Compression for DB2 for z/OS
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This document provides information about a presentation on DB2 for z/OS data and index compression given by Willie Favero. It includes disclaimers about the information provided, lists IBM trademarks, and outlines objectives to describe DB2 compression fundamentals, how data and index compression are implemented in DB2, and how to determine if compression achieves expected disk savings. It also references the history of data compression techniques including the Lempel-Ziv algorithms from 1977 that DB2 compression is based on.
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Compression for DB2 for z/OS
- 1. DB2 for z/OS Data and Index Compression Willie Favero Senior Certified IT Software Specialist, IBM wfavero@us.ibm.com Session Number TDZ-1064B October 25–29, 2009 • Mandalay Bay • Las Vegas, Nevada 1
- 2. Disclaimer © Copyright IBM Corporation [current year]. All rights reserved. U.S. Government Users Restricted Rights - Use, duplication or disclosure restricted by GSA ADP Schedule Contract with IBM Corp. THE INFORMATION CONTAINED IN THIS PRESENTATION IS PROVIDED FOR INFORMATIONAL PURPOSES ONLY. WHILE EFFORTS WERE MADE TO VERIFY THE COMPLETENESS AND ACCURACY OF THE INFORMATION CONTAINED IN THIS PRESENTATION, IT IS PROVIDED “AS IS” WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED. IN ADDITION, THIS INFORMATION IS BASED ON IBM’S CURRENT PRODUCT PLANS AND STRATEGY, WHICH ARE SUBJECT TO CHANGE BY IBM WITHOUT NOTICE. IBM SHALL NOT BE RESPONSIBLE FOR ANY DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE USE OF, OR OTHERWISE RELATED TO, THIS PRESENTATION OR ANY OTHER DOCUMENTATION. NOTHING CONTAINED IN THIS PRESENTATION IS INTENDED TO, NOR SHALL HAVE THE EFFECT OF, CREATING ANY WARRANTIES OR REPRESENTATIONS FROM IBM (OR ITS SUPPLIERS OR LICENSORS), OR ALTERING THE TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF ANY AGREEMENT OR LICENSE GOVERNING THE USE OF IBM PRODUCTS AND/OR SOFTWARE. IBM, the IBM logo, ibm.com, System z, Lotus, AIX, AS/400, DATABASE 2, DB2, e-business logo, Enterprise Storage Server, ESCON, FICON, OS/390, OS/400, ES/9000, MVS/ESA, Netfinity, RISC, RISC SYSTEM/6000, iSeries, pSeries, xSeries, SYSTEM/390, IBM, NOTES, WebSphere, z/Architecture, z/OS, zSeries, are trademarks or registered trademarks of International Business Machines Corporation in the United States, other countries, or both. If these and other IBM trademarked terms are marked on their first occurrence in this information with a trademark symbol (® or ™), these symbols indicate U.S. registered or common law trademarks owned by IBM at the time this information was published. Such trademarks may also be registered or common law trademarks in other countries. A current list of IBM trademarks is available on the Web at “Copyright and trademark information” at www.ibm.com/legal/copytrade.shtml Other company, product, or service names may be trademarks or service marks of others. 2
- 3. Data Management Communities for DB2 Data Management Community – share and interact with peers around the world – www.ibm.com/software/data/management/community.html Information Champions – recognizes individuals who have made the most outstanding contributions to the Information Management community – www.ibm.com/software/data/champion 3
