IoT - Unit 2 (Internet of Things-Concepts) - PPT.pdf

Topics to cover
 Introduction to Internet of Things (IoT): Definition,
Characteristics of IoT, Vision, Trends in Adoption of IoT,
IoT Devices, IoT Devices Vs Computers, Societal Benefits
of IoT, Technical Building Blocks.
 Physical Design of IoT: Things in IoT, Interoperability of
IoT Devices, Sensors and Actuators, Need of Analog /
Digital Conversion.
 Logical Design of IoT: IoT functional blocks, IoT
enabling technologies, IoT levels and deployment
templates, Applications in IoT.
 #Exemplar/Case Studies Exemplary device:
Raspberry Pi / Arduino: Programming: Arduino IDE/
Python, Interfacing. Other IoT Devices.
 *Mapping of Course Outcomes for Unit II : CO1,CO2

 From soil moisture sensors being used to optimize
farmer’s yields, to thermostats and thermometers, the
Internet of Things (IoT Technologies) is transforming
the way we live and work.
 Billions of networked ‘smart’ physical objects around
the world, on city streets, in homes and hospitals, are
constantly collecting and sharing data across the
internet, giving them a level of digital intelligence and
autonomy.

 Around a quarter of businesses were using IoT
technologies in 2019, according to McKinsey, up from 13%
in 2014.
 And already, there are more connected devices than people
in the world, according to the World Economic
Forum’s State of the Connected World report, and it is
predicted that by 2025, 41.6 billion devices will be
capturing data on how we live, work, move through our
cities and operate and maintain the machines on which we
depend.
 The digital transformation that is taking place due to
emerging technologies, including robotics, the IoT and
artificial intelligence, is known as the Fourth Industrial
Revolution – and COVID-19 has accelerated the use
of these technologies.

https://www.visionofhumanity.org/what-is-the-internet-of-things/

A Brief History of IoT Technologies
 The concept of adding sensors and intelligence to
physical objects was first discussed in the 1980s, when
some university students decided to modify a Coca-
Cola vending machine to track its contents remotely.
 But the technology was bulky and progress was
limited.

History of IoT
• Kevin Ashton, co-founder of the Auto-ID Center at MIT, first
mentioned the internet of things in a presentation he made to
Procter & Gamble (P&G) in 1999.
• Proposed radio frequency ID (RFID) chips on products to track
them through a supply chain.
• Ashton called his presentation "Internet of Things" to incorporate
the cool new trend of 1999: the internet

 In 2000, LG announced the first smart refrigerator
 In 2007 the first iPhone was launched
 By 2008, the number of connected devices exceeded
the number of people on the planet.
 In 2009, Google started testing driverless cars
 In 2011, Google’s Nest smart thermostat hit the market,
which allowed remote control of central heating.

Everyday Examples of Use Cases
Connected devices fall into three domains:
1. consumer IoT, such as wearables,
2. enterprise IoT, which includes smart factories and
precision agriculture,
3. public spaces IoT, such as waste management.
 Businesses use IoT to optimize their supply chains, manage
inventory and improve customer experience, while smart
consumer devices such as the Amazon Echo speaker, are
now ubiquitous in homes due to the prevalence of low-cost
and low-power sensors.
 Cities have been deploying IoT technology for more than a
decade – to streamline everything from water meter
readings to traffic flow.

Internet of Things (IoT)
 The internet of things, or IoT, is a system of interrelated
computing devices, mechanical and digital machines, objects,
animals or people that are provided with unique identifiers (UIDs)
and the ability to transfer data over a network without requiring
human-to-human or human-to-computer interaction.
 The concept of basically connecting any device with an on and off
switch to the Internet (and/or to each other).
 This includes everything from cellphones, coffee makers, washing
machines, headphones, lamps, wearable devices and almost
anything else you can think of.

Internet of Things (IoT)
• IOT refers to the ever-growing network of physical objects that
feature an IP address for internet connectivity, and the
communication that occurs between these objects and other
Internet- enabled devices and systems.
OR
• The Internet of Things (IoT) is the network of devices such as
vehicles, and home appliances that contain electronics, software,
actuators, and connectivity which allows these things to connect,
interact and exchange data

Vision of IoT
The vision of the IoT can be seen from two perspectives
“Internet-centric” and “thing-centric.”
The Internet-centric architecture involves
Internet services as the main focus, as
data is being generated by the ― “things".
 In the thing-centric architecture, smart devices
take the center stage.
Equinix is at the heart of the interconnected world of
the Internet, so we’re focused on the Internet-centric
view.

Vision of IoT
A roadmap of key developments in IoT research, which includes the
technology drivers and key application outcomes expected in the next
decade, is shown below:::

The IoT challenges:
 The increasing number of real-time IoT apps will stress the performance
capabilities of today’s networks. To provide a high- quality user
experience, we need to find ways to reduce the end-to-end latency
among machine-to-machine interactions to single-digit milliseconds.
 In addition to pushing the limits of the network, IoT challenges include:
privacy, participatory sensing, data analytics, geographic information
system-based visualization and cloud computing.
 Networks also face standard wireless sensor network issues, including
architecture, energy-efficiency, security, protocols, and Quality of
Service.

How IOT Works
 An IoT ecosystem consists of web-enabled smart devices that use
embedded processors, sensors and communication hardware to
collect, send and act on data they acquire from their environments.
 IoT devices share the sensor data they collect by connecting to an IoT
gateway or other edge device where data is either sent to the cloud to
be analyzed or analyzed locally.
 Sometimes, these devices communicate with other related devices and
act on the information they get from one another.
 The devices do most of the work without human intervention,
although people can interact with the devices -- for instance, to set
them up, give them instructions or access the data.

