXTY','SEVENTY',
'EIGHTY','NINETY']
n = int(input('Enter a number from 0 to 99 : '))
output = ''
if n == 0:
output = 'ZERO'
elif n <= 19:
output = words_upto_19[n]
elif n<=99:
output = words_for_tens[n//10]+' '+words_upto_19[n%10]
else:
output = 'Pleae Enter a value fron 0 to 99 only'
print(output)
Enter a digit from 0 to 9 :7
SEVEN
Enter a digit from 0 to 9 :15
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
IndexError Traceback (most recent call las
t)
<ipython-input-45-bbd0655ae62d> in <module>
1 list1 = ['ZERO','ONE','TWO','THREE','FOUR','FIVE','SIX','SEVEN','E
IGHT','NINE']
2 n =int(input('Enter a digit from 0 to 9 :'))
----> 3 print(list1[n])
IndexError: list index out of range
Enter a number from 0 to 99 : 0
ZERO

In [48]:
'EIGHTY','NINETY']
output = ''
if n == 0:
output = 'ZERO'
elif n <= 19:
elif n<=99:
else:
print(output)
In [49]:
'EIGHTY','NINETY']
output = ''
if n == 0:
output = 'ZERO'
elif n <= 19:
elif n<=99:
else:
print(output)
NINE
NINETEEN

In [50]:
'EIGHTY','NINETY']
output = ''
if n == 0:
output = 'ZERO'
elif n <= 19:
elif n<=99:
else:
print(output)
Q8. Python program to find all prime numbers within a given range.
Theory:
Prime numbers:
A prime number is a natural number greater than 1 and having no positive divisor other than 1 and itself.
For example: 3, 7, 11 etc are prime numbers.
Composite number: Other natural numbers that are not prime numbers are called composite numbers.
For example: 4, 6, 9 etc. are composite numbers.
Here is source code of the Python Program to check if a number is a prime number.
In [24]:
r=int(input("Enter Range: "))
for a in range(2,r+1):
k=0
for i in range(2,a//2+1):
if(a%i==0):
k=k+1
if(k<=0):
print(a)
FIFTY SIX
Enter Range: 20
2
3
5
7
11
13
17
19

In [25]:
r=int(input("Enter Range: "))
for a in range(2,r+1):
k=0
for i in range(2,a//2+1):
if(a%i==0):
k=k+1
if(k<=0):
print(a,end=' ')
Q9. Python program to print ‘n' terms of Fibonacci series of numbers.
Theory:
A Fibonacci sequence is the integer sequence of 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8....
The first two terms are 0 and 1. All other terms are obtained by adding the preceding two terms. This
means to say the nth term is the sum of (n-1)th and (n-2)th term.
In [27]:
n = int(input("How many terms? "))
# first two terms
n1 = 0
n2 = 1
count = 0
# check if the number of terms is valid
if n <= 0:
print("Please enter a positive integer")
elif n == 1:
print("Fibonacci sequence upto",n,":")
print(n1)
else:
while count < n:
print(n1,end=' ')
next = n1 + n2
# update values
n1 = n2
n2 = next
count += 1
Enter Range: 20
2 3 5 7 11 13 17 19
How many terms? 20
Fibonacci sequence upto 20 :
0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 89 144 233 377 610 987 1597 2584 4181

In [28]:
n = int(input("How many terms? "))
# first two terms
n1 = 0
n2 = 1
count = 0
# check if the number of terms is valid
if n <= 0:
print("Please enter a positive integer")
elif n == 1:
print(n1)
else:
while count < n:
print(n1,end=' ')
next = n1 + n2
# update values
n1 = n2
n2 = next
count += 1
Q10. Write a Python program to compute distance between two points taking input from the user
(Pythagorean Theorem).
In [30]:
import math;
x1=int(input("Enter x1--->"))
y1=int(input("Enter y1--->"))
x2=int(input("Enter x2--->"))
y2=int(input("Enter y2--->"))
d1 = (x2 - x1) * (x2 - x1);
d2 = (y2 - y1) * (y2 - y1);
res = math.sqrt(d1+d2)
print ("Distance between two points:",res);
Q11. Write a Python program to compute the GCD of two numbers.
How many terms? 10
Fibonacci sequence upto 10 :
0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34
Enter x1--->5
Enter y1--->10
Enter x2--->15
Enter y2--->20
Distance between two points: 14.142135623730951

In [32]:
def gcd(a,b):
if(b==0):
return a
else:
return gcd(b,a%b)
a=int(input("Enter first number:"))
b=int(input("Enter second number:"))
print (gcd(a,b))
Q12. Write a Python program to find the exponentiation of a number.
In [34]:
num =int(input("Enter a number:"))
exp =int(input("Enter a number:"))
res=num
for i in range(1,exp):
res=num*res
print ("Exponent",res)
Q13. A cashier has currency notes of denominations 10, 50 and 100. If the amount to be withdrawn is
input through the keyboard in hundreds, write a Python program find the total number of currency
notes of each denomination the cashier will have to give to the withdrawer.
In [4]:
Amount = int(input("Please Enter Amount for Withdraw :"))
print("nnRequired notes of 100 is : " , Amount // 100) # Floor Division
print ("Required notes of 50 is : " , (Amount % 100) // 50)
print ("Required notes of 10 is : " , (((Amount % 100) % 50) // 10))
print ("Amount still remaining is : " , (((Amount % 100) % 50) % 10))
Enter first number:5
Enter second number:15
5
Enter a number:3
Enter a number:4
Exponent 81
Please Enter Amount for Withdraw :1575
Required notes of 100 is : 15
Amount still remaining is : 5

In [5]:
In [6]:
Q14. Python Program to calculate overtime pay of 10 employees. Overtime is paid at the rate of Rs.
12.00 per hour for every hour worked above 40 hours. Assume that employees do not work for
fractional part of an hour.

In [7]:
overtime_pay = 0
for i in range(10) :
print("nEnter the time employee worked in hr ")
time_worked = int(input())
if (time_worked>40):
over_time = time_worked - 40
overtime_pay = overtime_pay + (12 * over_time)
print("nTotal Overtime Pay Of 10 Employees Is ", overtime_pay)
Q15. A library charges a fine for every book returned late. For first five days the fine is 50 paise, for 6
to 10 days fine is one rupee, and above 10 days fine is five rupees. If you return the book after 30
days your membership will be cancelled. Write a Python program to accept the number of days the
member is late to return the book and display the fine or the appropriate message.
Enter the time employee worked in hr
45
42
43
44
50
53
42
66
44
33
Total Overtime Pay Of 10 Employees Is 828

In [16]:
days = int(input("Enter Number of Days : "))
if((days>0) and (days<=5)):
fine = 0.5 * days
elif((days>5) and (days<=10)):
fine = 1 * days
elif((days>10)):
fine = 5 * days
if(days > 30):
print('Your Membership Cancelled !!!')
print('You have to pay Rs.',fine)
In [17]:
fine = 0.5 * days
fine = 1 * days
elif((days>10)):
fine = 5 * days
if(days > 30):
In [18]:
fine = 0.5 * days
fine = 1 * days
elif((days>10)):
fine = 5 * days
if(days > 30):
Enter Number of Days : 45
Your Membership Cancelled !!!
You have to pay Rs. 225
You have to pay Rs. 0.5

In [19]:
fine = 0.5 * days
fine = 1 * days
elif((days>10)):
fine = 5 * days
if(days > 30):
Q16. Two numbers are entered through keyboard, Write a Python program to find the value of one
number raised to the power another.
In [20]:
import math
n1 = int(input("Please enter a number : "))
exp = int(input("Please enter exponent value : "))
power = math.pow(n1,exp)
print('The result of {} power {} = {}'.format(n1,exp,power))
Viva Questions:
Q 1. What is the difference between for loop and while loop in Python?
We can use loops to repeat code execution.
Repeat code for every item in sequence ==>for loop
Repeat code as long as condition is true ==>while loop
Q 2. How to exit from the loop?
by using break statement.
Q 3. How to skip some iterations inside loop?
by using continue statement.
Q4. When else part will be executed with respect to loops?
Please enter a number : 3
Please enter exponent value : 4
The result of 3 power 4 = 81.0

If loop executed without break.
GOOD LUCK

Experiment 4:
Write Python programs to print the following Patterns.
i)
In [1]:
print()
ii)
A
A B
A B C
A B C D
A B C D E

In [3]:
print(" "*(i-1),"*"*(n+1-i))
iii)
In [6]:
num=int(input("Enter the number of rows:"))
print(" "*(i-1),end="")
print(chr(65+num-i),end=" ")
print(chr(65+num-i),end=" ")
print()
*****
****
***
**
*
E E E E E E E E E
D D D D D D D
C C C C C
B B B
A

iv)
In [7]:
print(" "*(num-i),end="")
print(num-j,end=" ")
print()
for k in range(1,num):
print(" "*k,end="")
for l in range(1,num+1-k):
print(num-l,end=" ")
print()
Enter a number:5
4
4 3
4 3 2
4 3 2 1
4 3 2 1 0
4 3 2 1
4 3 2
4 3
4

v)
In [8]:
print(num-i+j-1,end=" ")
print()
for a in range(1,num+1):
for k in range(0,num-a):
print(k+a,end=" ")
print()
vi)
Enter a number:5
4
3 4
2 3 4
1 2 3 4
0 1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4
2 3 4
3 4
4

In [16]:
print("*",end=" ")
for k in range(1,i+1):
print("*",end=" ")
print()
vii)
Enter a number:5
* *
* * * *
* * * * * *
* * * * * * * *
* * * * * * * * * *

In [17]:
n=int(input("Enter a number"))
for i in range(1,2*n+1):
if i%2==0:
print("*"*i,end=" ")
else:
print("*"*(i+1),end=" ")
print()
viii)
Enter a number5
**
**
****
****
******
******
********
********
**********
**********

