3. 03/12/2025 IoT Survey 3
Internet of Things (IoT)
• Internet of Things (IoT) is the internetworking of physical
devices, allows objects to be controlled remotely and
exchange information
• 25billion objects connected to the internet by 2020
• IoT is not merely about embedding software into devices; It's
about evaluating data, finding patterns, and extracting value
to make more strategic business decisions
• Cyber-physical System (CPS) is a mechanism controlled by
software and integrated with internet and users
• Applications: autonomous automobiles, health monitoring,
robotic systems, smart grids, smart homes
4. 03/12/2025 IoT Survey 4
IoT Roadway
• Everything will be connected to the Internet:
25B Things by 2020
5. 03/12/2025 IoT Survey 5
Why is it Happening now?
• An IoT solution (smart home, factory) 10 years ago:
– Expensive
– Custom made automation
• Now:
– Affordable hardware
– Smaller and powerful hardware, smart devices
– IoT protocols
– Cloud computing --> business model, cost effective, mass
data, secure, PaaS & SaaS Solutions
– Mass market awareness
6. 03/12/2025 IoT Survey 6
What is an IoT device ?
• Not just a sensor! (e.g., a smart home appliance or
a car, may have many sensors or none)
• Your car is your biggest connected IoT device
• IoT devices are connected objects that exchange
information between them (m2m) and the internet
• Sensing/Actuation: Objects can interfere with the
physical environment either passively, i.e.
performing sensing operations, or actively, i.e.
performing actions
7. 03/12/2025 IoT Survey 7
Characteristics of IoT Devices
Anything communicates: smart things have the ability to
wirelessly communicate among themselves, and form ad
hoc networks of interconnected objects.
Some CPU, memory and internet connectivity support
Anything is identified: smart things are identified with a
digital name. Relationships among things can be specified.
Each thing has a unique identifier (e.g., MAC address, UUID, IP
address but due to limited address space if IPv4 – 32bit address
space, IoT will have to use IPv6 - 128 bit address space)
Anything Interacts: Smart things can interact with their
environment through sensing and actuation capabilities
8. 03/12/2025 IoT Survey 8
Device Physical Identifies
• A thing has a Universally Unique IDentifier (UUID), a 128-bit
value
• Process:
– “Read’’ object by means of an appropriate device
– An identifier is returned
– Look up identifier in a device knowledge database
– Retrieving the set of features (description) associated to the device.
• Methods: RFID, QR-Code, NFC etc….
– Cheap in terms of requirements on the
– Electronics embedded in objects,
– A “reader” (RFID,QR code, NFC, etc.) must be used
9. 03/12/2025 IoT Survey 9
Examples of IoT Devices
1. Smart Phones 2. Wearable Devices
3. Smart home appliances
10. 03/12/2025 IoT Survey 10
IoT Management
• Device administrators perform tasks:
– Manage: Add new devices, remove devices from
the IoT platform, update firmware, edit device
descriptions, add calibration parameters etc.
– Monitor: Device status (on/off/sleep etc.), physical
location, device’s current actions real-time
– Control: Set status (e.g. turn on/off), define device
actions and behavior, temporarily enable/disable
devices, define how often device transmits data etc.
11. 03/12/2025 IoT Survey 11
IoT Applications
• Environmental monitoring: take and process measurements from
environment e.g. water, atmosphere, soil conditions, earthquake and
tsunami warning systems
• Infrastructure management: monitor and control infrastructures e.g.
bridges, rail tracks, wind farms, crop farms, …
• Manufacturing for responding to production and supply-chain, industrial
operations and maintenance demands (industry 4.0)
• Energy Management: sensors at buildings optimize energy production and
energy consumption in smart homes, buildings and cities (e.g. balance
power generation)
• Healthcare: remote health monitoring, emergency notification systems,
assisted living for the elderly and chronic patients
• Home automation, Ambient Assisted Living (AAL), transportation and traffic
control and consumer applications (e.g. smart retail)
13. 03/12/2025 13
The Road to 50 billion IoT Nodes by 2020
IoT Survey – Image from
https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/intelligent
-flexible-iot-nodes-diya-soubra
15. 03/12/2025 IoT Survey 15
IoT – Cloud Computing
• IoT will lead to production of large amounts of data
• Cloud computing is the infrastructure that allows elastic,
scalable services to be offered through Internet (e.g. data
storage and data analytics, improved decision making,
optimized monitoring), will enable users to access applications
from anywhere
• Fog computing suggests moving effort closer to Internet edges
for reducing network traffic, cloud computing loads and costs
• Event-based-architecture for detecting and reacting to events
(changes of state) realized as SOA (independent services
handling / passing messages)
18. 03/12/2025 IoT Survey 18
Sensors, Actuators
• Sensor: device that detects and responds to some type of input from
the environment
– Heat, motion, moisture, pressure …
– The output is a signal that is converted to a value in a human readable dispalay
or can be transmitted to a network location for processing or storage
• Actuator: system which converts electrical signals to physical actions
(for interacting with envrironment)
– Turn-on/off, sleep, move, transmit on demand
• Microcontroller: small computer on a single board containing processor,
memory and i/o peripherals.