Benefits of IoT
of benefits to
 The internet of things offers a number
organizations, enabling them to:
 monitor their overall business processes;
 improve the customer experience;
 save time and money;
 enhance employee productivity;
 integrate and adapt business models;
 make better business decisions; and
 generate more revenue.

IoT Intro….
 Internet of Things (IoT) comprises things that have
unique identities and are connected to the internet.

IoT Intro [Points to remember]….
1.Existing devises , such as networked computers or 4G
enabled mobile phones already have some form of
unique identities and are also connected to the internet,
the focus on IoT in the configuration, control and
networking via the internet of devices or things , that are
traditionally not associated with the Internet. These
include devices such as thermostats, utility meters, a
blue tooth- connected headset, irrigation pumps and
sensor or control circuits for an electric car’s engine

IoT Intro [Points to remember]….
2. The scope of IoT is not limited to just connected
things(Devices, appliance, machines) to the Internet.
3. Applications on IoT networks extract and create
information from lower level data by filtering,
processing , categorizing, condensing and
contextualizing the data.
4. The information obtained is then organized and
structured to infer knowledge about the system and or
its user, its environment and its operations and progress
towards its objectives, allowing a smarter performance.

Definition of IoT
 A dynamic global network infrastructure with self-
configuring capabilities based on standard and
interoperable communication protocols where
physical and virtual "things" have identities, physical
attributes, and virtual personalities and use intelligent
interfaces, and are seamlessly integrated into the
information network, often communicate data
associated with users and their environments.

Characteristics of IoT
 Dynamic & Self-Adapting
 Self-Configuring
 Interoperable Communication Protocols
 Unique Identity
 Integrated into Information Network

1. Dynamic and self-Adapting
 IoT devices and systems may have the capability to
dynamically adapt with the changing contexts and
take actions based on their operating condition.
 Ex: Surveillance cameras can adapt their modes based
on whether it is day or night.

2. Self – Configuring
 IoT devices may have self-Configuring capability
allowing a large number of devices to work together to
provide certain functionality .

3. Interoperable communication
protocols
 IoT Devices may support a number of interoperable
communication protocols and can communicate with
other devices and also with the infrastructure.

4. Unique Identity
 Each IoT devices has a unique identity and a unique
identifier (IP address, URI).
 IoT systems may have intelligent interfaces which
adapt based on the context, allow communication with
users and the environment contexts.

5. Integrated into information
network
 IoT devices are usually integrated into the information
network that allows them to communicate and
exchange data with other devices and systems.

Features of IoT
https://data-flair.training/blogs/iot-tutorial/

Internet of Things: Overview
• Internet has undergone remarkable changes
since its first launch in 1960s.
• Internet is transformed to service oriented
ubiquitous infrastructure due to anything,
anytime and anywhere
operations.

l
 In such ambient environment not only users
become ubiquitous but also devices.
 The context of devices becomes transparent
and ubiquitous.

●Networked world swamped with
 information.
 Sources of information,
 Services present on devices,
 communication infrastructures
 the Internet.
● Need for privacy and security model.

●IoT is mandatory subset of future Internet.
●Every virtual and physical device can
communicate.
● Seamless services to all stakeholders.

Internet of Things: Vision
goal is to have plug-n-play
●The end
smart objects that can be deployed in any
with an interoperable
environment
interconnection backbone that
smart
allows
objects
them to blend with other
around them.
●Standardization of frequency bands and
protocols plays a pivotal role in
accomplishing this goal.

●Interconnecting and intercommunicating
devices.
●Using technologies such as RFID, NFC,
ZigBee, Wifi and Bluetooth.

Trends in development and
deployment of IoT applications
● Miniaturization of devices.
● Mobile phones as information gathering.
● Lower power devices
● Support for big data.
● Smart management.

Points Covered
 Introduction to Internet of Things (IoT):
Definition
Characteristics of IoT
Vision
Trends in adaption of IoT

IoT Devices
 Internet of things (IoT) devices are nonstandard computing
hardware -- such as sensors, actuators or appliances -- that
connect wirelessly to a network and can transmit data.
 IoT extends internet connectivity beyond typical computing
devices -- such as desktops, laptops, smartphones and tablets
-- to any range of traditionally dumb or non-internet-enabled
physical devices and everyday objects.
 Embedded with technology, these devices can communicate
and interact over the internet, and can be remotely
monitored and controlled.

IoT Devices
 IoT devices have both industrial and consumer uses
and are typically integrated into other tools such as
mobile devices, industrial equipment and medical
devices.
 Over a broad range, they can also be used in smart
cities.
 They're then used to send data or interact with other
IoT devices over a network.
 IoT and IoT devices aid in making daily activities
faster, easier or more convenient for consumers while
also providing real-time data for industrial or
enterprise use cases.

How does IoT work?
 A typical IoT system works through the real-time
collection and exchange of data.
 An IoT system has three components:
1.Smart devices
2.IoT application
3.A graphical user interface

1.Smart devices
 This is a device, like a television, security camera, or
exercise equipment that has been given computing
capabilities.
 It collects data from its environment, user inputs, or
usage patterns and communicates data over the
internet to and from its IoT application.

2.IoT application
 An IoT application is a collection of services and
software that integrates data received from various IoT
devices.
 It uses machine learning or artificial intelligence (AI)
technology to analyze this data and make informed
decisions.
 These decisions are communicated back to the IoT
device and the IoT device then responds intelligently
to inputs.