In [18]:
print(chr(65+num+j-i),end=" ")
print()
for k in range(1,num):
print(" "*k,end="")
for l in range(0,num-k):
print(chr(65+k+l),end=" ")
print()
Enter a number:5
E
D E
C D E
B C D E
A B C D E
B C D E
C D E
D E
E

Experiment 5:
a) Write a Python program to demonstrate various ways of accessing the string.
i) By using Indexing (Both Positive and Negative)
ii) By using Slice Operator
What is String?
Any sequence of characters within either single quotes or double quotes is considered as a String.
Syntax:
s='karthi'
s="karthi"
Note:
In most of other languges like C, C++,Java, a single character with in single quotes is treated as char
data type value. But in Python we are not having char data type.Hence it is treated as String only.
In [1]:
ch = 'a'
print(type(ch))
How to access characters of a String?
We can access characters of a string by using the following ways.
1. By using index
2. By using slice operator
1. By using index:
Python supports both +ve and -ve index.
+ve index means left to right(Forward direction).
-ve index means right to left(Backward direction).
<class 'str'>

In [2]:
s = 'Karthi'
print(s[0])
print(s[5])
print(s[-1])
print(s[19])
Eg: Q 1. Write a program to accept some string from the keyboard and display its characters by index
wise(both positive and negative index).
In [6]:
s=input("Enter Some String:")
i=0
for x in s:
print("The character present at positive index {} and at negative index {} is {}".f
ormat(i,len(s)-i,s[i]))
i=i+1
2. Accessing characters by using slice operator:
string slice means a part of the string (i.e, Sub string).
K
i
i
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
t)
<ipython-input-2-d39a6b459de8> in <module>
3 print(s[5])
4 print(s[-1])
----> 5 print(s[19])
IndexError: string index out of range
Enter Some String:RGMxyz
The character present at positive index 0 and at negative index 6 is R
The character present at positive index 1 and at negative index 5 is G
The character present at positive index 2 and at negative index 4 is M
The character present at positive index 3 and at negative index 3 is x
The character present at positive index 4 and at negative index 2 is y
The character present at positive index 5 and at negative index 1 is z

Syntax:
string_Name [beginindex:endindex:step]
Here,
i. beginindex: From where we have to consider slice(substring)
ii. endindex: We have to terminate the slice(substring) at endindex-1
iii. step: incremented / decremented value
Note:
Slicing operator returns the sub string form beginindex to endindex - 1
If we are not specifying begin index then it will consider from beginning of the string.
If we are not specifying end index then it will consider up to end of the string.
The default value for step is 1
In [7]:
s = 'abcdefghijk'
print(s[2:7])
In [8]:
s = 'abcdefghijk'
print(s[:7])
In [9]:
s = 'abcdefghijk'
print(s[2:])
In [10]:
s = 'abcdefghijk'
print(s[:])
In [11]:
s = 'abcdefghijk'
print(s[2:7:1])
cdefg
abcdefg
cdefghijk
abcdefghijk
cdefg

In [12]:
s = 'abcdefghijk'
print(s[2:7:2])
In [13]:
s = 'abcdefghijk'
print(s[2:7:3])
In [14]:
s = 'abcdefghijk'
print(s[::1])
In [15]:
s = 'abcdefghijk'
print(s[::2])
In [16]:
s = 'abcdefghijk'
print(s[::3])
In [17]:
s="Learning Python is very very easy!!!"
s[1:7:1]
In [18]:
s[1:7]
In [19]:
s[1:7:2]
ceg
cf
abcdefghijk
acegik
adgj
Out[17]:
'earnin'
Out[18]:
'earnin'
Out[19]:
'eri'

In [20]:
s[:7]
In [21]:
s[7:]
In [22]:
s[::]
In [23]:
s[:]
In [24]:
s[::-1]
Out[20]:
'Learnin'
Out[21]:
'g Python is very very easy!!!'
Out[22]:
'Learning Python is very very easy!!!'
Out[23]:
'Learning Python is very very easy!!!'
Out[24]:
'!!!ysae yrev yrev si nohtyP gninraeL'

In [27]:
s = 'Learning Python'
print(s[::-1])
print(s[::-2])
print(s[::-3])
print(s[::-5])
print(s[::-10])
print(s[::-100])
print(s[3:5:-1])
print(s[3:5:1])
print(s[5:3:-1])
print(s[5:0:-1])
print(s[-2:-1:-1])
print(s[2:-1:-1])
print(s[2:0:1])
print(s[0:0:1])
Important Conclusions:
1. In the backward direction if the end value is -1, then the result is always empty string.
2. In the farward diretions if the end value is 0, then the result is always empty string.
In forward direction:
default value for begin: 0
default value for end: length of string
default value for step: +1
In backward direction:
default value for begin: -1
default value for end: -(length of string + 1)
Note:
Either forward or backward direction, we can take both +ve and -ve values for begin and end index.
nohtyP gninraeL
nhy nnaL
nt ia
nPn
nn
n
rn
in
inrae

b) Demonstrate the following functions/methods which operates on strings in Python with suitable
examples:
i) len( ) ii) strip( ) iii) rstrip( ) iv) lstrip( )
v) find( ) vi) rfind( ) vii) index( ) viii) rindex()
ix) count( ) x) replace( ) xi) split( ) xii) join( )
xiii) upper( ) xiv) lower( ) xv) swapcase( ) xvi) title( )
xvii) capitalize( ) xviii) startswith() xix) endswith()
i.len():
We can use len() function to find the number of characters present in the string.
In [28]:
s='karthi'
print(len(s)) #6
Q1. Write a Python program to access each character of string in forward and backward direction by
using while loop.
In [29]:
s="Learning Python is very easy !!!"
n=len(s)
i=0
print("Forward direction")
print()
while i<n:
print(s[i],end=' ')
i +=1
print('')
print('')
print("Backward direction")
print()
i=-1
while i>=-n:
print(s[i],end=' ')
i=i-1
6
Forward direction
L e a r n i n g P y t h o n i s v e r y e a s y ! ! !
Backward direction
! ! ! y s a e y r e v s i n o h t y P g n i n r a e L

Alternative way [Using slice operator]:
In [30]:
s="Learning Python is very easy !!!"
print('')
for i in s:
print(i,end=' ')
print('')
print('')
print('')
for i in s[::]:
print(i,end=' ')
print('')
print('')
print('Backward Direction')
print('')
for i in s[::-1]:
print(i,end=' ')
Another Alternative:
In [31]:
s = input('Enter the string : ')
print('Data in Farward Direction')
print(s[::1])
print()
print('Data in Backward Direction')
print(s[::-1])
Forward direction
Forward direction
Backward Direction
! ! ! y s a e y r e v s i n o h t y P g n i n r a e L
Enter the string : Python Learning is easy
Data in Farward Direction
Python Learning is easy
Data in Backward Direction
ysae si gninraeL nohtyP

Removing spaces from the string:
To remove the blank spaces present at either beginning and end of the string, we can use the following 3
methods:
1. rstrip() ===>To remove blank spaces present at end of the string (i.e.,right hand side)
2. lstrip()===>To remove blank spaces present at the beginning of the string (i.e.,left hand side)
3. strip() ==>To remove spaces both sides
ii.strip():
Used to remove spaces both sides of the string.
In [1]:
city=input("Enter your city Name:")
scity=city.strip()
if scity=='Hyderabad':
print("Hello Hyderbadi..Adab")
elif scity=='Chennai':
print("Hello Madrasi...Vanakkam")
elif scity=="Bangalore":
print("Hello Kannadiga...Shubhodaya")
else:
print("your entered city is invalid")
In [3]:
scity=input("Enter your city Name:")
#scity=city.strip()
else:
Enter your city Name:Hyderabad
Hello Hyderbadi..Adab
Enter your city Name: Hyderabad
your entered city is invalid

In [2]:
scity=city.strip()
else:
iii.rstrip():
Used to remove blank spaces present at end of the string (i.e.,right hand side)
In [4]:
#scity=city.strip()
else:
In [5]:
scity=city.strip()
else:
iv.lstrip():
Used to remove blank spaces present at the beginning of the string (i.e.,left hand side)

In [6]:
#scity=city.strip()
else:
In [7]:
scity=city.lstrip()
else:
More Test cases:
In [9]:
scity=city.strip()
else:
Enter your city Name: Bangalore
Hello Kannadiga...Shubhodaya

In [10]:
scity=city.lstrip()
else:
Finding Substrings:
If you want to find whether the substring is available in the given string or not in Python, we have 4
methods.
For forward direction:
1. find()
2. index()
For backward direction:
1. rfind()
2. rindex()
v.find():
Syntax:
s.find(substring) (Without Boundary)
Returns index of first occurrence of the given substring. If it is not available then we will get -1
In [11]:
s="Learning Python is very easy"
print(s.find("Python")) # 9
print(s.find("Java")) # -1
print(s.find("r")) # 3
print(s.rfind("r")) # 21
By default find() method can search total string. We can also specify the boundaries to search.
Enter your city Name: Chennai
Hello Madrasi...Vanakkam
9
-1
3
21

Syntax:
s.find(substring,begin,end) (With Boundary)
It will always search from begin index to end-1 index.
In [12]:
s="karthikeyasahasra"
print(s.find('a')) #1
print(s.find('a',7,15)) #9
print(s.find('z',7,15)) #-1
vi. rfind():
In [13]:
s="Learning Python is very easy"
print(s.rfind("Python")) # 9
print(s.rfind("Java")) # -1
print(s.find("r")) # 3
print(s.rfind("r")) # 21
vii. index():
index() method is exactly same as find() method except that if the specified substring is not available
then we will get ValueError.
In [14]:
s = 'abbaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaabbababa'
print(s.index('bb',2,15))
1
9
-1
9
-1
3
21
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
t)
<ipython-input-14-136a30f266f9> in <module>
1 s = 'abbaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaabbababa'
----> 2 print(s.index('bb',2,15))
ValueError: substring not found

