![Famous microcontroller
manufacturers are MicroChip,
Atmel, Intel, Analog devices, and
more.
[list]
It is a micro-computer. As any
computer it has internal CPU, RAM,
IOs interface.
It is used for control purposes, and
for data analysis.
Micro-Controller:](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/iotunit1-230529061528-d1a5185b/85/iot-unit1-pdf-41-320.jpg)
iot unit1.pdf
- 1. UNIT I
- 2. Definition of IoT Definition A dynamic global network infrastructure with self-configuring capabilities based on standard and interoperable communication protocols where physical and virtual “things” have identities, physical attributes, and virtual personalities and use intelligent interfaces, and are seamlessly integrated into the information network, often communicate data associated with users and their environment Internet of Things (IoT) comprises things that have unique identities and are connected to the Internet
- 3. Characteristics of IoT • Dynamic & Self-Adapting – IoT devices and systems may have the capability to dynamically adapt with the changing contexts and take actions based on their operating conditions, user’s context, or sensed environment • Self-Configuring – IoT devices may have self-configuring capability, allowing a large number of devices to work together to provide certain functionality like setup networking, fetch latest software upgrades • Interoperable Communication Protocols – IoT devices may support a number of interoperable communication protocols and can communicate with other devices and also with the infrastructure
- 4. Characteristics of IoT • Unique Identity – Each IoT device has a unique identity and a unique identifier (such as an IP address or a URI) • Integrated into Information Network – IoT devices are usually integrated into the information network that allows them to communicate and exchange data with other devices and systems
- 5. Physical Design of IoT – Things in IoT • The “Things” in IoT usually refers to IoT devices • IoT devices have unique identities and can perform remote sensing, actuating and monitoring capabilities • IoT devices can exchange data with other connected devices and applications (directly or indirectly) or collect data from other devices • It process the data either locally or send the data to centralized server
- 7. Physical Design of IoT – Things in IoT • IoT devices varied in types – Wearable Sensors, Smart watches, LED lights, automobiles, and industrial machines • Almost all IoT devices generate data in some form or the other which when processed by data analytics systems leads to useful information to guide further actions locally or remotely
- 10. Logical Design of IoT • IoT Functional Blocks • IoT Communication Models • IoT communication APIs
- 11. IoT Functional Block • An IoT system comprises of a number of functional blocks that provide the system the capabilities for identification, sensing, actuation, communication, and management – Device – Communication – Services – Management – Security – Application
- 12. IoT Communication Models • Request – Response • Publish – Subscribe • Push-Pull • Exclusive Pair
- 17. IoT Communication APIs • REST – based Communication APIs • WebSocket – based Communication APIs
- 18. REST-based Communication APIs • Representational State Transfer (REST) is a set of architectural principles by which you can design web services and web APIs that focus on a system’s resources and how system resource states are addressed and transferred • REST APIs follow the request-response communication model • The REST architectural constraints apply to the components, connectors, and data elements within a distributed hypermedia system
- 19. REST Architectural Constraints • Client –Server – The principle behind the client-server constraints is the separation of concerns • Stateless – Each request from client to server must contains all the information necessary to understand the request – The session state is kept entirely on the client • Cache-able – Cache constraints requires that the data within a response to a request be implicitly or explicitly labeled as cache-able or non-cache-able
- 20. REST Architectural Constraints • Layered System – Layered system constraints, constraints the behavior of components such that each component cannot see beyond the immediate layer with which they are interacting • Uniform Interface – Interface constraints requires that the method of communication between a client and a server must be uniform • Code on demand – Servers can provide executable code or scripts for clients to execute in their context
- 23. WebSocket-based Communication APIs • WebSocket APIs allow bi-directional, full duplex communication between clients and servers • It follows the exclusive pair communication model • WebSocket APIs reduce the network traffic and latency as there is no overhead for connection setup and termination requests for each message
- 24. IoT Enabling Technologies • Embedded Systems • Wireless Sensor Networks • Communication Protocols • Cloud Computing • Big Data Analytics
- 25. Wireless Sensor Networks • A Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) comprises of distributed devices with sensors which are used to monitor the environmental and physical conditions • A WSN consist of a number of end-nodes and routers and a coordinator (collects the data from all the nodes) • Eg : Weather monitoring system, Soil moisture monitoring system (at various location), Surveillance system etc..