3.A graphical user interface
 The IoT device or fleet of devices can be managed
through a graphical user interface.
 Common examples include a mobile application or
website that can be used to register and control smart
devices.

IoT Device Example
 Raspberry Pi 4 model B

Difference between IoT devices and Computers:
IOT Devices Computers
IoT devices are special-purpose devices. Computers are general-purpose devices.
IoT devices can do only a particular task
for which it is designed.
Computers can do so many tasks.
The hardware and software built-in in the
IoT devices are streamlined for that
particular task.
The hardware and software built-in in the
computers are streamlined to do many
tasks(such as calculation, gaming, music
player, etc. )
IoT devices can be cheaper and faster at a
particular task than computers, as IoT
devices are made to do that particular
task.
A computer can be expensive and slower
at a particular task than an IoT device.
Examples: Music Player- iPod, Alexa,
smart cars, etc.
Examples: Desktop computers, Laptops,
etc.

What are the benefits of IoT in society?
 The Internet of Things (IoT) has had a significant impact
on society in several ways:
1. Improved efficiency: The IoT has made it possible to
automate processes and connect devices, leading to
increased efficiency in industries such as
manufacturing, logistics, and healthcare.
2. Enhanced convenience: IoT has made it possible for
people to remotely control devices such as thermostats,
lighting, and security systems, making their lives more
convenient.
3. Better health outcomes: IoT has enabled the creation
of wearable devices that monitor vital signs and provide
real-time data to healthcare professionals, helping
them to provide better care.

What are the benefits of IoT in society?
4. Enhanced safety and security: IoT can help monitor and
respond to emergency situations more quickly and
effectively, improving public safety. For example, smart
home security systems can provide remote monitoring and
control, while smart city technology can detect and respond
to natural disasters, traffic congestion, and other
emergencies.
5. Environmental benefits: IoT can help reduce waste and
conserve energy by optimizing resource utilization and
reducing emissions. For example, smart home technology
can reduce energy usage and smart city technology can
optimize public transportation, reducing traffic and air
pollution.
6. New business opportunities: IoT has created new
business opportunities in areas such as smart homes,
wearable technology, and industrial automation, leading to
job creation and economic growth.
https://www.arduino.cc/education/societal-benefits-of-the-iot

IoT security and privacy issues
 The internet of things connects billions of devices to the internet and
involves the use of billions of data points, all of which need to be
secured.
 Due to its expanded attack surface, IoT security and IoT privacy
are
cited as major concerns.
 One of the most notorious recent IoT attacks was Mirai-a Botnet

What is Mirai Botnet???
 Mirai is a self-propagating botnet virus.
 The source code for Mirai was made publicly available by the
author after a successful and well publicized attack on the Brian
Krebs blog [investigating the vDOS botnet].
 Since then the source code has been built and used by many
others to launch attacks on internet infrastructure (ref Dyn).
 The Mirai botnet code infects poorly protected internet devices
by using telnet to find those that are still using their factory default
username and password.

Mirai Botnet
 The Mirai botnet is a malware designed to hijack Internet
of Things (IoT) devices and turn them into remotely
controlled “bots” capable of launching powerful volumetric
distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks.
 First seen in August 2016 and has since been used to launch
large DDoS attacks on websites, networks and other digital
infrastructure.
 Mirai was published as a source code by “Anna-senpai” to a
public and easily accessible forum.
 The malicious code allows an attacker to gain control of
vulnerable IoT devices such as webcams, DVRs, IP cameras,
and routers.
 In early 2017, Krebs publicly named Josiah White and Paras
Jha as the likely creators of Mirai botnet.

How does Mirai work?
 The Mirai botnet works by scanning for vulnerable IoT
devices that have open ports or default usernames and
passwords.
 Once it finds these vulnerable devices, it uses exploits to
gain access and infects them with its malicious code.
 The infected device then joins the Mirai botnet which
allows the attacker to send commands from a central server
which is known as a “command & control” server (C&C).
 This C&C server can then be used to launch large-scale
DDoS attacks on websites, networks and other digital
infrastructure by using all of the bots in the Mirai Botnet at
once.

How Mirai Works
 Two main components to Mirai:
 the virus itself and
 Command and
Control Center (CnC).
 The virus contains the attack vectors, Mirai has ten vectors that it can
launch, and a scanner process that actively seeks other devices to
compromise.
 The CnC is a separate image that controls the compromised devices
(BOT) sending them instructions to launch one of the attacks against one
or more victims.

How Mirai Works
 The scanner process runs continuously on each BOT using the telnet
protocol (on TCP port 23 or 2323) to try and login to IP addresses at
random.
 The login tries up to 60 different factory default username and password
pairs when login succeeds the identity of the new BOT and its credentials
are sent back to the CnC.
 The CnC supports a simple command line interface that allows the
attacker to specify an attack vector, a victim(s) IP address and an attack
duration.
 The CnC also waits for its existing BOTs to return newly discovered
device addresses and credentials which it uses to copy over the virus code
and in turn create new BOTs.

The Mirai Code
 The virus is built for multiple different CPU architectures (x86,
ARM, Sparc, PowerPC, Motorola)
 Once the virus is loaded into memory on the BOT it deletes itself
from the BOT’s disk.
 The virus will remain active until the BOT is rebooted.
 Immediately after a reboot the device is free of the virus however it only
takes a few minutes before its once again discovered and re-infected.
 The attack vectors are highly configurable from the CnC but by default
Mirai tends to randomize the various fields (port numbers, sequence
numbers, ident etc) in the attack packets so they change with
every packet sent.