- 4. InfoSphere Communities InfoSphere On-line Community – share and interact with peers around the world – www.ibm.com/community/infosphere Information Champions – recognizes individuals who have made the most outstanding contributions to the Information Management community – www.ibm.com/software/data/champion 4
- 5. Business Intelligence & Performance Management Communities CIUG – Cognos International Users Groups - a worldwide organization for users of IBM Cognos solutions – Membership is FREE – join today! www.ibm.com/software/data/cognos/usergroups Information Champions – recognizes individuals who have made the most outstanding contributions to the Information Management community – www.ibm.com/software/data/champion 5
- 6. Thank You! Your Feedback is Important to Us Please complete the survey for this session by: – Accessing the SmartSite on your smart phone or computer at: www.iodsmartsite.com • Surveys / My Session Evaluations – Visiting any onsite event kiosk • Surveys / My Session Evaluations – Each completed survey increases your chance to win an Apple iPod Touch with daily drawling sponsored by Alliance Tech 6
- 7. Data Warehouse / Business Intelligence Sessions 1837 Introducing IBM InfoSphere Warehouse on Beth Hamel Mon, Oct 26 IBM System z 11:30AM 1328 Data Warehousing on IBM z/OS: Customer Kevin Tue, Oct 27 Experiences at Univar USA Campbell 3:00PM 1322 IBM DB2 for z/OS Data Warehouse Robert Wed, Oct 28 Performance Catterall 11:00AM 1474 Data Warehousing and Business Gary Crupi, Thu, Oct 29 Intelligence with IBM DB2 for z/OS Willie Favero 12:30 PM 2591 Resource Management of Mixed Data Nin Lei Thu, Oct 29 Warehouse Workloads on System z 11:00 AM 7
- 8. Sessions Dedicated to IBM Smart Analytics Optimizer 3315 IBM Smart Analytics Optimizer Jan Klockow Mon, Oct 26 Transforming the Way You Do BI 2:45PM - 3:45PM 2037 Introducing IBM Smart Analytics Optimizer Namik Hrle Tue, Oct 27 DB2 Performance Revolution 1:45PM – 2:45PM 2711 IBM Smart Analytics Optimizer Oliver Draese Wed, Oct 28 Architecture and Overview 4:45PM - 5:45PM 2971 IBM Smart Analytics Optimizer Guy Lohman Thu, Oct 29 Not Your Father's Database System! 8:15AM - 9:15AM Usability IBM Smart Analytics Optimizer Mathias Mon through Thu Sandbox Accelerating BI Queries on IBM DB2 for Zapke z/OS IBM Smart Analytics Optimizer is also mentioned in numerous sessions on InfoSphere Warehouse on System z and DB2 for z/OS new features 8
- 9. Objectives • Describe compression fundamentals • Explain how DB2 implements data compression • Describe how a dictionary is created and how data compression uses it • Describe how DB2 implements index compression • Determine if using data and/or index compression accomplishes the disk savings you were anticipating.
- 10. The Basics
- 12. The Setup • First compression: • EDITPROC • High CPU overhead • HUFFMAN sample (DSN8HUFF in hlq.SDSNSAMP) • Hardware compression • DB2 hardware compression • ESA Compression (Dec 1993) • DB2 Version 3 • Hardware helps reduce CPU overhead • CMPSC instruction
- 13. And It Just Keeps Getting Faster The faster the chip speed, the better compression performs z10 4.4 GHz .58 z9 1.7 GHz Chip Speeds .83 z990 (nanoseconds) 1.09 1.2 GHz 1.3 z900 1.6 770 MHz z800 1.57 G6 (9672) 550 MHz 1.8 Chart NOT to any kind of scale Compression introduction On 9672 or a 711- or 511-based ES/9000 New Processors Introduced
- 14. Just Some Interesting History DB2 Startup Is Soft 0C1 and Hardware No Record in Present? SYS1.LOGREC Yes Use Use Hardware Software Compression Compression Compression automatically comes with hardware today.