– Embeded, low power consumption, small size
– For pace makers, engine control systems, etc
– Sometimes a smartphone (be aware of battery consumption)
19. 03/12/2025 IoT Survey 19
IoT Node Actuators
• A type of motor that is responsible for moving
or controlling a mechanism or system
• Operated by a source of energy and converts
that energy into motion
• Do something depending on
– A threshold sensor value
– Reasoner results
– On demand (decision of the user)
– Beware of the energy consumption
20. 03/12/2025 IoT Survey 20
IoT Node Shields
• Integrated solution on a board for secure
connectivity (e.g. AES encryption) along with
programmable board (m2m)
• Turn Arduino/Raspbury boards to a connected
and programmable IoT device
– 3G Shield
– GPS Shield
– Bluetooth
– WiFi
21. 03/12/2025 IoT Survey 21
IoT Node Microcontrollers
Programmable boards
Connect with USB and program with Arduino etc.
Developers can create the device logic and add sensors,
connectivity, actuators etc.
22. 03/12/2025 IoT Survey 22
IoT Node Microcontrollers
• An Intel 8742, an 8-
bit microcontroller
that includes a CPU
running at 12 MHz,
128 bytes of RAM,
2048 bytes of
EPROM, and I/O in
the same chip
25. 03/12/2025 IoT Survey 25
IoT Node Agent
• An embedded program that runs on an IoT
device and reports status of some asset or
environment values
• How it works:
– The agent “reads” status from sensors or local
connectivity to an asset
– Applies some rules or logic about how often to
send, how to aggregate info etc.
– Sends the info to the short-haul or long-haul
26. 03/12/2025 IoT Survey 26
IOT Node Operating Systems
• RIOT OS:
– Designed for maximum energy efficiency & hardware independent
development
– Support for 6LoWPAN, IPv6, TCP and UDP protocols
– Low resource requirements: Min RAM (~1.5kB) and Min ROM (~
5kB)
– Standard programming in C or C++
• Thingsquare:
– Software platform that product makers use to connect their
products with smartphones
– Runs on hardware with 64-256 kilobytes of flash and 16-32
kilobytes of RAM
27. 03/12/2025 IoT Survey 27
Device Privacy, Security Principles
• IoT Privacy issues: too much data and many entry points
– public profile -- > not desirable
– Eavesdropping --> users confidence to technology ?
• IoT Security issues: vulnerability to hacking,
– true IoT security (secure software for devices and network
connections) --> technology readiness ?
• Devices may compete with other devices on resources and
services (e.g. on same board or platform),
– can manage or damage other devices
• Devices should respect the privacy, security and safety of
other devices or people with which they interact
28. 03/12/2025 IoT Survey 28
Sensor Model Language (SensorML)
• Provides standard models and an XML encoding
for describing sensors, actuators and
measurement processes
• Approved Open Geospatial Consortium
(OGC) standard
31. 03/12/2025 IoT Survey 31
IoT Gateway
• Securely connects devices to a centralized control
system
• Must ensure data security, privacy
• Complies with the IoT devices protocol standards.
• Smartphones can act as Gateways!
32. 03/12/2025 IoT Survey 32
IoT Gateway agent
• A Program that runs on the GateWay
• Performs Data Aggregation and allows to remotely access and
control IoT devices
• The IoT device management system is Based on the Gateway
agent to gather data for monitoring devices status and
execute commands on devices
33. 03/12/2025 IoT Survey 33
Wireless Protocols
• Factors to take into consideration when choosing a
wireless protocol:
– Range: Take in mind the distance between devices that
need to communicate
– Energy consumption
– Topology: Point to point, star or mesh e.g., if we need
all devices to communicate with each other we cannot
choose Bluetooth or Lora
– Privacy: Longer range means less privacy
– Data rate: Data transmition speed limit (e.g., 24mbps)
34. 03/12/2025 34
RFID
• Radio-Frequency IDentification (RFID) is the use of radio waves to
read and capture information stored on a tag attached to an object
• A tag can be read from up to several meters away and does not
need to be within direct line-of-sight of the reader
• Uses tags, or labels attached to the objects to be identified.
