INTRODUCTION TO PUBLIC SPEAKING.ppt. A GOOD INTRODUCTION TO HOW TO PREPARE SPEECH IN PUBLIC
- 1. INTRODUCTION TO PUBLIC SPEAKING Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah University University Faculty of letters and Human Faculty of letters and Human Sciences Sciences Dhar El-Mehraz – Fès Dhar El-Mehraz – Fès Department of English Studies Department of English Studies Autumn Session 2021/2022 Autumn Session 2021/2022 Master’s Program: Master’s Program: Language, Communication and Language, Communication and Society Society Filière : Filière : English Studies English Studies Module : Module : Public Speaking Public Speaking Semester Semester 1 1 Prof. : Prof. : Prof. Madani Alaoui Prof. Madani Alaoui
- 2. Chapter 1 Speaking in Public
- 3. Why Study Public Speaking? • Empowerment –Give you an edge –Audition for leadership • Employment –1st factor sought by employers –2nd is writing skills
- 4. Public Speaking and Conversation • Public speaking is more planned • Public speaking is more formal • The roles of public speakers and audiences are more clearly defined
- 5. What is Communication? • The sending and receiving of messages in order to establish shared meaning • Requires Competence In: * Understanding Cultural Guidelines * Critical Thinking * Ethics * Power * Listening
- 7. Sender Receiver Frame of Reference Frame of Reference Points of Contact Messages & Context Encode Encode Decode Decode Interference / Noise The Communication Model
- 8. Frame of Reference • Age • Gender • Ethnicity • Environment • Culture • Family • Values • Beliefs • Education • Experiences • Interests • Dislikes • Prejudices • Self-Perceptions • Personal Expectations
- 9. Messages & Context Messages • Feedforward • Feedback • Meanings Channels Visual & Auditory Tactile & Chemical Context • Setting / Situation • Timing • Cultural Rules • Relationships between communicators
- 11. 7 Principles of Communication 1. Communication is a process of adjustment 2. Communication is a Package of Messages 3. Communication is Ambiguous (Messages can have multiple meanings)
- 12. 7 Principles of Communication 4. Communication Involves content and relational dimensions 5. Communication is punctuated (Organized into stimuli/response) 6. Communication is Purposeful 7. Communication is Inevitable, Irreversible, and Unrepeatable
- 13. Public Speaking and Audience Diversity • Gender • Ethnicity • Culture
- 15. Consider Your Audience • Needs • Attitudes • Beliefs • Values • Other Characteristics
- 16. Select and Narrow Your Topic • Who is the audience? • What is the occasion? • What are my interests, talents, experiences?
- 17. Determine Your Purpose • To Inform –Teach –Define –Illustrate –Clarify • To Persuade • To Entertain
- 18. Develop Your Central Idea • Does it have logical divisions? • Reasons idea is true? • Can you support with series of steps?
- 19. Gathering Verbal/Visual Supporting Material • Facts • Examples • Definitions • Quotations • Relate Material to Listeners’ Lives
- 20. Organize Your Speech • Central Idea • Introduction • Body • Conclusion • Outlining
- 21. Rehearse Your Speech • Practice Out Loud • Practice Eye Contact • Decide On Style
- 22. Deliver Your Speech • Assess Audience • Use Effective Eye Contact • Concentrate on Message and Audience • Use Conversational Style
- 24. Aristotle’s Persuasive Appeals • Ethos - Speaker Credibility • Pathos - Message Tone • Logos - Message Logic / Reasoning • Mythos - Implied / Symbolic Meaning
- 25. Credibility Defined: The Audience’s Perception of Whether a Speaker Is Qualified to Speak on a Given Topic. Two Main Factors: Competence and Character
- 26. Competence How the Audience Regards the Speaker’s: •Intelligence •Expertise •Subject Knowledge Character How the Audience Regards the Speaker’s: • Sincerity •Trustworthiness •Concern for the Audience
- 27. Types of Credibility • Initial - before the presentation (past knowledge and first impressions) • Derived - Developed during the speech delivery • Terminal - What is thought after the speech is completed
- 28. Credibility Is Significantly Affected by Delivery • Rate of Speech • Dialect/Accent and Inflection Patterns • Use of Language • Use of Vocalized Pauses and Fillers • Use of Body Language and Appearance
- 29. Ways to Build Credibility Before, During, and After the Speech, Project the Qualities of: • Competence • Concern • Trustworthiness • Dynamism
- 30. Ethics Defined: The branch of philosophy that deals with issues of right and wrong in human affairs Ethical Decisions: Involve weighing a potential action against a set of ethical standards or guidelines.