- 15. The Basics • In 1977 two information theorists, Abraham Lempel and Jacob Ziv, developed lossless data compression techniques • LZ77 (LZ1) and LZ78 (LZ2) • still very popular and widely used today • LZ stands for Lempel-Ziv (some believe it should be Ziv- Lempel) • 77 & 78 - years their lossless compression algorithm was developed and improved • LZ77 is an adaptive dictionary based compression algorithm that works off a window of data using the data just read to compress the next data in the buffer. • LZ78 variation is based on all of the data available rather than just a limited amount • LZW (Lempel-Ziv-Welch) variation was created to improve the speed of implementation, not usually considered optimal
- 16. The Basics • "lossless compression“ – expanding compressed data gives you the exact same thing you started with • "lossy compression" loses some information every time you compress it • JPG (JPEG) is a form of lossy compression • Are you familiar with the Lempel-Ziv algorithm? • GIF • TIFF • PDF (Adobe Acrobat) • ARC, PKZIP, COMPRESS and COMPACT on the UNIX platform • StuffIt for the Mac folks • all use the Lempel-Ziv algorithm and some form of LZ compression
- 18. Setting Compression On CREATE … TABLESPACE tablespace_name ……………… COMPRESS NO Compression available by partition. COMPRESS YES ALTER … TABLESPACE tablespace_name ……………… COMPRESS YES Rows are not compressed until LOAD COMPRESS NO or REORG is run.
- 19. The Dictionary • The dictionary is created by the LOAD and/or REORG utilities only • It occupies: • 4K – 16 pages • 8K - 8 pages • 16K - 4 pages • 32K - 2 pages • The compression dictionary follows the header and first space map pages • Dictionaries can be at the partition level (Careful, you could have 4096 partitions) • Not all rows in a table spaces can be compressed. If the row after compression is not shorter than the original uncompressed row, the row remains uncompressed. Compression dictionary size • 64K (16 X 4K page) of storage in the DBM1 address space • Dictionary goes above the bar in DB2 Version 8 and later releases
- 20. Dictionary • Rows are compressed on INSERT • For an UPDATE • Expand, update, then re-compress row • UPDATE has the potential to be expensive • Changes (INSERT & UPDATE) are logged in compressed format • Larger page sizes may result in better compression. • Resulting rows after compression are variable length • You might be able to fit more rows with less wasted space in a larger page size. • You cannot turn compression on for the catalog, directory, work files, or LOB table spaces • Index compression does not use a dictionary
- 21. Dictionary – 4K Page Size Data pages (18-???) Dictionary pages (2-17) Space map page (1) Header page (0)
- 22. Dictionary – Not Always a Good Thing DB2 V8 and above Is problem resolved? 64K Make sure virtual is Compression backed by 100% real Dictionary 2GB DB2 V3-V7 64K Could be a potential problem if DBM1 address space is Compression storage constrained Dictionary 16 pages x 4096 bytes/page = 64KB
- 23. When to Use Compression Tables with small rows 255 row/page max gs iin gs av n s av no s ,, no ws o ws rro e iin bytes/page available n as e 4054 e as crre iin c 15 byte rows = 3825 bytes total n o 255 No N 3825 bytes / 80% compression = ???? Doesn’t matter, still have 255 row limit
- 24. When to Use Compression Tables with very large rows 255 row/page max gs n gs viin sa v no sa ,, no rro o ws ws iin as e n e 4054 bytes/page available e as crre iin c n No No 4000 byte row at 45% compression 2200 bytes 2 rows/page: 2200*2 = 4400 4400 bytes > 4054 bytes
- 25. No Increase in Rows, No Savings • If number of rows does not increase, do not use compression • For short rows, no help • For long rows, consider moving to a larger page size 8K, 16K, or even 32K
- 26. When to Use Compression • Encryption • Little gain (if any) from compressing encrypted data • No repetitive characters • Option: • DSN1COMP has new option EXTNDICT • For encryption tool to support encryption and compression combined • Requires PTFs UK41354 - V8 and UK41355 – V9
- 27. Logging • UPDATEs and INSERTs log in compressed format • Possible results: • reduced logging • reduced log I/O • Any active log reduction would carry over to the archive logs • However, UPDATEs need to expand and compress to complete
- 28. Possible Performance Gain • When compression is on, data pages are brought into buffer pool in compressed state • Increasing the number of rows in the same size pool could increase buffer pool hit ratio • Increasing hit ratio could reduce I/O necessary to satisfy the same number of getpage requests. • If compression doubles the number of rows per page • When DB2 loads that page in a buffer pool, it will be loading twice as many rows • Less I/O is always a good thing