Mirai botnet analysis and detection
 The best way to protect against Mirai Botnet attacks is by
ensuring that your IoT devices are secure at all times.
 This means regularly updating firmware on any connected
device, changing default passwords, disabling remote
access if not needed, keeping your network firewall up-to-
date, regularly monitoring for suspicious activity and
avoiding public Wi-Fi networks whenever possible.
 It's also important to note that many IoT manufacturers
now offer security solutions specifically designed for their
products, so it's worth researching what type of protection
your connected devices offer before purchasing them.
 Finally, if you suspect your device has already been
compromised by a Mirai attack, you should immediately
disconnect it from your home network until you can
confirm its safety.

Technical Building blocks of IoT

Technical Building blocks of IOT

Technical Building Blocks of IoT
Thing:
 “Thing”in IoT is theassetthatyou wantto control or
monitoror measure, that is, observe closely.
 In many IoT products, the “thing” gets fully incorporated
into a smart device.
 For example, products like a smartrefrigerator or an
Automatic vehicle. These products control and monitor
themselves.
 There are sometimes many other applications where the thing
stands as an alone device, and a separate product is
connected to ensure it possesses smart capabilities.

DataAcquisition Module
 Focuses on acquiring physical signals from the thing which is
being observed or monitored and converting them into digital
signals that can be manipulated or interpreted by a computer.
 Hardware component of an IoT system that contains all the
sensors that help in acquiring real-world signals such as
temperature, pressure, density, motion, light, vibration, etc.
The type and number of sensors you need depend on your
application.
 Also includes the necessary hardware to convert the incoming
sensor signal into digital information for the computer to use it.
This includes conditioning of incoming signal, removing noise,
analog-to-digital conversion, interpretation, and scaling.

Data Processing Module
The third building block of the IoT device is the data
processing module. This is the actual ―computer‖
and the main unit that processes the data performs
operations such as local analytics, stores data locally,
and performs some other computing operations.
Communication Module
The last building block of IoT hardware is the
communications module. This is the part that
enables communications with your Cloud Platform,
and with 3rd party systems either locally or in the
Cloud.

Physical Design of IoT
 The "Things" in IoT usually refers to IoT devices which
have unique identities and can perform remote sensing,
actuating and monitoring capabilities.
 IoT devices can:
• Exchange data with other connected devices and
applications (directly or indirectly), or
• Collect data from other devices and process the data locally
or
• Send the data to centralized servers or cloud-based
application back-ends for processing the data, or
• Perform some tasks locally and other tasks within the IoT
infrastructure, based on temporal and space constraint

Generic block diagram of An IoT Device

Generic block diagram of An IoT
Device
An IoT device may consist of
 several interfaces for connections to other devices,
both wired and wireless.
• I/O interfaces for sensors
• Interfaces for Internet connectivity
• Memory and storage interfaces
• Audio/video interfaces.

Things in IoT
 An IoT Device can collect various types of data from
the onboard or attached sensors, such as temperature,
humidity, light intensity.
 IoT devices can also be varied types, for instance,
wearable sensors, smart watches, LED light
automobiles and industrial machines.
 Generate data in Some form or the other which when
processed by Data Analytics systems leads to useful
information to guide further actions locally or
remotely.

Points Covered
 Introduction to Internet of Things (IoT):
Definition
Characteristics of IoT
Vision
Trends in adaption of IoT
IoT Devices
IoT Devices Vs Computers
Societal Benefits of IoT
Technical Building Blocks.
 Physical Design of IoT:
Things in IoT

Link Layer
 Link Layer protocols determine how the data is
physically sent over the network’s physical layer or
medium(example copper wire, electrical cable, or
radio wave).
 The scope of the link layer is the local network
connections to which host is attached.
 Host on the same link exchange data packets over the
link layer using the link layer protocols.
 Link layer determines how the packets are coded and
signaled by the hardware device over the medium to
which the host is attached (such as a coaxial cable).

802.3 – Ethernet
 802.3 is a collections of wired Ethernet standards for the link
layer.
 For example,
 802.3 10BASE5 Ethernet that uses coaxial cable as a shared
medium,
 802.3.i is standard for 10 BASET Ethernet over copper twisted
pair connection,
 Standards provide data rates from 10 Mb/s to 40 gigabits per
second and the higher.
 The shared medium in Ethernet can be a coaxial cable ,
twisted pair wire or and Optical fiber.
 Shared medium carries the communication for all the
devices on the network.

Ethernet 802.3
 Ethernet is a set of technologies and protocols that are
used primarily in LANs.
 It was first standardized in 1980s by IEEE 802.3
standard.
 IEEE 802.3 defines the physical layer and the medium
access control (MAC) sub-layer of the data link layer
for wired Ethernet networks.
 Ethernet is classified into two categories: classic
Ethernet and switched Ethernet.

Classic Ethernet
 Classic Ethernet is the original form of Ethernet that
provides data rates between 3 to 10 Mbps.
 The varieties are commonly referred as 10BASE-X.
 Here, 10 is the maximum throughput, i.e. 10 Mbps,
BASE denoted use of baseband transmission, and X is
the type of medium used.
 Most varieties of classic Ethernet have become
obsolete in present communication scenario.

