Introduction to railway engineering
Download as PPTX, PDF1 like474 views
Railway engineering is a branch of civil engineering focused on the design, construction, and maintenance of railway tracks to ensure safe train movements. The document traces the history of railways from medieval times to the present, highlighting key developments in railway technology and infrastructure, especially in the subcontinent and Pakistan. It emphasizes the importance of collaboration between various engineering disciplines, the needs of customers, operational strategies, and planning for construction and maintenance.
Introduction to railway engineering
- 1. Introduction to Railway Engineering MUHAMMAD TAIMUR KHAN 2K18-FT-MS-TRAN-05 TARIQ NAVEED 2K18-FT-MS-TRAN-08
- 2. Definition • The branch of Civil Engineering which deals with the design, construction and maintenance of the railway tracks for safe and efficient movements of trains is called Railway Engineering . •Rail • The rolled steel sections laid end to end in two parallel lines over sleepers to form a railway track are known as rails.
- 3. History In medieval times people mostly travelled by foot or horseback and any form of transportation was mainly for moving goods. The first railways were laid down in the seventeenth and eighteenth century for horse drawn trains of wagons in collieries and quarries. As the Industrial Revolution progressed, the idea was developed further by adding cast iron or wrought iron plates to reduce wear on the wooden baulks.
- 4. History This evolved further to iron edge rails enabling the use of flanged wheels for the first time. steam locomotives came on the scene, in the early nineteenth century, wrought iron rails and later steel rails were developed which were strong enough to support these heavy axle loads without assistance from longitudinal timbers. In essence the track itself, together with its supports, had and still has the basic function of safely transmitting the loads and forces imposed by passing trains to the ground beneath. Various other civil engineering skills were also involved such as the building of bridges, tunnels and gravity walls as well as extensive earthworks and drainage.
- 5. History There was a need to balance the requirements and interests of the various engineering disciplines involved. Example: Effect of rolling stock on the fixed infrastructure. This may sometimes require compromise in certain disciplines for the good of the whole .
- 6. History of railway in Subcontinent Sir Henry David Frere, appointed as the commissioner of Sindh, ought permission from lord Dalhousie to begin a survey for a Karachi seaport and a railway line in 1858. On may 13th, 1861 the first railway line was opened to the public, between Karachi and Kotri, with a total distance of 169 km.
- 7. History of Railways in Pakistan In 1947 following independence, most of the North Western State Railway infrastructure was in Pakistani territory and was renamed the Pakistan Western Railway. In East Bengal, the portion of the Assam Bengal Railway in Pakistani territory was renamed the Pakistan Eastern Railway. The country adopted 8,122 kilometers (5,047 mi) of the North Western State Railway; 6,880 kilometers (4,280 mi) was 1,676 mm(5 ft 6 in), 506 kilometers (314 mi) was meter gauge, and 736 kilometers (457 mi) was 762 mm(2 ft. 6 in) narrow gauge.
- 9. Development and diversification In the early railways the Boards would appoint an Engineer Responsible for all the engineering of the railway parts, both moving and fixed. Often involved in the actual day-to-day operating of the railway. This had considerable advantage from a point of view of co-ordination. With time roles Became more specialized.
- 10. The Customer The needs and aspirations of the customer must always be kept in the forefront of the mind. The passenger’s basic needs are to travel comfortably and to arrive safely at the destination reasonably on time. The freight customer needs confidence that his goods will be delivered safely and on time. And at a reasonable cost. All engineers and Operators need to work together to achieve this objective. Departmental and local interests can and often do arise which can jeopardize this simple objective .
- 11. The operator Operator’s needs in satisfying the customer’s needs are also very important . In satisfying the customer’s basic needs, there is often more than one operational solution. the operators and the engineers involved to jointly consider all the valid options which are available. Example: the consideration of carrying out week-end essential works either over a number of shorter possessions of the railway or over one longer week-end. must also be able to deal with emergencies during periods of engineering work and contingency plans must be drawn up for this.
- 12. Overall planning In constructing and maintaining any railway system infrastructure, there are various engineering activities that overlap each other. Proper co-ordination and co-operation is necessary here. items of work where there is considerable overlap or ‘knock-on’ effect. An example of this might be the requirement to renew a number of bridges on a certain line. Depending on relative costs in each area, an optimum programme could be drawn up jointly which would keep overall costs and disruption to a minimumin the long term.
- 13. Overall Planning booking of long possessions to do work in one area might provide opportunities for other engineers to carry out other works at the same time, thus reducing expenditure overall. This type of co-operation is not always easy and does require a flexible attitude . Maximum benefit of the whole must be the criterion.
- 14. Choice of Route and Level choices have to be made relating to the best route, and which parts will need to be elevated or in tunnel. largely dictated by traffic demands and existing physical constraints . In some cases, cost for alternatives is compared. In such cases, ground conditions and water levels as well as existing building foundations and services must all be taken into consideration. level of the railway will be determined by existing physical constraints. However, all engineering implications are fully investigated and costed before any decision is made to construct a railway, either underground or on elevated structure.
- 15. Choice of Route and Level (Underground) For underground construction, full allowance must be made for the full life costs of escalators, ventilation/air conditioning, lighting and other services, additional tunneled accommodation for staff, fire protection and emergency exits etc. Disruption during the construction in inner city areas is considered when deciding whether or not to go underground.
- 16. Choice of Route and Level (Elevated) For elevated railway, a careful considerationon environmental issues including visual impact and noise is needed. Dealing with emergencies at high level must be considered. elevated railways occupy less ground level space, the stations often cover more relative area because of the need for stairs, ramps and escalators etc. From an engineering point of view, alignments should also be as smooth as possible without steep gradients or tight curves to reduce wear on both the rolling stock and the track and to keep power consumption to a minimum.
- 17. Resources Required For the satisfactory operation and maintenance of a railway, certain basic resources are required: 1. human resources 2. Fixed assets 3. mobile machinery Inadequacy in any of this fixed triangle will mean that good operation cannot be maintained, irrespective of the performance on the other sides
- 18. Human Resources Careful selection and adequate training of personnel at all levels is essential. good relations with staff both at National and local level must have a high priority. This requires constant attention at all levels of engineering management. Individuals need to feel that they are valued and that they have a positive part to play in the running of the whole enterprise.
- 19. Thanks