- 30. LOAD & REORG • The critical part of data compression is building the dictionary • The better the dictionary reflects your data, the higher your compression rates are going to be • There are two choices for building your dictionary • LOAD utility • REORG utility • These two utilities are the only mechanism available to create a dictionary
- 31. LOAD Utility • LOAD utility uses the first “x” number of rows • There are no rows compressed while the LOAD utility is building the dictionary • Once dictionary is created, the remaining rows being loaded will be considered for compression • With the dictionary is in place, any rows inserted (SQL INSERT) will be compressed assuming the compressed row is shorter than the original uncompressed row
- 32. DB2 9 Enhancement • LOAD … COPYDICTIONARY • Allow priming of a partition with a compression dictionary • Can only be used with INTO TABLE PART • REPLACE dictionary example: • LOAD RESUME NO • COPYDICTIONARY 3 • INTO TABLE PART 4 REPLACE • INTO TABLE PART 5 REPLACE • Requires APARs PK63324 and PK63325
- 33. REORG Utility • REORG utility should be your first choice • It builds a better dictionary • REORG sees all of the rows because the dictionary is built during its UNLOAD phase • REORG can create a more accurate, and therefore more efficient, dictionary than the LOAD utility • The more information used to create the dictionary, the better compression should be • REORG will compress all of the rows in the table space during the RELOAD phase because the dictionary is now available • Any row inserted after the dictionary is built will be compressed assuming the compressed row is shorter than the original row
- 34. Creating a Dictionary • Creating dictionary could potentially be CPU intensive • If dictionary works for you, reuse it • Don’t pay the expense to rebuild it • KEEPDICTIONARY • REORG and LOAD REPLACE use this utility keyword to suppress building a new dictionary • Not specifying KEEPDICTIONARY could make REORG/LOAD more costly to run and increase elapsed time
- 35. DB2 9 Caution • REORG or LOAD REPLACE will migrate pre-V9 table spaces to reordered row format • Careful if using compression • Dictionaries automatically converted • Even if KEEPDICTIONARY is specified (APAR PK41156) • New DSNZPARM keyword available on DSN6SPRM macro - HONOR_KEEPDICTIONARY
- 36. Avoid Converting Existing Compressed Table Spaces • PK78958 (Hiper – closed March 30, 2009) • REORG and LOAD REPLACE will not convert an existing compressed table space to RRF when migrating to DB2 9 NFM • Reasons are… • Possible work-around (from Willie not IBM) • Turn compression OFF for the table space • Run REORG (or LOAD REPLACE) against the existing table space migrating it to RRF • Turn compression back ON for the table space • Rerun REORG to rebuild the dictionary and compress all of the rows in the table space.
- 39. DB2 Index Compression….. • Index compression is new to DB2 9 for z/OS • Page level compression • Unlike data row compression: • Buffers contain expanded pages • Pages are decompressed when read from disk • Prefetch performs the decompression asynchronously • A buffer hit does not need to decompress • Pages are compressed by the deferred write engine • Like data row compression: • An I/O bound scan will run faster • DSN1COMP utility can be used to predict space savings Index compression saves space, it’s not for performance
- 40. CREATE/ALTER INDEX Compression CREATE … INDEX index_name ……………… COMPRESS NO COMPRESS YES ALTER … INDEX index_name ……………… COMPRESS NO Advisory REORG-pending state until COMPRESS YES REORG INDEX, REBUILD INDEX, or REORG TABLESPACE is run.
- 41. Index Compression: Performance • CPU cost is mostly inconsequential. Most of the cost is asynchronous, the exception being a synchronous read. The worst case is an index with a poor buffer hit ratio. Example: Suppose the index would compress 3-to-1. You have three options….. 1. Use 8K buffer pool. Save 50% of disk. No change in buffer hit ratio or real storage usage. 2. Use 16K buffer pool and increase the buffer pool size by 33%. Save 67% of disk, increase real storage usage by 33%. 3. Use 16K buffer pool, with no change in buffer pool size. Save 67% of disk, no change in real storage used, decrease in buffer hit ratio, with a corresponding increase in synchronous CPU time.