Ethernet 802.3 10BASE5
 The 10 refers to its transmission speed of 10 Mbit/s.
 The BASE is short for baseband signaling (as opposed
to broadband[a]), and
 the 5 stands for the maximum segment length of 500
meters

Switched Ethernet
 A switched Ethernet uses switches to connect to the
stations in the LAN.
 It replaces the repeaters used in classic Ethernet and
allows full bandwidth utilization.

 There are a number of versions of IEEE 802.3 protocol. The
most popular ones are -
1. IEEE 802.3: This was the original standard given for 10BASE-5.
It used a thick single coaxial cable into which a connection
can be tapped by drilling into the cable to the core. Here, 10 is
the maximum throughput, i.e. 10 Mbps, BASE denoted use of
baseband transmission, and 5 refers to the maximum
segment length of 500m.
2. IEEE 802.3a: This gave the standard for thin coax (10BASE-2),
which is a thinner variety where the segments of coaxial
cables are connected by BNC connectors. The 2 refers to the
maximum segment length of about 200m (185m to be
precise).

3. IEEE 802.3i: This gave the standard for twisted
pair (10BASE-T) that uses unshielded twisted
pair (UTP) copper wires as physical layer
medium. The further variations were given by
IEEE 802.3u for 100BASE-TX, 100BASE-T4 and
100BASE-FX.
4. IEEE 802.3i: This gave the standard for Ethernet
over Fiber (10BASE-F) that uses fiber optic cables
as medium of transmission.

802.1- WI-FI
 IEEE 802.3 is a collections of wireless Local area
network (WLAN) communication standards,
including extensive descriptions of the link layer.
 For example,
 802.11a operate in the 5 GHz band,
 802.11b and 802.11g operate in the 2.4 GHz band.
 802.11ac operates in the 5 GHz band.
 802.11ad operates in the 60G hertz band
 These standards provide data rates from 1 Mbps to
upto 6.75Gbps.

802.16 wiMAX
 IEEE 802.16 is a collection of wirless broadband and
Standards, including extensive descriptions for the
link layer also called WiMAX.
 Wimax standard provides a data rates from from 1.5
Mbps to 1Gbps.
 The recent update provides data rates of hundred
Mbps for mobile station.

802.15.4 LR-WPAN
 IEEE 802.15.4 is a collections of standard for low rate
wireless personal area network(LR-WPAN).
 These standard form the basis of specifications for
high level communication Zigbee.
 LR-WPAN standards provide data rates from 40 kbps
200kbps.
 These standards provide low cost and low speed
Communications for power constrained devices.

2G/3G/4G mobile communications
 These are the different generations of mobile
communication standards including second
generation (2G including GSM and CDMA).
 3rd Generation (3G including UMTS and CDMA2000)
and 4th generation 4G including LTE.
 IoT devices based on these standards communicate
over cellular networks.
 Data rates for these standards range from 9 Kbps [2G]
to 100 Mbps [4G].

Network / internet layer
 The network layer are responsible for sending of IP
datagrams from the source network to the destination
network.
 This layer performs the host addressing and packet
routing.
 The datagrams contains a source and destination
address which are used to route them from the source
to the destination across multiple networks.
 Host Identification is done using the hierarchy IP
addressing schemes such as IPv4 or IPv6.

Network/Internet Layer
 IPv4 : 32-bit address scheme
 IPv6 : 128-bit address scheme
 6LoWPA :
 (IPv6 over Low-Power Wireless Personal Area Networks), is a
low power wireless mesh network where every node has its
own IPv6 address.
 This allows the node to connect directly with the Internet
using open standards.
 It was created with the intention of applying the Internet
Protocol even to the smallest devices, enabling low-power
devices with limited processing capabilities to participate in
the Internet of Things
 2.4 GHz frequency range and provides data transfer rates of
250Kbps
 Works with 802.15.4link layer protocol

Transport layer
 The Transport layer protocols provides end-to-end
message transfer capability independent of the
underlying network.
 The message transfer capability can be set up on
connections, either using handshake or without
handshake acknowledgements.
 Provides functions such as error control ,
segmentation, flow control and congestion control.

Transport Layer
 TCP
 UDP

TCP
 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
 a communications standard that enables application programs and
computing devices to exchange messages over a network
 It is designed to send packets across the internet and ensure the
successful delivery of data and messages over networks.
 Most widely used to transport layer protocol that is used by the web
browsers along with HTTP , HTTPS application layer protocols
email program (SMTP application layer protocol) and file transfer
protocol
 A connection Oriented and stateful protocol while IP protocol deals
with sending packets, TCP ensures reliable transmissions of packets
in order.
 TCP also provide error detection capability so that duplicate packets
can be discarded and low packets are retransmitted.
 The flow control capability ensures that the rate at which the sender
sends the data is not to too to high for the receiver to process.
 The congestion control capability of TCP helps in avoiding network
congestion and congestion collapse which can lead to degradation
of network performance.

UDP
 User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
 a communications protocol for time-sensitive applications
like gaming, playing videos, or Domain Name System (DNS)
lookups
 results in speedier communication because it does not spend
time forming a firm connection with the destination before
transferring the data
 unlike TCP, which requires carrying out an initial setup
procedure, UDP is a connection less protocol
 useful for time sensitive application that have very small data
units to exchange and do not want the overhead of
connection setup.
 UDP is a transactions oriented and stateless protocol.
 UDP does not provide guaranteed delivery, ordering of
messages and duplicate eliminations.

Application layer
 Application layer protocol define how the application
interfaces with the lower layer protocols to send the
data over the network.
 Data are typically in files, is encoded by the
application layer protocol and encapsulated in the
transport layer protocol.
 Application layer protocol enable process-to-process
connection using ports.