- 26. Embedded System • An Embedded system is a system that has computer hardware and software embedded to perform specific tasks • Embedded system range from low-cost miniaturized devices such as – Digital watch – Digital cameras – Vending machines – Appliances ( washing machine) etc…
- 27. Communication Protocols • Communication protocols form the backbone of IoT systems and enable network connectivity and coupling to applications • Communication protocols allow devices to exchange data over the network
- 29. Cloud Computing • Cloud computing is a transformative computing paradigm that involves delivering applications and services over the Internet • Cloud computing involves provisioning of computing, networking and storage resources on demand and providing these resources as metered services to the users, in a “pay as you go model” • Cloud computing services are offered to users in different forms – Infrastructure- as- a- Service (IaaS) – Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS) – Software-as-a-Service (SaaS)
- 30. Big Data Analytics • Big data is a collections of data sets whose volume, velocity or variety is so large that it is difficult to store, manage, process and analyze the data using traditional databases and data processing tools • Examples of big data generated by IoT systems – Weather Monitoring Stations – Machine sensor data from industrial systems – Health and fitness data – Location and tracking systems
- 31. IoT Levels & Deployment Templates • Device – An IoT device allows identification, remote sensing, actuating and remote monitoring capabilities • Resource – Resources are software components on the IoT device for accessing, processing, and storing sensor information, or controlling actuators connected to the device • Controller Service – It sends data from the device to the web service and receives commands from the application for controlling the device • Database – Database can be either local or in the cloud and stores the data generated by the IoT • Web Service – Web services serve as a link between the IoT device, application, database and analysis components • Analysis Component – It is responsible for analyzing the IoT data and generate results • Application – It is an interface that the users can use to control and monitor various aspects of the IoT system
- 38. Component of a Microprocessor/Microcontroller • CPU: Central Processing Unit • I/O: Input /Output • Bus: Address bus & Data bus • Memory: RAM & ROM • Timer • Interrupt • Serial Port • Parallel Port
- 39. CPU General- Purpose Micro- processor RAM ROM I/O Port Timer Serial COM Port Data Bus Address Bus General-purpose microprocessor • CPU for Computers • Commonly no RAM, ROM, I/O on CPU chip itself Many chips on motherboard
- 40. RAM ROM I/O Port Timer Serial COM Port Microcontroller CPU • A single-chip computer • On-chip RAM, ROM, I/O ports... • Example：Motorola’s 6811, Intel’s 8051, Zilog’s Z8 and PIC 16X A single chip Microcontroller :
- 41. Famous microcontroller manufacturers are MicroChip, Atmel, Intel, Analog devices, and more. [list] It is a micro-computer. As any computer it has internal CPU, RAM, IOs interface. It is used for control purposes, and for data analysis. Micro-Controller:
- 42. Microprocessor • CPU is stand-alone, RAM, ROM, I/O, timer are separate • designer can decide on the amount of ROM, RAM and I/O ports. • expensive • versatility • general-purpose • High processing power • High power consumption • Instruction sets focus on processing-intensive operations • Typically 32/64 – bit • Typically deep pipeline (5-20 stages) Microcontroller • CPU, RAM, ROM, I/O and timer are all on a single chip • fixed amount of on-chip ROM, RAM, I/O ports • for applications in which cost, power and space are critical • single-purpose (control-oriented) • Low processing power • Low power consumption • Bit-level operations • Instruction sets focus on control and bit-level operations • Typically 8/16 bit • Typically single-cycle/two-stage pipeline Microprocessor vs. Microcontroller
- 43. Some Popular Microcontrollers… • 8051 • Microchip Technology PIC • Atmel AVR • Texas Instruments MSP430 (16-bit) • ARM
- 44. Sensors A sensor is a transducer that converts a physical stimulus from one form into a more useful form to measure the stimulus • Two basic categories: 1. Analog 2. Discrete • Binary • Digital (e.g., pulse counter) Ultrasonic (distance) Light (light intensity) Touch Sound (db pressure)
- 45. Sensors available in Market
- 46. Types of Actuators 1. Electrical actuators – Electric motors • DC servomotors • AC motors • Stepper motors – Solenoids 2. Hydraulic actuators – Use hydraulic fluid to amplify the controller command signal 3. Pneumatic actuators – Use compressed air as the driving force