- 42. Index Compression Example: Suppose an index could compress 3-to-1 Decompressed 16K buffer Decompressed 8K buffer Compressed 4K Compressed 4K 12K used 4K unused 8K Buffer pool 16K Buffer pool 50% disk space reduction 67% disk space reduction No increase in virtual storage 33% increase in virtual storage cost cost
- 43. …..DB2 Index Compression • The CI Size of a compressed index on disk is always 4K • A 4K expands into a 8K or 16K buffer, which is the DBA’s choice. This choice determines the maximum compression ratio. • Compression of key prefix and RID Lists • A Rid List describes all of the rows for a particular index key • An index with a high level of non-uniqueness, producing long Rid Lists, achieves about 1.4-to-1 compression • Compression of unique keys depends on prefix commonality
- 44. >4K Page Size for Indexes • V9 supports 4K, 8K, 16K and 32K page sizes for indexes • A large page size is very good for reducing the frequency of CI splits, which is costly in data sharing environment. • The downside: As with large pages for table spaces, the buffer hit ratio could degrade.
- 45. Non-padded indexes • Non-padded indexes were introduced in DB2 V8 • Useful when an index contains one or more VARCHAR columns • Facilitates index only access • Saves DASD space • The CPU cost is significant. It grows as a function of the number of VARCHAR columns. • Index compression and non-padded indexes are complementary
- 46. The Catalog
- 47. Catalog Information of Interest Catalog table Column Description SYSINDEXES COMPRESS Compression is in use (Y) or not in use (N) SYSTABLEPART COMPRESS “Y” compression in use “blank” compression not used Can be at partition level SYSTABLEPART *PAGESAVE % pages saved 0 no savings + is an increase Includes overhead bytes SYSTABLEPART AVGROWLEN Average row length with or without compression SYSTABLES PCTROWCOMP % rows compressed within total rows active *There are other columns in history tables
- 48. DSN1COMP
- 49. Should Compression Be Used? • DSN1COMP • Stand-alone utility • Will estimate disk savings • Works for table spaces and indexes • Can be run against: • Table space underlying VSAM dataset • Index space underlying VSAM dataset • Output from a full image copy • Output from DSNCOPY • Cannot be run against: • LOB table spaces • Catalog (DSNDB06) • Directory (DSNDB01) • Workfiles (i.e. DSNDB07) • Using DSN1COMP with image copies and DSN1COPY outputs can make gathering compression information unobtrusive
- 50. DSN1COMP Keywords • Choose the keywords that best resemble your table space • PAGESIZE • DSSIZE • FREEPAGE • PCTFREE should be set exactly as the object you are running DSN1COMP against to insure that its estimates are accurate
- 51. DSN1COMP Keywords • Choose the keywords that best resemble your table space • If the REORG utility is used to build dictionary, specify REORG at run-time • Omitting REORG keyword defaults to LOAD utility • DSN1COMP input a full image copy • Specify FULLCOPY keyword to obtain the correct results
- 52. REORG SHRLEVEL CHANGE Warning • When choosing a VSAM LDS to run against, be careful if you are using online REORG (REORG SHRLEVEL CHANGE) • Online REORG flips between the I0001 and J0001 for the fifth qualifier of the VSAM data sets. You can query the IPREFIX column in SYSTABLEPART or SYSINDEXPART catalog tables to find out which qualifier is in use.