Application Layer
 HTTP
 CoAP
 WebSocket
 MQTT
 XMPP
 DDS
 AMQP

HTTP
 Hypertext transfer protocol is the application layer protocol
that forms the foundations of world wide web http
includes, ,commands such as GET, PUT, POST, DELETE,
HEAD, TRACE, OPTIONS etc.
 The protocol follows a request-response model where are
client sends request to server using the http, commands.
 HTTP is a stateless protocol and each http request is
independent of other request and http client can be a
browser or an application running on the client example
and application running on an IoT device, mobile, mobile
applications or other software.

HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol)
 Hypertext Transfer Protocol is the most widely used
protocol for navigating the Internet and to make data
available over REST-APIs.
 The main advantage of using HTTP for IoT is that web
application developers can use the same mechanism to
send data to a Webserver - via an HTTP POST request.
 The drawbacks are that HTTP uses a connectionless
request-respond communication, meaning every message
needs to include authentication information—which
requires data and energy consumption.
 Nevertheless, HTTP might be ideal for use cases which
have fewer data and battery constraints and where devices
already need to call existing REST-APIs.

CoAP (Constrained Application Protocol)
 Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) is designed
for low-power, lossy networks, also known as
“constrained” networks.
 CoAP is usually paired with User Datagram Protocol
(UDP) which makes it highly efficient, making it
appealing for IoT applications where battery
conservation is important.
 For example, it’s often used in smart meter
communications.
 CoAP can also use TCP or SMS as transport
mechanism.

WebSocket
 WebSocket is a bi-directional communication protocol
designed to quickly send large quantities of data in web
applications.
 A WebSocket establishes a connection between client and
server and therefore after the initial connection
establishment—every single message only has small
overhead.
 Devices and servers can simultaneously transmit and
receive data in real-time, making this protocol best-suited
for IoT applications where low latency is critical,
communication happens frequently, and data consumption
is less important.

MQTT (Message Queueing Telemetry Transport)
 MQTT is a lightweight communication protocol specifically
designed for IoT and M2M applications.
 It’s ideal for remote environments or applications with limited
bandwidth.
 MQTT uses a connection oriented publish/subscribe architecture,
where MQTT applications can either publish (transmit) or
subscribe to (receive) topics, and an MQTT broker passes
information from the publishing client to the subscribed client.
 So for instance, an oil rig may have a predictive maintenance sensor
that detects changes in vibrations and uses the MQTT protocol.
 The sensor “publishes” the vibration level to the broker, which the
MQTT broker then passes to a software application that has
subscribed to the topic “vibrations,” which can then trigger an alert
when the level is above a threshold.

DDS [Data distribution service]
 DDS is the date centric middleware standard for device-
to-device machine to machine communication .
 DDS uses a publish subscribe model where publisher
example device that generate data create topics to which
subscribers per can subscribe publisher is an object
responsible for data distributions and the subscriber
responsible for receiving published data.
 DDS provide quality of service (QoS) control and
configurable reliability

AMQP: Advanced Message
Queuing protocols
 it is an open application layer protocol for business
messaging.
 AMQP support point to point and publish - subscribe
model routing and queuing.
 AMQP broker receive message from publishers
example devices or applications that generate data and
about them over connections to consumers publishers
publish the message to exchange which then distribute
message copies to queues.

Logical Design of IoT
 Logical design of an IoT system refers to an abstract
representation of the entities and processes without going
into the low-level specifics of the implementation.
 An IoT system comprises a number of functional blocks that
provide the system the capabilities for identification,
sensing, actuation, communication and management.

Logical Design of IoT
 Device : An IoT system comprises of the devices such as sensing,
actuation, monitoring and control functions.
 Communication : communication block handle the communication
systems
 Services : An IoT system uses various types of IoT Protocols Services
like device monitoring, device control services, data publishing services
and device discovery
 Management : Functional blocks provide various functions to govern
the IoT system
 Security : Security functional block secures IoT system by providing
functions such as application authorization message and content
integrity and data security.
 Applications: IoT application provides and interface that the user can
used to control and monitor various aspects of the IoT system.
Application also allow users to view the system status and view or
analyze the processed to data.

IoT Communication Models
1. Request–Response Communication Model
2. Publish–Subscribe Communication Model
3. Push–Pull Communication Model
4. Exclusive Pair Communication Model

Request–Response Communication Model
Request–Response is a communication model in which the
client sends requests to the server and the server responds to the
requests.
When the server receives a request, it decides how to respond, fetches
the data, retrieves resource representations, prepares the response
and then sends the response to the client.
Stateless communication model
Each request –response pair is independent of others

Publish–Subscribe Communication Model
Model that involves publishers, brokers and consumers.
Publishers are the source of data. Publishers send the data to
the topics which are managed by the broker. Publishers are
not aware of the consumers.
Consumers subscribe to the topics which are managed by the
broker.
When the broker receives data for a topic from the publisher,
it sends the data to all the subscribed consumers.

Push–Pull Communication Model
The data producers push the data to queues and the consumers pull
the data from the queues. Producers do not need to be aware of the
consumers.
Queues help in decoupling the messaging between the producers
and consumers.
Queues also act as a buffer which helps in situations when there is a
mismatch between the rate at which the producers push data and
the rate at which the consumers pull data.

Exclusive Pair Communication Model
 Exclusive Pair is a bidirectional, fully duplex communication model that
uses a persistent connection between the client and the server.
 Once the connection is set up it, remains open until the client sends a
request to close the connection.
 Client and server can send messages to each other after connection setup.