In [15]:
print(s.index('bb'))
In [17]:
s=input("Enter main string:")
subs=input("Enter sub string:")
try:
n=s.index(subs)
except ValueError:
print("substring not found")
else:
print("substring found")
In [18]:
try:
n=s.index(subs)
except ValueError:
print("substring not found")
else:
print("substring found")
viii. rindex():
In [16]:
print(s.rindex('bb'))
ix. count():
We can find the number of occurrences of substring present in the given string by using count() method.
Different forms of count() function/method:
1. s.count(substring) ==> It will search through out the string
2. s.count(substring, begin, end) ===> It will search from begin index to end-1 index
1
20
Enter main string:SMVDU
Enter sub string:MVD
substring found
Enter main string:SMVDU
Enter sub string:MDV
substring not found

In [19]:
s="abcabcabcabcadda"
print(s.count('a')) #6
print(s.count('ab')) #4
print(s.count('a',3,7)) #2
In [20]:
s = 'abcdcdckk'
print(s.count('cdc'))
Q. Write a Python Program to display all positions of substring in a given main string.
In [21]:
flag=False
pos=-1
n=len(s)
c = 0
while True:
pos=s.find(subs,pos+1,n)
if pos==-1:
break
c = c+1
print("Found at position",pos)
flag=True
if flag==False:
print("Not Found")
print('The number of occurrences : ',c)
6
4
2
1
Enter main string:abcabcabcaaa
Enter sub string:abc
Found at position 0
Found at position 3
Found at position 6
The number of occurrences : 3

In [22]:
flag=False
pos=-1
n=len(s)
c = 0
while True:
if pos==-1:
break
c = c+1
flag=True
if flag==False:
print("Not Found")
In [23]:
flag=False
pos=-1
n=len(s)
c = 0
while True:
if pos==-1:
break
c = c+1
flag=True
if flag==False:
print("Not Found")
Alternate Way:
Enter main string:bb
Enter sub string:a
Not Found
Enter main string:abcabcabcaaa
Enter sub string:bb
Not Found

In [24]:
i = s.find(subs)
if i == -1:
print('Specified Substring is not found')
c = 0
while i !=- 1:
c = c + 1
print('{} is present at index: {}'.format(subs,i))
i = s.find(subs,i+len(subs),len(s))
In [25]:
i = s.find(subs)
if i == -1:
print('Specified Substring is not found')
c = 0
while i !=- 1:
c = c + 1
print('{} is present at index: {}'.format(subs,i))
i = s.find(subs,i+len(subs),len(s))
x. replace():
We can repalce a string with another string in python using a library function replace().
Syntax:
s.replace(oldstring,newstring)
Here, inside 's', every occurrence of oldstring will be replaced with new string.
In [26]:
s="Learning Python is very difficult"
s1=s.replace("difficult","easy")
print(s1)
Enter main string:Python Programming
Enter sub string:ram
ram is present at index: 11
Enter main string:Python Programming
Enter sub string:raj
Specified Substring is not found
Learning Python is very easy

In [28]:
s="ababababababab"
print(id(s))
s1=s.replace("a","b") # All occurrences will be replaced
print(id(s1))
print(s1)
In [29]:
s="ababababababab"
print(id(s))
s=s.replace("a","b") # two objcets are created
print(id(s))
print(s)
Q. String objects are immutable then how we can change the content by using replace() method.
Ans: Once we creates string object, we cannot change the content.This non changeable behaviour is
nothing but immutability. If we are trying to change the content by using any method, then with those changes
a new object will be created and changes won't be happend in existing object.
Hence with replace() method also a new object got created but existing object won't be changed.
In [30]:
s="abab"
s1=s.replace("a","b")
print(s,"is available at :",id(s))
print(s1,"is available at :",id(s1))
In the above example, original object is available and we can see new object which was created because of
replace() method.
Eg : Consider the string : Python is easy but Java is difficult.
How can you replace the string 'difficult' with 'easy' and 'easy' with 'difficult'?
2374771477808
2374771516016
bbbbbbbbbbbbbb
2374771477808
2374771517552
bbbbbbbbbbbbbb
abab is available at : 2374771519408
bbbb is available at : 2374771517552

In [31]:
s = 'Python is easy but Java is difficult'
s = s.replace('difficult','easy')
s = s.replace('easy','difficult')
print(s) # it is not giving correct output
In [32]:
s = s.replace('difficult','d1')
s = s.replace('easy','e1')
print(s)
In [33]:
s = s.replace('difficult','d1')
s = s.replace('easy','e1')
s = s.replace('d1','easy')
s = s.replace('e1','difficult')
print(s)
xi. split():
We can split the given string according to specified seperator by using split() method.
We can split the given string according to specified seperator in reverse direction by using rsplit()
method.
Syntax :
l=s.split(seperator, Maximum splits)
Here,
Both parameters are optional.
The default seperator is space.
Maximum split defines maximum number of splits
The return type of split() method is List.
Note:
rsplit() breaks the string at the seperator staring from the right and returns a list of strings.
Python is difficult but Java is difficult
Python is e1 but Java is d1
Python is difficult but Java is easy

In [34]:
s="cse ece eee"
l=s.split()
for x in l:
print(x)
In [35]:
s="22-02-2018"
l=s.split('-')
for x in l:
print(x)
In [36]:
s="22-02-2018"
l=s.split() # no space in the string , so output is same as the given string
for x in l:
print(x)
In [37]:
s = 'rgm nandyal cse ece eee'
l=s.split()
for x in l:
print(x)
In [38]:
s = 'rgm nandyal cse ece eee'
l=s.rsplit(' ',3)
for x in l:
print(x)
cse
ece
eee
22
02
2018
22-02-2018
rgm
nandyal
cse
ece
eee
rgm nandyal
cse
ece
eee

In [39]:
s = 'rgm nandyal cse ece eee me ce'
l=s.rsplit(' ',3)
for x in l:
print(x)
In [40]:
s = 'rgm nandyal cse ece eee me ce'
l=s.lsplit(' ',3)
for x in l:
print(x)
In [41]:
s = '10,20,30,40,50,60,70,80'
l = s.split(',',3)
for x in l:
print(x)
In [42]:
s = '10,20,30,40,50,60,70,80'
l = s.rsplit(',',3)
for x in l:
print(x)
rgm nandyal cse ece
eee
me
ce
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
AttributeError Traceback (most recent call las
t)
<ipython-input-40-24e277deda26> in <module>
1 s = 'rgm nandyal cse ece eee me ce'
----> 2 l=s.lsplit(' ',3)
3 for x in l:
4 print(x)
AttributeError: 'str' object has no attribute 'lsplit'
10
20
30
40,50,60,70,80
10,20,30,40,50
60
70
80

In [43]:
s = '10,20,30,40,50,60,70,80'
l = s.split(',',-1)
for x in l:
print(x)
xii. join():
We can join a group of strings(list or tuple) with respect to the given seperator.
Syntax:
s=seperator.join(group of strings)
In [44]:
t=('sunny','bunny','chinny')
s='-'.join(t)
print(s)
In [45]:
l=['hyderabad','singapore','london','dubai']
s=':'.join(l)
print(s)
In [46]:
s=''.join(l)
print(s)
In [47]:
s=' '.join(l)
print(s)
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
sunny-bunny-chinny
hyderabad:singapore:london:dubai
hyderabadsingaporelondondubai
hyderabad singapore london dubai

Changing case of a String:
We can change case of a string by using the following methods.
xiii. upper():
Used to convert all characters to upper case in the given string.
xiv. lower():
Used to convert all characters to lower case in the given string.
xv. swapcase():
Used to convert all lower case characters to upper case and all upper case characters to lower case in
the given string.
xvi. title():
Used to convert all characters to title case. (i.e first character in every word should be upper case and all
remaining characters should be in lower case in the given string).
xvii. capitalize():
Only first character will be converted to upper case and all remaining characters can be converted to
lower case.
In [48]:
s='learning Python is very Easy'
print(s.upper())
print(s.lower())
print(s.swapcase())
print(s.title())
print(s.capitalize())
Q. Write a Python program to Convert the uppercase characters into lowercase and remove spaces.
LEARNING PYTHON IS VERY EASY
learning python is very easy
LEARNING pYTHON IS VERY eASY
Learning Python Is Very Easy
Learning python is very easy

In [49]:
s='Learning Python Is Very Easy'
s = s.lower().replace(' ','')
print(s)
In [50]:
# Above example with join() & split() functions
s='Learning Python Is Very Easy'
s = s.lower()
s1 = s.split()
s = ''.join(s1)
print(s)
Checking starting and ending part of the string:
Python contains the following methods for this purpose.
1. s.startswith(substring)
2. s.endswith(substring)
xviii. startswith():
Used to check the starting of the string.
xix. endswith():
Used to check the ending of the string.
In [51]:
s='learning Python is very easy'
print(s.startswith('learning'))
print(s.endswith('learning'))
print(s.endswith('easy'))
Good Luck
learningpythonisveryeasy
learningpythonisveryeasy
True
False
True

Experiment 7: List Data type
a) Demonstrate the different ways of creating list objects with suitable example programs.
If we want to represent a group of individual objects as a single entity where insertion order is preserved and
duplicates are allowed, then we should go for List.
Insertion order preserved.
Duplicate objects are allowed
Heterogeneous objects are allowed.
List is dynamic because based on our requirement we can increase the size and decrease the size.
In List the elements will be placed within square brackets and with comma seperator.
We can differentiate duplicate elements by using index and we can preserve insertion order by using
index.Hence index will play very important role.
Python supports both positive and negative indexes. +ve index means from left to right where as
negative index means right to left.
Eg: [10,"A","B",20, 30, 10]
List objects are mutable.(i.e., we can change the content.)
Creation of List Objects:
1. We can create empty list object:
In [1]:
list=[]
print(list)
print(type(list))
2. If we know elements already then we can create list object:
[]
<class 'list'>