- 53. DSN1COMP with an Index • LEAFLIM keyword specifies the number of leaf pages that should be scanned • Omit LEAFLIM and the entire index will be scanned • Specifying LEAFLIM could limit how long it will take DSN1COMP to complete
- 54. DSN1COMP Table Space Output • Statistics with and without compression, and the percentage you should expect to save in kilobytes • Number of rows scanned to build the dictionary • Number of rows processed to deliver the statistics in the report • The average row length before and after compression • The size of the dictionary in pages • The size of the table space in pages • Before compression • After compression • Percentage of pages that would have been saved
- 55. DSN1COMP Report DSN1944I DSN1COMP INPUT PARAMETERS 512 DICTIONARY SIZE USED 30 FREEPAGE VALUE USED 45 PCTFREE VALUE USED NO ROWLIMIT WAS REQUESTED ESTIMATE BASED ON DB2 LOAD METHOD
- 56. DSN1COMP Report DSN1940I DSN1COMP COMPRESSION REPORT 301 KB WITHOUT COMPRESSION 224 KB WITH COMPRESSION 25 PERCENT OF THE BYTES WOULD BE SAVED 1,975 ROWS SCANNED TO BUILD DICTIONARY 4,665 ROWS SCANNED TO PROVIDE COMPRESSION ESTIMATE 4,096 DICTIONARY ENTRIES 81 BYTES FOR AVERAGE UNCOMPRESSED ROW LENGTH 52 BYTES FOR AVERAGE COMPRESSED ROW LENGTH 16 DICTIONARY PAGES REQUIRED 110 PAGES REQUIRED WITHOUT COMPRESSION 99 PAGES REQUIRED WITH COMPRESSION 10 PERCENT OF THE DB2 DATA PAGES WOULD BE SAVED
- 57. DSN1COMP Index Output • Reports on the number of leaf pages scanned • Number of keys and rids processed • How many kilobytes of key data was processed • Number of kilobytes of compressed keys produced • Reports broken down for possible percent reduction and buffer pool space usage for both 8K and 16K index leaf page sizes • Considerable help when determining correct leaf page size
- 58. DSN1COMP Report DSN1944I DSN1COMP INPUT PARAMETERS PROCESSING PARMS FOR INDEX DATASET: NO LEAFLIM WAS REQUESTED
- 59. DSN1COMP Report DSN1940I DSN1COMP COMPRESSION REPORT 38 Index Leaf Pages Processed 3,000 Keys Processed 3,000 Rids Processed 401 KB of Key Data Processed 106 KB of Compressed Keys Produced Cont’d on next page….
- 60. DSN1COMP Report Cont’d from previous page… EVALUATION OF COMPRESSION WITH DIFFERENT INDEX PAGE SIZES: ---------------------------------------------- 8 K Page Buffer Size yields a 51 % Reduction in Index Leaf Page Space The Resulting Index would have approximately 49 % of the original index’s Leaf Page Space No Bufferpool Space would be unused ---------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------- 16 K Page Buffer Size yields a 74 % Reduction in Index Leaf Page Space The Resulting Index would have approximately 26 % of the original index’s Leaf Page Space 3 % of Bufferpool Space would be unused to ensure keys fit into compressed buffers ----------------------------------------------
- 61. References • My Blog: “Getting the Most out of DB2 for z/OS and System z” • http://blogs.ittoolbox.com/database/db2zos • IBM Redbook, “DB2 for OS/390 and Data Compression” (SG24-5261) • although a bit old (circa Nov 1998), it should answer most of your remaining data compression questions • “z/Architecture Principles of Operation” (SA22-7832) • for a complete description of the CMPSC instruction • “Enterprise Systems Architecture/390 Data Compression” (SA22-7208) • RedPaper “Index Compression with DB2 9 for z/OS” (REDP-4345) • “The Big Deal About Making Things Smaller: DB2 Compression” • z/Journal Magazine, February/March 2008 issue • IBM Journal of Research and Development • Volume 46, Numbers 4/5, 2002 - IBM eServer z900 • “The microarchitecture of the IBM eServer z900 processor”
- 62. Questions
- 64. Session: TDZ-1064B - Data and Index Compression Willie Favero IBM Senior Certified Consulting IT Software Specialist Dynamic Warehouse on System z Swat Team IBM Silicon Valley Laboratory IBM Certified Database Administrator - DB2 Universal Database V8.1 for z/OS IBM Certified Database Administrator – DB2 9 for z/OS IBM Certified DB2 9 System Administrator for z/OS wfavero@us.ibm.com