IoT communication APIs
 REST- based communication API:

REST-based Communication APIs
Representational State Transfer (REST) is a set of architectural
principles by which you can design web services and web APIs that
focus on a system’s resources and how resource states are addressed
and transferred.
 REST APIs follow the request–response communication model.
 REST architectural constraints apply to the components,
connectors and data elements within a distributed hypermedia
system.

REST-based Communication APIs Constraints
Client – Server
Stateless
Cache-able
Layered System
Uniform Interface
Code on demand

1. Client server: The principle behind the client-server
conference separations of concerns. For example, client
should not be concerned with the storage of data which is
their concern of the server. Similarly, the server should
not be concerned about the user interface which is a
concern of the client. Separation allows client and server
to be independently deployed and updated.
2. Stateless: Each request from client to server must
contain all the information necessary to understand the
request , and cannot take advantage of any stored context
on the server .

3. Cache-able: Cache constraint requires that the data within a
response to a request be implicitly or explicitly labeled as
cache-able or non-cache-able. If a response is cache-able,
then a client cache is given the right to reuse that response
data for later, equivalent requests. Caching can partially or
completely eliminate some interactions and improve
efficiency and scalability.
4. Layered system: Layered system constraint, constraints the
behavior of components such that each component cannot
see beyond the immediate layer with which they are
interacting. Example client cannot tell whether it is
connected directly to the end server or to an intermediary
along the way. System scalability can be improved allowing
intermediaries to respond to requests instead of the end
server, without the client having to do anything different.

5. Uniform interface: Uniform interface constraints
requires that the method of communication between
client and server must be uniform. Resources are
identified in the request (by URIs in web based systems)
and are themselves separate from the representations of
the resource that are returned to the client. When
climbing holds a representation of a resource it has all
the information required to update or delete the resource
(provided the client has required permissions). Each
message includes enough information to describe how to
process the message.
6. Code on demand : Server can provide executable code
script for clients to execute in their context. This is the
only optional constraint.

Revise : WebSocket Protocol
 WebSocket is a bi-directional communication protocol
designed to quickly send large quantities of data in web
applications.
 A WebSocket establishes a connection between client and
server and therefore after the initial connection
establishment—every single message only has small overhead.
 Devices and servers can simultaneously transmit and receive
data in real-time, making this protocol best-suited for IoT
applications where low latency is critical, communication
happens frequently, and data consumption is less important.

WebSocket-based Communication APIs
WebSocket APIs allow bi-
directional, full duplex
communication between
clients and servers.
WebSocket APIs follow
the exclusive pair
communication model.
Web Socket is a low-level
protocol.

Difference between REST and WebSocket-based service
Parameter REST WebSocket
State Stateless Stateful
Directional Unidirectional Bidirectional
Req-Res/Full
Duplex
Follow Request Response
Model
Exclusive Pair Model
TCPConnections Each HTTP request involves
setting up a new TCP
Connection
Involves a single TCP
Connection for all
request
Header Overhead Each request carries HTTP
Headers,hence not suitable
for real-time
Does not involve
overhead of headers.
Scalability Both horizontal and vertical
are easier
Only Vertical is easier

Difference between REST and WebSocket-
based
 This table shows that the REST overhead increases with the number of
messages.
 This is true because that many TCP connections need to be initiated and
terminated and that many HTTP headers need to be sent and received.
 The last column particularly shows the multiplication factor for the amount of
time to fulfill a REST request.

IoT Enabling Technologies
 Wireless Sensor Network
 Weather monitoring system
 IndoorAir quality monitoring system
 Soil moisture monitoring system
 Survelliance systems
 Health monitoring systems
 Protocols-Zigbee
 Cloud Computing
 Big DataAnalytics
 Embedded Systems

1. Wireless Sensor Network(WSN)
 A WSN comprises distributed devices with sensors which are used to monitor
the environmental and physical conditions.
 A wireless sensor network consists of end nodes, routers and coordinators.
 End nodes have several sensors attached to them where the data is passed to
a coordinator with the help of routers.
 The coordinator collects the data from all the nodes.
 The coordinator also acts as the gateway that connects WSN to the internet.
 Example :
 Weather monitoring system
 Indoor air quality monitoring system
 Soil moisture monitoring system
 Surveillance system
 Health monitoring system
 WSNs are enabled by wireless communication protocols such as IEEE
802.15.4.
 ZigBee is one of the most popular wireless technologies used by WSNs.

2. Cloud Computing
 It provides us the means by which we can access applications as
utilities over the internet.
 Cloud means something which is present in remote locations.
 With Cloud computing, users can access any resources from
anywhere like databases, webservers, storage, any device, and any
software over the internet.
 Characteristics:
1. Broad network access
2. On demand self-services
3. Rapid scalability
4. Measured service
5. Pay-per-use
 Provides different services, such as – IaaS, PaaS, SaaS

Cloud Services
• IaaS (Infrastructure as a service)
Infrastructure as a service provides online services such as physical machines,
virtual machines, servers, networking, storage and data center space on a pay per
use basis. Major IaaS providers are Google Compute Engine, Amazon Web Services
and Microsoft Azure etc. Ex : Web Hosting, Virtual Machine etc.
• PaaS (Platform as a service)
Provides a cloud-based environment with a very thing required to support the
complete life cycle of building and delivering West web based (cloud) applications –
without the cost and complexity of buying and managing underlying hardware,
software provisioning and hosting. Computing platforms such as hardware,
operating systems and libraries etc. Basically, it provides a platform to develop
applications. Ex : App Cloud, Google app engine
• SaaS (Software as a service)
It is a way of delivering applications over the internet as a service. Instead of
installing and maintaining software, you simply access it via the internet, freeing
yourself from complex software and hardware management.
SaaS Applications are sometimes called web-based software on demand software or
hosted software. SaaS applications run on a SaaS provider’s service and they
manage security availability and performance. Ex : Google Docs, Gmail, office etc.