• Uses “readers” to send a signal to the tag and read its response.
Readers transmit observations to a computer system running RFID
software
• RFID tags: 1) passive 2) active 3)battery assisted passive (if tags are
self powered they can transmit their data over greater distances
and they reply more quickly to the reader)
– The lower price per tag makes passive RFID systems attractive
https://blog.atlasrfidstore.com/active-rfid-
vs-passive-rfid
35. 03/12/2025 IoT Survey 35
RFID Characteristics and Examples
• Range: 10cm-200m
• Topology: Point to Point
• Power consumption:
Very Low
• Privacy: Mid
• Example: Road tolls,
Building Access
36. 03/12/2025 IoT Survey 36
Near Field Communication (NFC)
• Short-range wireless protocol that enable two electronic devices
(e.g. Smartphones) to communicate by bringing them close to
each other
• Each full NFC device can work in three modes:
– NFC card emulation—enables NFC-enabled devices such as smartphones
to act like smart cards, e.g., payment or ticketing
– NFC reader—enables NFC-enabled devices to read information stored on
inexpensive NFC tags embedded in labels or smart posters, credit cards
– NFC peer-to-peer—enables two NFC-enabled devices to communicate
with each other to exchange information
• NFC devices can be active (e.g. smartphones) or passive (e.g. NFC
tags on credit cards for contactless transactions)
37. 03/12/2025 IoT Survey 37
NFC Characteristics
• Utilizes Electromagnetics
radio fields (WIFI, BLE rely
on radio transmission)
• Topology: Point to Point,
• Power consumption: Very
Low (readers), none (tag)
• Privacy: High
• Security: ?
• Data Rates: 424 kbit/s
• Range: < 10cm
38. 03/12/2025 IoT Survey 38
ZigBee
• Low-cost, low-power, wireless mesh network standard targeted at
the wide development of long battery life devices in wireless
control and monitoring applications
• Characteristics:
– Topology: mesh, star, tree (one coordinator device)
– Range: 10-100m (line of sight); routers may extend communication at
network level
– Data Transfer Rate: 250 kbit/s
– Power consumption: Low
– Transmission distance: 10-100 meters
– Privacy: Mid
• Inexpensive, personal networks, Smart Home (home automation),
medical data collection from devices …
39. 03/12/2025 IoT Survey 39
Bluetooth
• Wireless standard for exchanging data over short
distances (using UHF radio waves from 2.4-2.485GHz)
• For fixed and mobile devices, building personal networks
(piconets), one coordinator device
• Characteristics:
– Range: 10m or greater
– Topology: Point to point
– Data Transfer Rate: 2.1 Mbit/s (BLE 1 Mbit/s)
– Power consumption: Mid (normal), low (BLE)
– Transmission distance: depends on device, typically small
– Privacy: Mid
40. 03/12/2025 IoT Survey 40
What makes Bluetooth better?
• Bluetooth is everywhere: built into nearly every phone,
laptop, desktop and tablet. Easy to connect a keyboard,
mouse, speakers or fitness band to phone or computer.
• Bluetooth is low power: with the advent of Bluetooth
Smart (BLE or Bluetooth low energy), developers are
able to create smaller sensors that run off tiny coin-cell
batteries for months, and in some cases, years Bluetooth
is low cost: you can add Bluetooth for a minimal cost.