In [2]:
list = [10,20,30,40]
print(list)
print(type(list))
3. Creation of list object With dynamic input:
In [3]:
list=(input("Enter List:")) # Entire input is considered as string
print(list)
print(type(list))
In [4]:
print(list)
print(type(list))
In [5]:
print(list)
print(type(list))
[10, 20, 30, 40]
<class 'list'>
Enter List:10,20,30,40
10,20,30,40
<class 'str'>
Enter List:[10,20,30,40]
[10, 20, 30, 40]
<class 'list'>
Enter List:[ram,raj]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
NameError Traceback (most recent call las
t)
<ipython-input-5-5a3b608c2f72> in <module>
----> 1 list=eval(input("Enter List:"))
2 print(list)
3 print(type(list))
<string> in <module>
NameError: name 'ram' is not defined

In [6]:
print(list)
print(type(list))
4. We can create a list object using list() function:
In [8]:
l=list(range(0,10,2))
print(l)
# Not working in jupyter notebook but works in any standard editor
In [9]:
[0, 2, 4, 6, 8]
In [ ]:
In [10]:
['r','g','m','c','e','t']
5. We can create list object with split() function:
Enter List:['ram','raj']
['ram', 'raj']
<class 'list'>
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
t)
<ipython-input-8-70c9fdd81115> in <module>
----> 1 l=list(range(0,10,2))
2 print(l)
3 # Not working in jupyter notebook but works in any standard editor
TypeError: 'list' object is not callable
Out[9]:
[0, 2, 4, 6, 8]
Out[10]:
['r', 'g', 'm', 'c', 'e', 't']
s="rgmiet"
l=list(s)
print(l)

In [11]:
s="Learning Python is very very easy !!!"
l=s.split()
print(l)
print(type(l))
b) Demonstrate the following functions/methods which operates on lists in Python with suitable
examples.
i) list( ) ii) len( ) iii) count( ) iv) index ( )
v) append( ) vi) insert( ) vii) extend() viii) remove( )
ix) pop( ) x) reverse( ) xi) sort( ) xii) copy( )
xiii) clear( )
Important functions of List:
i. list():
In [ ]:
l=list(range(0,10,2))
print(l)
# Not working in jupyter notebook but works in any standard editor
ii) len():
It returns the number of elements present in the list.
In [1]:
n=[10,20,30,40]
print(len(n))
In [2]:
n=[10,20,30,40,'rgm']
print(len(n))
iii) count():
It returns the number of occurrences of specified item in the list.
['Learning', 'Python', 'is', 'very', 'very', 'easy', '!!!']
<class 'list'>
4
5

In [3]:
n=[1,2,2,2,2,3,3]
print(n.count(1))
print(n.count(2))
print(n.count(3))
print(n.count(4))
iv) index():
It returns the index of first occurrence of the specified item.
In [4]:
n=[1,2,2,2,2,3,3]
print(n.index(1)) # 0
print(n.index(4))
Note:
If the specified element not present in the list then we will get ValueError. Hence before index() method we
have to check whether item present in the list or not by using in operator.
Example Program:
1
4
2
0
0
1
5
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
t)
<ipython-input-4-b7a2785b40f1> in <module>
3 print(n.index(2)) # 1
----> 5 print(n.index(4))
ValueError: 4 is not in list

In [5]:
l = [10,20,30,40,10,20,10,10]
target = int(input('Enter value to search : '))
if target in l:
print(target,'available and its first occurrence is at ',l.index(target))
else:
print(target,' is not available')
In [6]:
l = [10,20,30,40,10,20,10,10]
if target in l:
else:
In [7]:
l = [10,20,30,40,10,20,10,10]
if target in l:
else:
v) append():
We can use append() function to add item at the end of the list.
By using this append function, we always add an element at last position.
In [8]:
list=[]
list.append("A")
list.append("B")
list.append("C")
print(list)
Q. Write a Python Program to add all elements to list upto 100 which are divisible by 10.
Enter value to search : 500
500 is not available
20 available and its first occurrence is at 1
10 available and its first occurrence is at 0
['A', 'B', 'C']

In [9]:
list=[]
for i in range(101):
if i%10==0:
list.append(i)
print(list)
Another Way:
In [10]:
list= []
for i in range(0,101,10):
list.append(i)
print(list)
vi) insert():
It is used to insert item at specified index position.
In [11]:
n=[1,2,3,4,5]
n.insert(1,888)
print(n)
In [12]:
n=[1,2,3,4,5]
n.insert(10,777)
n.insert(-10,999)
print(n)
print(n.index(777))
print(n.index(999))
Note:
If the specified index is greater than max index then element will be inserted at last position.
If the specified index is smaller than min index then element will be inserted at first position.
[0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100]
[0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100]
[1, 888, 2, 3, 4, 5]
[999, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 777]
6
0

vii) extend():
If we waant to add all items of one list to another list,we use extend() method.
Eg:
l1.extend(l2)
All items present in l2 will be added to l1.
In [13]:
order1=["Chicken","Mutton","Fish"]
order2=["RC","KF","FO"]
order1.extend(order2)
print(order1)
print(order2)
In [14]:
order1=["Chicken","Mutton","Fish"]
order2=["RC","KF","FO"]
order3 = order1 + order2
print(order1)
print(order2)
print(order3)
['Chicken', 'Mutton', 'Fish', 'RC', 'KF', 'FO']
['RC', 'KF', 'FO']
['Chicken', 'Mutton', 'Fish']
['RC', 'KF', 'FO']
['Chicken', 'Mutton', 'Fish', 'RC', 'KF', 'FO']

In [15]:
l1 = [10,20,30]
l2 = [40,50,60]
l1.extend(l2)
print(l1)
In [16]:
order=["Chicken","Mutton","Fish"]
order.extend("Mushroom")
print(order) # It adds every character as a single element to the list
Explanation:
Here, 'Mushroom' is a string type, in this string 8 elements are there. These elements are added
seperately.
In [17]:
order=["Chicken","Mutton","Fish"]
order.append("Mushroom") # It adds this string as a single element to the list
print(order)
viii) remove():
We can use this function to remove specified item from the list.
If the item present multiple times then only first occurrence will be removed.
In [18]:
n=[10,20,10,30]
n.remove(10)
print(n)
If the specified item not present in list then we will get ValueError.
[10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60]
['Chicken', 'Mutton', 'Fish', 'M', 'u', 's', 'h', 'r', 'o', 'o', 'm']
['Chicken', 'Mutton', 'Fish', 'Mushroom']
[20, 10, 30]

In [19]:
n=[10,20,10,30]
n.remove(40)
print(n)
Note:
Hence before using remove() method first we have to check specified element present in the list or not by
using in operator.
In [20]:
l1= [10,20,30,40,50,60,70]
x = int(input('Enter the element to be removed : '))
if x in l1:
l1.remove(x)
print('Element removed Successfully ')
print(l1)
else:
print('Specified element is not available ')
In [21]:
l1= [10,20,30,40,50,60,70]
x = int(input('Enter the element to be removed : '))
if x in l1:
l1.remove(x)
print('Element removed Successfully ')
print(l1)
else:
print('Specified element is not available ')
ix) pop():
It removes and returns the last element of the list.
This is only function which manipulates list and returns some element.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
t)
<ipython-input-19-c4e183b90359> in <module>
1 n=[10,20,10,30]
----> 2 n.remove(40)
3 print(n)
ValueError: list.remove(x): x not in list
Enter the element to be removed : 10
Element removed Successfully
[20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70]
Enter the element to be removed : 90
Specified element is not available

In [22]:
n=[10,20,30,40]
print(n.pop())
print(n.pop())
print(n)
If the list is empty then pop() function raises IndexError.
In [23]:
n=[]
print(n.pop())
Note:
1. pop() is the only function which manipulates the list and returns some value.
2. In general we can use append() and pop() functions to implement stack datastructure by using list,which
follows LIFO(Last In First Out) order.
3. In general we can use pop() function to remove last element of the list. But we can also use pop()
function to remove elements based on specified index.
We can use pop() function in following two ways:
n.pop(index) ==> To remove and return element present at specified index.
n.pop() ==> To remove and return last element of the list.
40
30
[10, 20]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
t)
<ipython-input-23-bfeb9843d2be> in <module>
1 n=[]
----> 2 print(n.pop())
IndexError: pop from empty list

In [24]:
n=[10,20,30,40,50,60]
print(n.pop()) #60
print(n.pop(1)) #20
print(n.pop(10)) # IndexError: pop index out of range
Note: In the above table, wherever special is there, consider it as specific.
Note:
List objects are dynamic (i.e., based on our requirement we can increase and decrease the size).
append(),insert(),extend() ===>for increasing the size/growable nature
remove(),pop() ======>for decreasing the size /shrinking nature
x) reverse():
It is used to reverse the order of elements in the list.
In [25]:
n=[10,20,30,40]
n.reverse()
print(n)
60
20
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
t)
<ipython-input-24-47504bb9f619> in <module>
2 print(n.pop()) #60
3 print(n.pop(1)) #20
----> 4 print(n.pop(10)) # IndexError: pop index out of range
IndexError: pop index out of range
[40, 30, 20, 10]

xi) sort():
In list by default insertion order is preserved.
If you want to sort the elements of list according to default natural sorting order then we should go for
sort() method.
For numbers ==> default natural sorting order is Ascending Order
For Strings ==> default natural sorting order is Alphabetical Order
In [26]:
n=[20,5,15,10,0]
n.sort()
print(n)
In [27]:
s=["Dog","Banana","Cat","Apple"]
s.sort()
print(s)
In [28]:
s=["Dog","Banana","Cat","apple"]
s.sort() # Unicode values are used during comparison of alphbets
print(s)
Note:
To use sort() function, compulsory list should contain only homogeneous elements, otherwise we will get
TypeError.
In [29]:
n=[20,10,"A","B"]
n.sort()
print(n)
[0, 5, 10, 15, 20]
['Apple', 'Banana', 'Cat', 'Dog']
['Banana', 'Cat', 'Dog', 'apple']
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
t)
<ipython-input-29-76d0c10ed9e7> in <module>
1 n=[20,10,"A","B"]
----> 2 n.sort()
3 print(n)
TypeError: '<' not supported between instances of 'str' and 'int'