- 31. Speakers Make Ethical Decisions When: • Selecting a Topic • Researching the Speech • Organizing the Message • Delivering the Speech
- 32. The First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution I. Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.
- 33. Ethical Speaking Guidelines 1. Develop a Clear, Responsible Goal 2. Use Sound Evidence and Reasoning 3. Demonstrate Sensitivity to and Tolerance of Differences 4. Speak Honestly 5. Avoid Plagiarism 6. Follow the Guidelines for Ethical Listening
- 34. Ethical Listening • Communicate Your Expectation and Provide Feedback • Be Sensitive To and Tolerant Of Differences • Listen Critically • Hold The Speaker To His or Her Ethical Responsibilities
- 35. Three Types of Plagiarism • Global - Stealing an Entire Message and Claiming It As Your Own • Patchwork - Taking Ideas From Two or Three Sources and Not Crediting the Source • Incremental - Failing to Give Credit for Particular Parts of a Message (Quotations, Paraphrases, Statistics, Etc.)
- 36. Protect Yourself from Committing Accidental Plagiarism • Be Careful When Taking Research Notes – Distinguish Between: • Direct Quotations • Paraphrased Material • Your Own Ideas • When in Doubt, Always Cite Your Source
- 38. Reasons for Being Nervous 1. Fear of Being Stared At 2. Fear of Failure 3. Fear of Rejection 4. Fear of the Unknown
- 39. Understanding Speaking Apprehension 1. Realize That Some Apprehension Is Normal 2. Understand the Type of Apprehension You Are Experiencing Apprehension Can Be Based On: a. Context - Type of Communication b. Audience - Reaction to Receiver(s) c. Situation - Timing or Level of Preparation d. Personality – Trait-like Characteristics
- 40. Causes of Apprehension Influences • Heredity (Communibiology) • Modeling • Childhood Reinforcement • Expectancy Learning Situational Elements • Novelty • Formality • Status • Unfamiliarity • Degree of Attention from Others
- 41. Reactions to Apprehension • Physiological Reactions – Fight or Flight – Adrenaline Rush • Behavioral Reactions – Avoidance and Excuse-making • Psychological Reactions – Feelings of Failure Before the Event – Hyper Awareness – Loss of Concentration
- 42. Understanding Your Apprehension Using the Personal Report of Communication Apprehension PRCA-24
- 43. The PRCA-24 Sub-Scores Low Moderate High 6 6 15-18 15-18 30 30 Mean St. Deviation Group 15.4 4.8 Meeting 16.4 4.8 Interpersonal 14.5 4.2 Public Speaking 19.3 5.1
- 44. Overall: Trait-like CA Low Moderate High 24 24 50 50 65 80 120 65 80 120 Mean St. Deviation Overall Score 65.6 15.3 The PRCA-24
- 45. Coping Strategies (Treatments) • Cognitive Restructuring • Visualization • Systematic Desensitization • Rhetoritherapy (Skills Training) Physical Exercises Breathing / Stretching / Isometric
- 46. Guidelines for Controlling Nervousness 1. Put Fear Into Perspective • Accept some fear as normal • Analyze the cause of the fear 2. Build Confidence with Preparation and Practice 3. Use Positive Self-Suggestion to Combat Anxiety
- 47. Building Your Confidence • Know Audience • Be Prepared • Select Appropriate Topic • Recreate Environment • Know Introduction And Conclusion
- 48. Building Your Confidence • Visualize Success • Use Deep-breathing • Focus On Message • Mental Pep Talk • Channel Energy • Seek Opportunities