You will need to buy a module/system on chip (SoC) and
pay an administrative fee to use the brand and license
41. 03/12/2025 IoT Survey 41
Bluetooth Low Energy v4.0 (BLE)
• Developed for IoT: easy mobile application development and
connectivity for cloud computing
• Activity monitoring, health monitoring (heart rate, glucose, blood
saturation level sensors), proximity sensors
• Key features of BLE:
– Industry-standard wireless protocol that allows for multi-vendor
interoperability
– Ultra-low peak, average and idle mode power consumption that gives
the ability to run for month(s) or years on standard coin-cell batteries
– Standardized application development architecture that leads to low
development and operational costs
– Allows for some of the tightest security in the industry with 128-bit AES
data encryption
42. 03/12/2025 IoT Survey 42
BLE GATT – ATT -GAP
• BLE defines GAP mechanism and two protocols (GATT, ATT)
• Generic Access Profile (GAP) defines the mechanism for BLE
devices to communicate with each other
– Makes a device visible and allows other devices to connect with other
– Controls connections and advertising and discovery process
– Once discovered the peripheral will stop advertising itself, can be
connected to one central device at a time
• Generic Attribute Profile (GATT): defines how data are formatted
and exchanged (two-way communication)
• GATT uses a Generic Attribute Protocol (ATT) that defines
services, their characteristics (e.g. sensed values) and ids (16-bit
ids) in a table
43. 03/12/2025 IoT Survey 43
Bluetooth Network Topology
• A peripheral can only be
connected to one central device
(such as a mobile phone) at a
time,
• The central device can be
connected to multiple
peripherals
• Central device: GATT server
• All messages pass through the
central device
• Communication can take place
in two directions
44. 03/12/2025 IoT Survey 44
BLE Communication
Data exchange:
GATT transactions are
based on high-level
(nested objects) called
Profiles, Services,
Characteristics
45. 03/12/2025 IoT Survey 45
BLE Profiles, Services, Characteristics
• Profile: A pre-defined collection of Services compiled by either the
Bluetooth SIG or by the peripheral designers
– The Heart Rate Profile, combines the Heart Rate Service and the Device
Information Service
• Service: break data up into logic entities, and contain specific
chunks of data called characteristics
– A service can have one or more characteristics,
– Each service distinguishes itself from other services by means of a
unique numeric ID called a UUID
– Heart rate service has a 16-bit UUID of 0x180D, and contains up to 3
characteristics: Heart Rate Measurement, Body Sensor Location and
Heart Rate Control Point
• Characteristic: specifies data types and formats of values
47. 03/12/2025 IoT Survey 47
Wi-Fi
• Allows devices to connect to a wireless LAN (WLAN)
network, mainly using the 2.4 gigahertz UHF and 5
gigahertz SHF radio bands.
• Wi-Fi compatible devices can connect to the Internet via
a WLAN network and a wireless access point
• Characteristics:
– Topology: star
– Data Transfer Rate: > 24 Mbit/s
– Power consumption: High
– Range: 30-100m
– Privacy: Low
48. 03/12/2025 IoT Survey 48
More Protocols
• Thread IPv6 for home networking
• Z-Wave for home networking
• Cellular for IoT operation in larger distances
• Cellular for IoT operation in larger distances
(GSM 3G/4G)
49. 03/12/2025 IoT Survey 49
Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWA)
Protocols
• Target wide area networking (between WiFi and Cellular)
• Operate in License Free bands (Below 1GhZ)
– Range 1-50Km (rural), 1-10 (urban)
– Low transmission rates: 10-10Kbps
– Low Level protocol, Aloha protocol
– Low energy consumption
• Many versions: LoRa, Neul, SigFox, NB-IoT, LTE-M, Weightless,
DASH7, 6LoWPAN
– Different business model
– LoRa is open: Any manufacturer can build a LoRa module or gateway or
run a LoRa network but,
– SemTech is the only company that produces the radio modulation chip
50. 03/12/2025 IoT Survey 50
DASH7
• Ultra Low Power sensor communication
• Bi-directional communication ideal for
objects sending sporadic data (smart
appliances, parking guidance, location-
presence detection)
• Has RF wake up (wake up signal)!
• In sleep mode less energy than BLE!
• Characteristics:
– Range: 1 km
– Topology: star
– Data Transfer Rate: 200 kbit/s
– Power consumption: Low
– Range: depends on device (e.g. 1Km)
– Privacy: very Low
51. 03/12/2025 IoT Survey 51
6LoWPAN
• 6LoWPAN is a low-power wireless mesh network allowing to
connect directly to the Internet using open standards
– IPv6 over Low power Wireless Personal Area Networks
– Every node (a thing) has its own IPv6 address
– Originated from the idea that IP protocols should be applied even
to the smallest low-power devices, so that they can participate in
IoT
• Characteristics:
– Range: 20m
– Topology: star
– Power consumption: mid
– Privacy: mid
52. 03/12/2025 IoT Survey 52
6LoWPAN Topology
• Nodes: Things (e.g. light bulbs, smoke detectors) each node carries an
IPv6 address.