How to sort the elements of list in reverse of default natural sorting order?
One Simple Way:
In [30]:
n=[40,10,30,20]
n.sort()
n.reverse()
print(n)
Alternate Way:
We can sort according to reverse of default natural sorting order by using reverse = True argument.
In [31]:
n=[40,10,30,20]
n.sort()
print(n) #[10,20,30,40]
n.sort(reverse=True)
print(n) #[40,30,20,10]
n.sort(reverse=False)
print(n) #[10,20,30,40]
In [32]:
s=["Dog","Banana","Cat","Apple"]
s.sort(reverse= True) # reverse of Alphabetical order
print(s)
Aliasing and Cloning of List objects:
The process of giving another reference variable to the existing list is called aliasing.
In [33]:
x=[10,20,30,40]
y=x
print(id(x))
print(id(y))
[40, 30, 20, 10]
[10, 20, 30, 40]
[40, 30, 20, 10]
[10, 20, 30, 40]
['Dog', 'Cat', 'Banana', 'Apple']
1979461271296
1979461271296

The problem in this approach is by using one reference variable if we are changing content,then those
changes will be reflected to the other reference variable.
In [34]:
x=[10,20,30,40]
y=x
y[1]=777
print(x)
To overcome this problem we should go for cloning.
Cloning: The process of creating exactly duplicate independent object is called cloning.
We can implement cloning by using the following ways:
1. slice operator
2. copy() function
1. By using slice operator:
[10, 777, 30, 40]

In [35]:
x=[10,20,30,40]
y=x[:]
y[1]=777
print(x) #[10,20,30,40]
print(y) #[10,777,30,40]
2. By using copy() function:
xii) copy():
In [36]:
x=[10,20,30,40]
y=x.copy()
y[1]=777
print(x) # [10,20,30,40]
print(y) # [10,777,30,40]
[10, 20, 30, 40]
[10, 777, 30, 40]
[10, 20, 30, 40]
[10, 777, 30, 40]

Q. What is the difference between = operator and copy() function?
Ans: = operator meant for aliasing copy() function meant for cloning.
xiii) clear():
We can use clear() function to remove all elements of List.
In [37]:
n=[10,20,30,40]
print(n)
n.clear()
print(n)
[10, 20, 30, 40]
[]

c) Demonstrate the following with suitable example programs:
i) List slicing
ii) List Comprehensions
i) List slicing:
Syntax:
list2= list1[start:stop:step]
start ==>it indicates the index where slice has to start default value is 0
stop ===>It indicates the index where slice has to end default value is max allowed index of list ie length
of the list
step ==>increment value (step default value is 1)
In [1]:
l = [10,20,30,40,50,60]
print(l[::])
In [2]:
l = [10,20,30,40,50,60]
l1=l[::]
print(l1)
In [3]:
l = [10,20,30,40,50,60]
print(l[::2])
In [4]:
l = [10,20,30,40,50,60]
print(l[::-1])
In [5]:
l = [10,20,[30,40],50,60]
print(l[0:3:])
[10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60]
[10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60]
[10, 30, 50]
[60, 50, 40, 30, 20, 10]
[10, 20, [30, 40]]

In [6]:
n=[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]
print(n[2:7:2]) #3,5,7
print(n[4::2]) # 5,7,9
print(n[3:7]) #4,5,6,7
print(n[8:2:-2]) # 9,7,5
print(n[4:100]) # 5,6,7,8,9,10
ii) List Comprehensions:
It is very easy and compact way of creating list objects from any iterable objects(like
list,tuple,dictionary,range etc) based on some condition.
Syntax:
list=[expression for item in list if condition]
Consider an example, If you want to store squares of numbers form 1 to 10 in a list,
In [7]:
l1=[]
for x in range(1,11):
l1.append(x*x)
print(l1)
In the above case, the program consisting 4 lines of code. Now for the same purpose we will write the
following code in more concised way.
In [8]:
l1 = [x*x for x in range(1,21)]
l2 = [x for x in l1 if x % 2 == 0]
print(l1)
print(l2)
Few more examples on List comprehensions:
[3, 5, 7]
[5, 7, 9]
[4, 5, 6, 7]
[9, 7, 5]
[5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
[1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100]
[1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100, 121, 144, 169, 196, 225, 256, 289,
324, 361, 400]
[4, 16, 36, 64, 100, 144, 196, 256, 324, 400]

In [9]:
l1 = [x*x for x in range(1,11)]
print(l1)
In [10]:
l =[2**x for x in range(1,11)]
print(l)
In [11]:
l = [x for x in range(1,11) if x%2==0]
print(l)
In [12]:
l = [x for x in range(1,11) if x%2==1]
print(l)
In [13]:
l = [x**2 for x in range(1,11) if (x**2)%2==1]
print(l)
In [14]:
words=["Balaiah","Nag","Venkatesh","Chiranjeevi"]
l=[w[0] for w in words]
print(l)
In [15]:
words=["Balaiah","Nag","Venkatesh","Chiranjeevi"]
l=[w for w in words if len(w)>6]
print(l)
In [16]:
num1=[10,20,30,40]
num2=[30,40,50,60]
num3=[ i for i in num1 if i not in num2]
print(num3)
[1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100]
[2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512, 1024]
[2, 4, 6, 8, 10]
[1, 3, 5, 7, 9]
[1, 9, 25, 49, 81]
['B', 'N', 'V', 'C']
['Balaiah', 'Venkatesh', 'Chiranjeevi']
[10, 20]

In [17]:
words="the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog".split()
print(words)
l=[[w.upper(),len(w)] for w in words]
print(l)
More Example Programs:
Q1. Write a Python program to find the maximum number of a list of numbers.
In [36]:
n=int(input("Enter the list size:"))
a=[]
for i in range(n):
num=int(input("Enter the number"))
a.append(num)
print (a)
max=a[0]
for i in range(n):
if(max<a[i]):
max=a[i]
print ("Maximum number in the list is : ",max)
Q2. Write a Python program to find the minimum number of a list of numbers.
['the', 'quick', 'brown', 'fox', 'jumps', 'over', 'the', 'lazy', 'dog']
[['THE', 3], ['QUICK', 5], ['BROWN', 5], ['FOX', 3], ['JUMPS', 5], ['OVE
R', 4], ['THE', 3], ['LAZY', 4], ['DOG', 3]]
Enter the list size:5
Enter the number33
Enter the number77
Enter the number221
Enter the number5
Enter the number7
[33, 77, 221, 5, 7]
maximum number in the list is : 221

In [39]:
n=int(input("Enter the list size:"))
a=[]
for i in range(n):
num=int(input("Enter the number"))
a.append(num)
print (a)
min=a[0]
for i in range(n):
if(min > a[i]):
min = a[i]
print ("Minimum number in the list is : ",min)
Good Luck
Enter the list size:5
Enter the number33
Enter the number6
Enter the number27
Enter the number7
Enter the number44
[33, 6, 27, 7, 44]
Minimum number in the list is : 6

Experiment 8: Tuple Data type
a) Demonstrate the different ways of creating tuple objects with suitable example programs.
Introduction:
1. Tuple is exactly same as List except that it is immutable. i.e., once we creates Tuple object,we cannot
perform any changes in that object. Hence Tuple is Read Only Version of List.
2. If our data is fixed and never changes then we should go for Tuple.
3. Insertion Order is preserved.
4. Duplicates are allowed.
5. Heterogeneous objects are allowed.
6. We can preserve insertion order and we can differentiate duplicate objects by using index. Hence index
will play very important role in Tuple also.
7. Tuple support both +ve and -ve index. +ve index means forward direction(from left to right) and -ve index
means backward direction(from right to left).
8. We can represent Tuple elements within Parenthesis and with comma seperator.
Note:
Parenethesis are optional but recommended to use.
In [1]:
t=10,20,30,40
print(t)
print(type(t))
In [2]:
t=(10,20,30,40)
print(t)
print(type(t))
In [3]:
t = ()
print(type(t))
Note:
We have to take special care about single valued tuple.compulsary the value should ends with
comma,otherwise it is not treated as tuple.
(10, 20, 30, 40)
<class 'tuple'>
(10, 20, 30, 40)
<class 'tuple'>
<class 'tuple'>

In [4]:
t=(10)
print(t)
print(type(t))
In [5]:
t=(10,)
print(t)
print(type(t))
Q. Which of the following are valid/Invalid tuples?
In [6]:
t=() # valid
t=10,20,30,40 # valid
t=10 # not valid
t=10, # valid
t=(10) # notvalid
t=(10,) # valid
t=(10,20,30,40) # valid
t= (10,20,30,) # valid
In [7]:
t = (10,20,30,)
print(t)
print(type(t))
Creation of Tuple Objects:
1. We can create empty tuple object:
In [8]:
t=()
print(t)
print(type(t))
2. Creation of single valued tuple object:
10
<class 'int'>
(10,)
<class 'tuple'>
(10, 20, 30)
<class 'tuple'>
()
<class 'tuple'>