3. Big Data Analytics
 It refers to the method of studying massive volumes of data or big data.
 Collection of data whose volume, velocity or variety is simply too massive
and tough to store, control, process and examine the data using
traditional databases.
 Big data is gathered from a variety of sources including social network
videos, digital images, sensors and sales transaction records.
 Several steps involved in analyzing big data –
1. Data cleaning
2. Munging / wrangling
3. Processing
4. Visualization
 Examples :
• Bank transactions
• Data generated by IoT systems for location and tracking of vehicles
• E-commerce [Big-Basket]
• Health and fitness data generated by IoT system such as a fitness bands

4. Communications Protocols
 They are the backbone of IoT systems and enable network
connectivity and linking to applications.
 Communication protocols allow devices to exchange data
over the network.
 Multiple protocols often describe different aspects of a
single communication.
 A group of protocols designed to work together is known as
a protocol suite; when implemented in software they are a
protocol stack.
 They are used in
 Data encoding
 Addressing schemes

5. Embedded Systems
 It is a combination of hardware and software used to
perform special tasks.
 It includes microcontroller and microprocessor memory,
networking units (Ethernet Wi-Fi adapters), input output
units (display keyword etc. ) and storage devices (flash
memory).
 It collects the data and sends it to the internet.
 Embedded systems used in
 DVD player, music player
 Industrial robots
 Wireless Routers etc.
 Digital camera

IoT Levels and Deployment Templates
An IoT system comprises of the following components:
 Device
 Resource
 Controller Service
 Database
 Web Service
 Analysis Component
 Application

An IoT system comprises of the following components:
 Device: An IoT device allows identification,remote sensing,
actuating and remote monitoring capabilities.
 Resource: Resources are software components on the IoT
device for accessing, processing and storing sensor information, or
for controlling actuators connected to the device. Resources also
include the software components that enable network access for
the device.
 Controller Service: Controller service is a native service that runs
on the device and interacts with the web services. Controller
service sends data from the device to the web service and receives
commands from the application (via web services) for
controlling the device.

An IoT system also comprises of the following components:
 Database: Database can be either local or in the cloud and stores
the data generated by the IoT device.
 Web Service: Web services serve as a link between the IoT device,
application, database and analysis components. Web service can be
implemented using HTTP and REST principles (REST service) or
using the WebSocket protocol (WebSocket service).
 Analysis Component: This is responsible for analyzing the IoT dat
and generating results in a form that is easy for the user to
understand. IoT analysis can be done locally or in the cloud. Results
are stored accordingly.
 Application: IoT applications provide an interface that the users
can use to control and monitor various aspects of the IoT system.
Applications also allow users to view the system status and the
processed data.

IoT Level-1 (Home Automation)
 A level-1 IoT system has a single
node / device that performs sensing
and / or actuation, stores data, and
performs analysis and hosts the
application.
 Level-1 IoT systems are suitable for
modelling low- cost and low-
complexity solutions where the data
involved is not big and the analysis
requirements are not computationally
intensive.

IoT Level-2 (Smart Irrigation)
node that performs sensing and/or
actuation and local analysis.
 Data is stored in the cloud and
the application is usually cloud-
based.
solutions where the data involved
is big; however, the primary
analysis requirement is not
computationally intensive and can
be done locally itself.

IoT Level-3 (VibrationMonitoring)
node. Data is stored and
analyzed in the cloud and the
application is cloud-based.
solutions where the data involved
is big and the analysis
requirements are computationally
intensive.

IoT Level-4 (Noise Monitoring)
 A level-4 IoT system has multiple
nodes that perform local analysis.
 Data is stored in the cloud and the
application is cloud-based.
 Level-4 contains local and cloud- based
observer nodes which can subscribe to and
receive information collected in the cloud
from IoT devices.
 Level-4 IoT systems are suitable for solutions
where multiple nodes are required, the
data involved is big and the analysis
requirements are computationally
intensive.

IoT Level-5 (Forest Fire Detection)
 A level-5 IoT system has multiple end nodes and
one coordinator node.
 The end nodes perform sensing and/or actuation. The coordinator
node collects data from the end nodes and sends it to the cloud.
 Data is stored and analyzed in the cloud and the application is
cloud- based.
 Level-5 IoT systems are suitable for solutions based on wireless
sensor networks, in which the data involved is big and the analysis
requirements are computationally intensive.

g)
 A level-6 IoT system has multiple independent end nodes that
perform
sensing and/or actuation and send data to the cloud.
 Data is stored in the cloud and the application is cloud-based.
 The analytics component analyzes the data and stores the results in
the
cloud database.
 The results are visualized with the cloud-based application.
 The centralized controller is aware of the status of all the end nodes
and sends control commands to the nodes.

of IOT
/home/admin1/Pictures/Screenshot from 2019-
01-28 12-55-04.png

Challenges
Security
• CyberAttacks, Data Theft
Privacy
• Controlling access and ownership of data.
InterOperability
• Integration Inflexibility
Legality and Rights
•Data Protection laws be followed, Data Retention an destruction
policies
Economy and Development
• Investment Incentives, Technical Skill are Equirement

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