• EDGE Router: gateway + IPv6 header is converted to standard IPv4 header
• Internet: for connection to Cloud
53. 03/12/2025 IoT Survey 53
Weightless
• Proprietary wireless technology standard for exchanging
data between a base station and thousands of machines
around it using White space (wavelength radio
transmissions in unoccupied TV transmission channels)
with high levels of security
• Characteristics:
– Range: < 10 Km
– Topology: star
– Power consumption: mid
– Privacy: Very High
• Examples: traffic sensors, industrial monitoring
54. 03/12/2025 IoT Survey 54
LoRa
• IoTs connect
directly to the
cloud or over a
network (cellular)
• For vendors who
need to deploy
their applications
on their own and
run the network by
themselves, LoRa is
the only option
58. 03/12/2025 58
IoT Platforms
• IoT Platforms are the central backbone of the IoT
infrastructure
– Support connectivity of devices with the platform
– Management of IoT Data
– Monitoring of the IoT network
– Data Analytics to make sense of plethora of data
generated by sensors
– Communication with end-user and external applications
– Security for devices and users
– Facilitate application development
59. 03/12/2025 IoT Survey 59
IoT Landscape
• IoT technology is far from being standardised
– Different hardware units
– Many different connection protocols
– Many solutions are proprietary
• IoT landscape can be compared to the Internet
in the 90’s
– Browser standardization battle (Explorer, Netscape)
– Search Engine battle (Yahoo, AltaVista, Lycos,
Copernicus)
60. 03/12/2025 IoT Survey 60
IoT Platforms as Products
• Mainly industry or domain specific platforms
– Support for specific services,
– Specific connectivity protocols
– Specific data formats
– Specific platform logic, data analytics, storage tailored to industry/domain
– Proprietary technologies
• Requirements:
– Scalability
– Handle heterogeneity of devices, communication protocols
– Easy connectivity of devices to the platform, reduce complexity of application
development
– Privacy, security mechanisms
– Open source technologies
– Portability
– Interoperability
66. 03/12/2025 IoT Survey 66
Amazon Web Services (AWS) IoT
• Makes it a lot easier for developers to connect sensors for multiple
applications ranging from automobiles to turbines to smart home light
bulbs
• Main features of AWS IoT platform are:
– Registry for recognizing devices
– Software Development Kit (SDK) for devices*
– Secure Device Gateway
– Rules engine for inbound message evaluation
– Device Shadows
• Device Shadows: JSON document that is used to store and retrieve current
information state for a thing (device, app)
• *Amazon has partnered with hardware manufacturers like Intel, Texas
Instruments, Broadcom and Qualcomm to create starter kits compatible
with their platform.
68. 03/12/2025 IoT Survey 68
Microsoft Azure IoT
• For processing the massive amount of information
generated by sensors
• Comes with Azure Stream Analytics (similar to Storm)
to process massive amounts of information in real-
time
• Features included in this platform are:
– Device shadowing
– A rules engine
– Identity registry
– Information monitoring
69. 03/12/2025 IoT Survey 69
Thing Worx IoT
• Designed for enterprise application
development It offers features like:
– Easy connectivity of devices to the platform
– Remove complexity of IoT application
development
– Sharing platform among developers for rapid
development
– Integrated machine learning for automating
complex big data analytics
70. 03/12/2025 IoT Survey 70
More IoT Platforms
• IBM IoT
• Intel IoT Platform
• Cisco IoT Cloud Connect
• Oracle Integrated Cloud
• General Electric Predix
• Xively IoT platform
• Salesforce IoT Cloud (creating sales orders , handling Services-
Request and order repairs automatically, Notifies customers through
texts directly on their devices)
• Carriots
• More information: Top10 IoT platforms
http://internetofthingswiki.com/top-10-iot-platforms/634/
71. 03/12/2025 IoT Survey 71
FIWARE IoT Platform (PaaS only)
• IoT Agents: Services to provide device connectivity with
cloud
– IDAS device management
– HTTP ultralight, CoAP, MQTT protocols (is extendible)
– Context Broker: context management
– Interacts with devices and subscribers
– NGSI2 protocol (formely NGSI 9/10)
• Complex Event Processing (CEP): handles events, rule
based management, triggers actions
• Identity Management (Keyrock): user authentication,
authorization
73. 03/12/2025 IoT Survey 73
Challenges and Research 1
• Standardization Issues:
– Uniform Device Identifier & Data structure
– Uniform thing naming scheme (how to name things)
– Web addressable IoTs (support for IPV6)?