In [9]:
t = (10,)
print(t)
print(type(t))
3. creation of multi values tuples & parenthesis are optional:
In [10]:
t = 10,20,30
print(t)
print(type(t))
In [11]:
t=eval(input("Enter Tuple:"))
print(t)
print(type(t))
In [12]:
t=eval(input("Enter Tuple:"))
print(t)
print(type(t))
4. We can create a tuple object using tuple() function:
If you have any sequence (i.e., string, list, range etc.,) which can be easily converted into a tuple by using
tuple() function.
In [13]:
list=[10,20,30]
t=tuple(list)
print(t)
print(type(t))
(10,)
<class 'tuple'>
(10, 20, 30)
<class 'tuple'>
Enter Tuple:(10,20,30)
(10, 20, 30)
<class 'tuple'>
Enter Tuple:10,20,30
(10, 20, 30)
<class 'tuple'>
(10, 20, 30)
<class 'tuple'>

In [14]:
t=tuple(range(10,20,2))
print(t)
print(type(t))
In [15]:
t = tuple('karthi')
print(t)
print(type(t))
b) Demonstrate the following functions/methods which operates on tuples in Python with suitable
examples.
i) len() ii) count() iii) index () iv) sorted()
v) min() vi) max() vii) cmp() viii) reversed()
Important functions of Tuple:
i. len():
It is an in-built function of Python, if you provide any sequnce (i.e., strings, list,tuple etc.,), in that how
many elements are there that will be returned this function.
It is used to return number of elements present in the tuple.
In [16]:
t=(10,20,30,40)
print(len(t)) # 4
ii) count():
It returns the number of occurrences of specified item in the list.
In [17]:
t=(10,20,10,10,20)
print(t.count(10)) #3
(10, 12, 14, 16, 18)
<class 'tuple'>
('k', 'a', 'r', 't', 'h', 'i')
<class 'tuple'>
4
3

In [18]:
n=(1,2,2,2,2,3,3)
print(n.count(1))
print(n.count(2))
print(n.count(3))
print(n.count(4))
In [19]:
t=(10,20,10,10,20)
print(t.count(100))
iii) index():
It returns the index of first occurrence of the specified item.
If the specified element is not available then we will get ValueError.
In [20]:
t=(10,20,10,10,20)
print(t.index(10)) # 0
print(t.index(30)) # ValueError: tuple.index(x): x not in tuple
1
4
2
0
0
0
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
t)
<ipython-input-20-c98072186526> in <module>
1 t=(10,20,10,10,20)
2 print(t.index(10)) # 0
----> 3 print(t.index(30)) # ValueError: tuple.index(x): x not in tuple
ValueError: tuple.index(x): x not in tuple

In [21]:
n=(1,2,2,2,2,3,3)
print(n.index(4))
iv) sorted():
It is used to sort elements based on default natural sorting order (Ascending order).
In [22]:
t =(10,30,40,20)
print(sorted(t)) # sorted() is going to return list
In [23]:
t =(10,30,40,20)
t.sort()
print(t)
0
1
5
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
t)
<ipython-input-21-e2f70118d739> in <module>
----> 5 print(n.index(4))
ValueError: tuple.index(x): x not in tuple
[10, 20, 30, 40]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
AttributeError Traceback (most recent call las
t)
<ipython-input-23-6dd56d99cf24> in <module>
1 t =(10,30,40,20)
----> 2 t.sort()
3 print(t)
AttributeError: 'tuple' object has no attribute 'sort'

In [24]:
t=(40,10,30,20)
t1=tuple(sorted(t))
print(type(t1))
print(t1)
print(type(t1))
print(t)
We can sort according to reverse of default natural sorting order is as follows:
In [25]:
t=(40,10,30,20)
t1=tuple(sorted(t))
t1=sorted(t,reverse=True)
print(t1) #[40, 30, 20, 10]
v) min():
min() function return the minimum value according to default natural sorting order.
This function will works on tuple with respect to homogeneous elements only.
In [26]:
t=(40,10,30,20)
print(min(t)) #10
In [27]:
t = ('karthi') # based on unicode values these functions will work.
print(min(t))
In [28]:
t = ('kArthi')
print(min(t))
vi) max():
max() function return the maximum value according to default natural sorting order.
This function will works on tuple with respect to homogeneous elements only.
<class 'tuple'>
(10, 20, 30, 40)
<class 'tuple'>
(40, 10, 30, 20)
[40, 30, 20, 10]
10
a
A

In [29]:
t=(40,10,30,20)
print(max(t)) #40
In [30]:
t = ('karthi') # based on unicode values these functions will work.
print(max(t))
In [31]:
t = ('kArthi')
print(max(t))
vii) cmp():
It compares the elements of both tuples.
If both tuples are equal then returns 0.
If the first tuple is less than second tuple then it returns -1.
If the first tuple is greater than second tuple then it returns +1.
In [32]:
t1=(10,20,30)
t2=(40,50,60)
t3=(10,20,30)
print(cmp(t1,t2)) # -1
print(cmp(t1,t3)) # 0
print(cmp(t2,t3)) # +1
Note: cmp() function is available only in Python 2 but not in Python 3.
40
t
t
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
NameError Traceback (most recent call las
t)
<ipython-input-32-848450ec0e9e> in <module>
2 t2=(40,50,60)
3 t3=(10,20,30)
----> 4 print(cmp(t1,t2)) # -1
5 print(cmp(t1,t3)) # 0
6 print(cmp(t2,t3)) # +1
NameError: name 'cmp' is not defined

In [33]:
t1=(10,20,30)
t2=(40,50,60)
t3=(10,20,30)
print(t1==t2)
print(t1==t3)
print(t2==t3)
print(t1<t2) # true, because it compares only first element.
In [47]:
t1=(10,20,30)
t2=(5,50,60)
print(t1<t2)
viii) reversed():
It is used to reverse the elements of the given tuple.
In [49]:
t1=(10,20,30)
t2 = reversed(t1)
for i in t2:
print(i,end=' ')
Good Luck
False
True
False
True
False
30 20 10

Experiment 9: Set Data type
a) Demonstrate the different ways of creating set objects with suitable example programs.
Introduction:
If we want to represent a group of unique values as a single entity then we should go for set.
Key features of Set Data Type:
1. Duplicates are not allowed.
2. Insertion order is not preserved.But we can sort the elements.
3. Indexing and slicing not allowed for the set.
4. Heterogeneous elements are allowed.
5. Set objects are mutable i.e once we creates set object we can perform any changes in that object based
on our requirement.
6. We can represent set elements within curly braces and with comma seperation.
7. We can apply mathematical operations like union,intersection,difference etc on set objects.
Creation of Set Objects:
1.Creation of set object with single value:
In [1]:
s = {10}
print(type(s))
print(s)
2. Creation of set object with multiple values:
In [2]:
s = {30,40,10,5,20} # In the output order not preserved
print(type(s))
print(s)
<class 'set'>
{10}
<class 'set'>
{5, 40, 10, 20, 30}

In [3]:
print(type(s))
print(s[0])
In [4]:
print(type(s))
print(s[0:6])
3. Creation of set objects using set() function:
We can create set objects by using set() function.
Syntax:
s=set(any sequence)
In [5]:
l = [10,20,30,40,10,20,10]
s=set(l)
print(s) # {40, 10, 20, 30} because duplicates are not allowed in set
<class 'set'>
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
t)
<ipython-input-3-87d1e6948aef> in <module>
1 s = {30,40,10,5,20} # In the output order not preserved
2 print(type(s))
----> 3 print(s[0])
TypeError: 'set' object is not subscriptable
<class 'set'>
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
t)
<ipython-input-4-bf084a8b7575> in <module>
1 s = {30,40,10,5,20} # In the output order not preserved
2 print(type(s))
----> 3 print(s[0:6])
TypeError: 'set' object is not subscriptable
{40, 10, 20, 30}

In [6]:
s=set(range(5))
print(s) #{0, 1, 2, 3, 4}
In [7]:
s = set('karthi')
print(s)
In [8]:
s= set('aaabbbb')
print(s)
In [9]:
st=eval(input("Enter Set:"))
print(st)
print(type(st))
Note:
While creating empty set we have to take special care. Compulsory we should use set() function.
s={} ==>It is treated as dictionary but not empty set.
In [10]:
s = {}
print(type(s))
In [11]:
s = set() # set function without any arguments
print(s)
print(type(s))
{0, 1, 2, 3, 4}
{'i', 'r', 'a', 'h', 'k', 't'}
{'b', 'a'}
Enter Set:{10,20,30}
{10, 20, 30}
<class 'set'>
<class 'dict'>
set()
<class 'set'>

b) Demonstrate the following functions/methods which operates on sets in Python with suitable
examples.
i) add() ii) update() iii)copy() iv) pop()
v) remove() vi)discard() vii)clear() viii)union()
ix)intersection() x)difference()
Important functions of Set:
i. add():
It Adds an item 'x' to the set.
In [12]:
s={10,20,30}
s.add(40); # ';' is optional for python statements
print(s) # {40, 10, 20, 30}
In [13]:
s={10,20,30}
s.add('karthi'); # ';' is optional for python statements
print(s)
ii) update():
This method is used to add multiple items to the set.
Arguments are not individual elements and these are Iterable objects like List,range etc.
All elements present in the given Iterable objects will be added to the set.
In [14]:
s={10,20,30}
s.update('karthi'); # ';' is optional for python statements
print(s)
{40, 10, 20, 30}
{10, 'karthi', 20, 30}
{'i', 'r', 10, 'a', 'h', 20, 'k', 't', 30}