• Massive Scaling:
– Architectural model to support the expected heterogeneity of
devices and applications
– How to authenticate access and protect devices, services, users
– Connectivity (handle different protocols)
– Keeping a historical record of a devices’ actions (use a
repository recording device control actions ?)
74. 03/12/2025 IoT Survey 74
Challenges and Research 2
• Things or sets of things must be disjoint and protected
from other devices
– Detect devices trying to access another device
– Detect and act due to conflicts / relationships between
interoperating devices
• In some cases, it makes sense to share devices and
information with applications (besides owner)
– e.g. home Health care application detects depression turns
on all the lights
– Energy management application turns lights off because no
motion is detected
75. 03/12/2025 IoT Survey 75
Challenges and Research 3
• Big data Analysis: Data Analysis for reasoning, reaching conclusions driving actuators or
for improving business operations
– statistical, machine learning, data mining
• Correct data association: Ensure that the collected data (and their inferences) are
associated with the correct individual
• Synchronization: may result to application failure (e.g., faulty clock synchronization)
– Not easy, too many Things in the network !
• Reliability/High Availability: e.g. No Single Point of Failure (SPF)
• Openness/Interoperability: System transparency i.e. access to information and allow
interactions with outside world (applications, devices, users)
– Related to service interoperability and data portability
– Unified communications interfaces will be required to enable efficient information exchange
across diverse systems
– e.g. cars exchanging information to avoid collision
• Balance between access to functionality and security and privacy ?
76. 03/12/2025 IoT Survey 76
Challenges and Directions 4
• Heal damages/anomalies due to security attacks:
– Detect the attack (anomaly detection)
– Diagnose the attack, and
– Deploy countermeasures and repairs
• Perform in a lightweight manner due to the types of low capacity
devices involved vs typical security solutions that require heavyweight
computations and large memory requirements
• Ideally, given the real-time nature of many IoTs, detection,
countermeasures and repairs must run in real-time as part of a
runtime self-healing architecture
– Detection system/components malfunctioning
– Intrusion Detection
– Anomaly Detection
78. 03/12/2025 IoT Survey 78
Consumer Application
• In a smart shop, products are equipped with sensors or tags with
their id which can be read by application on smartphones (RFID,
NFC, BLE)
• Customer and product info are send to the cloud which is
responsible for pushing notification and product info to customers
• Customers is informed about prices, where to buy, how to wear
(combine with other products - pre-selected product
combinations) and recommend products of same kind
• Decision matched with customer profile (age, living style)
• The cloud is also responsible for analyzing customers interests in
products and assist sales department to design promotion strategy
(data analytics)
81. 03/12/2025 IoT Survey 81
Industry 4.0
• Project of German Government which promotes
computerization of manufacturing through automation,
data exchange
• Synergy with CPS, IoT and Cloud Computing
• Smart factory: CPS monitor physical processes and take
decentralized decisions, communicate over Internet with
humans and with other processes (e.g. if failure in one
machine notify others to stall)
• Centralized decisions or services (e.g. production planning
or interferences, conflicting goals) are taken at higher
cloud computing level
83. 03/12/2025 IoT Survey 83
• Use real-time data collection and
alerts to let municipal services know
when a bin needs to be emptied
• Reduce the number of pick-ups
required
• Fuel and financial savings
• Predictions through Historical
Analysis
Waste Management
84. 03/12/2025 IoT Survey 84
Smart Home
• Sensors at home are connected to
Internet through gateways
• Improve living conditions at home e.g.
control operation of lighting, air
conditioning, window shields, operation
of home appliances (TVs, ovens etc.)
• Monitoring of Chronic Disease patients
• Improve safety at home e.g. fall detection
• Energy efficiency by monitoring e.g.
operation of home appliances
85. 03/12/2025 IoT Survey 85
Machine Vision Inspection
• Using networked sensors, cameras, and lasers to
analyze manufacturing processes
• Determine if a part is good or bad based on its
physical characteristics
• Identify if it is the right component for the job
87. 03/12/2025 IoT Survey 87
Crop Management
• Combines real-time sensor data from soil moisture
levels, weather forecasts, and pesticide usage from
farming sites into a consolidated web dashboard.
• Mashup :
• Farmers can use this data to spot crop issues and
remotely monitor all of the farms assets and
resource usage levels