In [15]:
s={10,20,30}
l=[40,50,60,10]
s.update(l,range(5))
print(s)
In [16]:
s={10,20,30}
l=[40,50,60,10]
s.update(l,range(5),100)
print(s)
In [17]:
s={10,20,30}
l=[40,50,60,10]
s.update(l,range(5),'100')
print(s)
In [18]:
s={10,20,30}
l=[40,50,60,10]
s.update(l,range(5),'karthi')
print(s)
In [19]:
s =set()
s.update(range(1,10,2),range(0,10,2))
print(s)
{0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 40, 10, 50, 20, 60, 30}
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
t)
<ipython-input-16-96e519440e16> in <module>
1 s={10,20,30}
2 l=[40,50,60,10]
----> 3 s.update(l,range(5),100)
4 print(s)
TypeError: 'int' object is not iterable
{0, 1, 2, 3, 4, '0', 40, 10, 50, '1', 20, 60, 30}
{0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 'i', 'r', 40, 10, 'a', 'h', 50, 20, 'k', 60, 't', 30}
{0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}

Q1. What is the difference between add() and update() functions in set?
We can use add() to add individual item to the Set,where as we can use update() function to add
multiple items to Set.
add() function can take only one argument where as update() function can take any number of
arguments but all arguments should be iterable objects.
Q2. Which of the following are valid for set s?
1. s.add(10) ==> Valid
2. s.add(10,20,30) ==> TypeError: add() takes exactly one argument (3 given)
3. s.update(10) ==>TypeError: 'int' object is not iterable
4. s.update(range(1,10,2),range(0,10,2)) ==>Valid
iii) copy():
It returns copy of the set. It is cloned object (Backup copy).
In [21]:
s={10,20,30}
s1=s.copy()
print(s1)
print(s)
iv) pop():
It removes and returns some random element from the set.
{10, 20, 30}
{10, 20, 30}

In [22]:
s={40,10,30,20}
print(s)
print(s.pop())
print(s.pop())
print(s.pop())
print(s)
print(s.pop())
print(s) # Empty set
print(s.pop())
Consider the following case :
In [23]:
s={40,10,30,20}
print(s)
print(s.pop())
print(s.pop())
print(s)
In [24]:
s={40,10,30,20}
print(s)
print(s.pop())
print(s.pop())
print(s)
{40, 10, 20, 30}
40
10
20
{30}
30
set()
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
KeyError Traceback (most recent call las
t)
<ipython-input-22-3f6a1609f80b> in <module>
7 print(s.pop())
8 print(s) # Empty set
----> 9 print(s.pop())
KeyError: 'pop from an empty set'
{40, 10, 20, 30}
40
10
{20, 30}
{40, 10, 20, 30}
40
10
{20, 30}

In [25]:
s={40,10,30,20}
print(s)
print(s.pop())
print(s.pop())
print(s)
Note:
How many times you may execute the code, the elements which are popped from the set in same order. The
reason is ---
All the elements of set are inserted based on some hashcode.
If that order is fixed then it is always going to return one by one. But in which order these elements are
inserted we don't know.
v) remove():
It removes specified element from the set.
If the specified element not present in the Set then we will get KeyError.
In [26]:
s={40,10,30,20}
s.remove(30)
print(s) # {40, 10, 20}
s.remove(50) # KeyError: 50
vi) discard():
It removes the specified element from the set.
If the specified element not present in the set then we won't get any error.
{40, 10, 20, 30}
40
10
{20, 30}
{40, 10, 20}
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
t)
<ipython-input-26-77437864d839> in <module>
2 s.remove(30)
3 print(s) # {40, 10, 20}
----> 4 s.remove(50) # KeyError: 50
KeyError: 50

In [1]:
s={10,20,30}
s.discard(10)
print(s) #{20, 30}
s.discard(50)
print(s) #{20, 30}
vii) clear():
It is used to remove all elements from the Set.
In [2]:
s={10,20,30}
print(s)
s.clear()
print(s)
viii) union():
x.union(y) ==> We can use this function to return all elements present in both x and y sets
Wecan perform union operation in two ways:
1. x.union(y) ==> by calling through union() method.
2. x|y ==> by using '|' operator.
This operation returns all elements present in both sets x and y (without duplicate elements).
In [3]:
x={10,20,30,40}
y={30,40,50,60}
print(x.union(y)) #{10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60} #Order is not preserved
print(x|y) #{10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60}
ix) intersection():
{20, 30}
{20, 30}
{10, 20, 30}
set()
{40, 10, 50, 20, 60, 30}
{40, 10, 50, 20, 60, 30}

Wecan perform intersection operation in two ways:
1. x.intersection(y) ==> by calling through intersection() method.
2. x&y ==> by using '&' operator.
This operation returns common elements present in both sets x and y.
In [4]:
x={10,20,30,40}
y={30,40,50,60}
print(x.intersection(y)) #{40, 30}
print(x&y) #{40, 30}
x) difference():
Wecan perform difference operation in two ways:
1. x.difference(y) ==> by calling through difference() method.
2. x-y ==> by using '-' operator.
This operation returns the elements present in x but not in y.
In [5]:
x={10,20,30,40}
y={30,40,50,60}
print(x.difference(y)) #{10, 20}
print(x-y) #{10, 20}
print(y-x) #{50, 60}
Good Luck
{40, 30}
{40, 30}
{10, 20}
{10, 20}
{50, 60}

Experiment 10: Dictionary Data type
a) Demonstrate the different ways of creating Dictionary objects with suitable example programs.
Introduction:
We can use List,Tuple and Set to represent a group of individual objects as a single entity.
If we want to represent a group of objects as key-value pairs then we should go for Dictionary.
Eg:
rollno----name
phone number--address
ipaddress---domain name
Key features of Dictionary Data type:
1. Duplicate keys are not allowed but values can be duplicated.
2. Hetrogeneous objects are allowed for both key and values.
3. insertion order is not preserved.
4. Dictionaries are mutable.
5. Dictionaries are dynamic in nature.
6. indexing and slicing concepts are not applicable.
Creation of Set Objects:
1.Creation of dict object with single value:
In [1]:
d = {'Karthi':99}
print(type(d))
print(d)
2. Creation of dict object with multiple values:
In [2]:
d = {'Karthi':99,'saha':100,'Rahul':98}
print(type(d))
print(d)
<class 'dict'>
{'Karthi': 99}
<class 'dict'>
{'Karthi': 99, 'saha': 100, 'Rahul': 98}

3. Creation of set objects using dict() function:
We can create dict objects by using dict() function.
In [3]:
d = dict()
print(type(d))
In [5]:
d=eval(input("Enter Dictionay:"))
print(d)
print(type(d))
4.We can create an empty dictionary by using following approach also:
In [6]:
d = {}
print(type(d))
We can add entries into a dictionary as follows:
d[key] = value
In [7]:
d[100]="karthi"
d[200]="sahasra"
d[300]="sri"
d['rgm'] = 'Nandyal'
print(d) #{100: 'karthi', 200: 'sahasra', 300: 'sri', 'rgm' : 'Nandyal'}
b) Demonstrate the following functions/methods which operates on dictionary in Python with suitable
examples.
i) dict() ii) len() iii)clear() iv) get()
v) pop() vi)popitem() vii)keys() viii)values()
ix)items() x)copy() xi)update()
<class 'dict'>
Enter Dictionay:{'a':100,'b':200,'c':300}
{'a': 100, 'b': 200, 'c': 300}
<class 'dict'>
<class 'dict'>
{100: 'karthi', 200: 'sahasra', 300: 'sri', 'rgm': 'Nandyal'}

Example Program:
Q. Write a Python program to enter name and percentage marks in a dictionary and display
information on the screen.
In [8]:
rec={}
n=int(input("Enter number of students: "))
i=1
while i <= n:
name=input("Enter Student Name: ")
marks=input("Enter % of Marks of Student: ")
rec[name]=marks
i=i+1
print("Name of Student","t","% of Marks")
for x in rec:
print("t",x,"t",rec[x]) # x ===> key rec[x] =====> value
Important functions of Dictionary:
i. dict():
This function is used to create a dictionary.
Enter number of students: 3
Enter Student Name: Karthi
Enter % of Marks of Student: 98
Enter Student Name: Sourav
Enter Student Name: Afridi
Name of Student % of Marks
Karthi 98
Sourav 97
Afridi 34

In [10]:
d=dict() #It creates empty dictionary
print(d)
d=dict({100:"karthi",200:"saha"})
print(d)
d=dict([(100,"karthi"),(200,"saha"),(300,"sri")])
print(d)
d=dict(((100,"karthi"),(200,"saha"),(300,"sri")))
print(d)
d=dict({(100,"karthi"),(200,"saha"),(300,"sri")})
print(d)
d=dict({[100,"karthi"],[200,"saha"],[300,"sri"]})
print(d)
Note:
Compulsory internally we need to take tuple only is acceptable. If you take list it gives the above
specified error.
If the key & values are available in the form of tuple, then all those tuple values can be coverted into
dictionary by using 'dict()' function.
ii) len():
It returns the number of items in the dictionary.
In [11]:
d=dict({100:"karthi",200:"saha"}) #It creates dictionary with specified elements
print(d)
print(len(d))
iii) clear():
{}
{100: 'karthi', 200: 'saha'}
{100: 'karthi', 200: 'saha', 300: 'sri'}
{100: 'karthi', 200: 'saha', 300: 'sri'}
{300: 'sri', 200: 'saha', 100: 'karthi'}
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
t)
<ipython-input-10-b19e5b872e1c> in <module>
9 d=dict({(100,"karthi"),(200,"saha"),(300,"sri")})
10 print(d)
---> 11 d=dict({[100,"karthi"],[200,"saha"],[300,"sri"]})
12 print(d)
TypeError: unhashable type: 'list'
{100: 'karthi', 200: 'saha'}
2

This function is used to remove all entries from the dictionary.
In [9]:
d={100:"karthi",200:"sahasra",300:"sri"}
print(d)
d.clear()
print(d)
iv) get():
It is used tTo get the value associated with the specified key.
There are two forms of get() method is available in Python.
i. d.get(key):
If the key is available then returns the corresponding value otherwise returns None.It wont raise any
error.
In [12]:
print(d.get(100))
In [13]:
print(d.get(500))
ii. d.get(key,defaultvalue):
If the key is available then returns the corresponding value otherwise returns default value.
In [14]:
print(d.get(100,'ravan'))
{100: 'karthi', 200: 'sahasra', 300: 'sri'}
{}
karthi
None
karthi

In [15]:
print(d.get(500,'ravan'))
print(d)
Another Example:
In [16]:
d={100:"karthi",200:"saha",300:"sri"}
print(d[100]) #karthi
print(d[400]) #KeyError:400
print(d.get(100)) #karthi
print(d.get(400)) #None
print(d.get(100,"Guest")) #karthi
print(d.get(400,"Guest")) #Guest
In [17]:
d={100:"karthi",200:"saha",300:"sri"}
print(d[100]) #karthi
#print(d[400]) #KeyError:400
print(d.get(100)) #karthi
print(d.get(400)) #None
print(d.get(100,"Guest")) #karthi
print(d.get(400,"Guest")) #Guest
v) pop():
ravan
{100: 'karthi', 200: 'saha'}
karthi
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
t)
<ipython-input-16-b4151f9f1cde> in <module>
1 d={100:"karthi",200:"saha",300:"sri"}
2 print(d[100]) #karthi
----> 3 print(d[400]) #KeyError:400
4 print(d.get(100)) #karthi
5 print(d.get(400)) #None
KeyError: 400
karthi
karthi
None
karthi
Guest

It removes the entry associated with the specified key and returns the corresponding value.
If the specified key is not available then we will get KeyError.
Syntax:
d.pop(key)
In [18]:
d={100:"karthi",200:"saha",300:"sri"}
print(d)
print(d.pop(100))
print(d)
print(d.pop(400))
vi) popitem():
It removes an arbitrary item(key-value) from the dictionaty and returns it.
{100: 'karthi', 200: 'saha', 300: 'sri'}
karthi
{200: 'saha', 300: 'sri'}
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
t)
<ipython-input-18-82136391b748> in <module>
3 print(d.pop(100))
4 print(d)
----> 5 print(d.pop(400))
KeyError: 400

In [19]:
d={100:"karthi",200:"saha",300:"sri"}
print(d)
print(d.popitem())
print(d.popitem())
print(d)
print(d.pop(400)) # KeyError
If the dictionary is empty then we will get KeyError.
In [20]:
d ={}
print(d.popitem()) #KeyError: 'popitem(): dictionary is empty'
Another example:
{100: 'karthi', 200: 'saha', 300: 'sri'}
(300, 'sri')
(200, 'saha')
{100: 'karthi'}
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
t)
<ipython-input-19-ef041cdb3d72> in <module>
4 print(d.popitem())
5 print(d)
----> 6 print(d.pop(400)) # KeyError
KeyError: 400
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
t)
<ipython-input-20-052c88c1625e> in <module>
1 d ={}
----> 2 print(d.popitem()) #KeyError: 'popitem(): dictionary is empty'
KeyError: 'popitem(): dictionary is empty'

In [21]:
d={100:"karthi",200:"saha",300:"sri"}
print(d)
print(d.popitem())
print(d.popitem())
print(d.popitem())
print(d.popitem())
print(d)
vii) keys():
It returns all keys associated with dictionary.
In [22]:
d={100:"karthi",200:"saha",300:"sri"}
print(d.keys())
for key in d.keys():
print(key)
viii) values():
It returns all values associated with the dictionary.
{100: 'karthi', 200: 'saha', 300: 'sri'}
(300, 'sri')
(200, 'saha')
(100, 'karthi')
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
t)
<ipython-input-21-45eab152fd1e> in <module>
----> 6 print(d.popitem())
7 print(d)
KeyError: 'popitem(): dictionary is empty'
dict_keys([100, 200, 300])
100
200
300

In [23]:
d={100:"karthi",200:"saha",300:"sri"}
print(d.values())
for key in d.values():
print(key)
ix) items():
It returns list of tuples representing key-value pairs like as shown below.
[(k,v),(k,v),(k,v)]
In [24]:
d={100:"karthi",200:"saha",300:"sri"}
list = d.items()
print(list)
In [26]:
d={100:"karthi",200:"saha",300:"sri"}
for k,v in d.items():
print(k,"-->",v)
x) copy():
This method is used to create exactly duplicate dictionary(cloned copy).
In [27]:
d={100:"karthi",200:"saha",300:"sri"}
d1=d.copy()
print(d1)
print(d)
xi) update():
dict_values(['karthi', 'saha', 'sri'])
karthi
saha
sri
dict_items([(100, 'karthi'), (200, 'saha'), (300, 'sri')])
100 --> karthi
200 --> saha
300 --> sri
{100: 'karthi', 200: 'saha', 300: 'sri'}
{100: 'karthi', 200: 'saha', 300: 'sri'}

Syntax:
d.update(x)
All items present in the dictionary 'x' will be added to dictionary 'd'.
In [28]:
d={100:"karthi",200:"saha",300:"sri"}
d1 ={'a':'apple', 'b':'banana'}
d.update(d1)
print(d)
In [29]:
d={100:"karthi",200:"saha",300:"sri"}
d2 = {777:'A', 888:'B'}
d.update(d1,d2) # For update method. you need to pass single argument only.
print(d)
In [30]:
d={100:"karthi",200:"saha",300:"sri"}
d2 = {777:'A', 888:'B'}
d.update([(777,'A')]) # For uipdate method. you can pass list of tuple as an argument.
print(d)
In [31]:
d={100:"karthi",200:"saha",300:"sri"}
d2 = {777:'A', 888:'B'}
d.update([(777,'A'),(888,'B'),(999,'C')]) # you can add any no.of list of tuple element
s.
print(d)
{100: 'karthi', 200: 'saha', 300: 'sri', 'a': 'apple', 'b': 'banana'}
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
t)
<ipython-input-29-b0832a652cd0> in <module>
2 d1 ={'a':'apple', 'b':'banana'}
3 d2 = {777:'A', 888:'B'}
----> 4 d.update(d1,d2) # For update method. you need to pass single argum
ent only.
5 print(d)
TypeError: update expected at most 1 argument, got 2
{100: 'karthi', 200: 'saha', 300: 'sri', 777: 'A'}
{100: 'karthi', 200: 'saha', 300: 'sri', 777: 'A', 888: 'B', 999: 'C'}

Few More Example Programs on Dictioary data type:
Q1. Write a Python program to take dictionary from the keyboard and print the sum of values.
In [32]:
d=eval(input("Enter dictionary:"))
s=sum(d.values())
print("Sum= ",s)
In [33]:
s=sum(d.values())
print("Sum= ",s)
Sum() function:
In [34]:
l = [10,20,30,40]
s = sum(l) # sum() function works on list also
print('Sum is : ',s)
In [35]:
l = (10,20,30,40)
s = sum(l) # sum() function works on tuple also
l
Enter dictionary:{'A':100,'B':200,'c':300}
Sum= 600
Enter dictionary:'A':100,'B':200,'c':300
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "C:UsersHPanaconda3libsite-packagesIPythoncoreinteractivesh
ell.py", line 3343, in run_code
exec(code_obj, self.user_global_ns, self.user_ns)
File "<ipython-input-33-51a5d22abba9>", line 1, in <module>
File "<string>", line 1
'A':100,'B':200,'c':300
^
SyntaxError: invalid syntax
Sum is : 100
Sum is : 100
Out[35]:
(10, 20, 30, 40)

In [36]:
l = {10,20,30,40}
s = sum(l) # sum() function works on set also
Note: sum() function can work on any sequence.
Q2. Write a Python program to find number of occurrences of each letter present in the given string.
In [38]:
word=input("Enter any word: ")
d={}
for x in word:
d[x]=d.get(x,0)+1
for k,v in d.items():
print(k,"occurred ",v," times")
In [39]:
d={}
for x in word:
d[x]=d.get(x,0)+1
for k,v in sorted(d.items()): # To sort all the items of the dictionary in alphabetical
order
Q3. Write a Python program to find number of occurrences of each vowel present in the given string.
Sum is : 100
Enter any word: mississippi
m occurred 1 times
i occurred 4 times
s occurred 4 times
p occurred 2 times
Enter any word: mississippi
i occurred 4 times
m occurred 1 times
p occurred 2 times
s occurred 4 times

In [40]:
vowels={'a','e','i','o','u'}
d={}
for x in word:
if x in vowels:
d[x]=d.get(x,0)+1
for k,v in sorted(d.items()):
Q4. Write a program to accept student name and marks from the keyboard and creates a dictionary.
Also display student marks by taking student name as input.
Enter any word: doganimaldoganimal
a occurred 4 times
i occurred 2 times
o occurred 2 times

In [41]:
n=int(input("Enter the number of students: "))
d={}
for i in range(n):
name=input("Enter Student Name: ")
marks=input("Enter Student Marks: ")
d[name]=marks # assigninng values to the keys of the dictionary 'd'
while True:
name=input("Enter Student Name to get Marks: ")
marks=d.get(name,-1)
if marks== -1:
print("Student Not Found")
else:
print("The Marks of",name,"are",marks)
option=input("Do you want to find another student marks[Yes|No]")
if option=="No":
break
print("Thanks for using our application")
Good Luck
Enter the number of students: 5
Enter Student Name: Karthi
Enter Student Marks: 87
Enter Student Name: Sahasra
Enter Student Name: Sourav
Enter Student Name: Rahul
Enter Student Name: Virat
Enter Student Name to get Marks: Karthi
The Marks of Karthi are 87
Do you want to find another student marks[Yes|No]y
Enter Student Name to get Marks: karthi
Student Not Found
Enter Student Name to get Marks: Virat
The Marks of Virat are 87
Enter Student Name to get Marks: Robin
Student Not Found
Do you want to find another student marks[Yes|No]No
Thanks for using our application

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