IRJET- A Review Paper on Analysis of Braking System by X-By-Wire System using Flexray

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 07 Issue: 01 | Jan 2020 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
© 2020, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.34 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1685
A Review Paper on Analysis of Braking System by X-by-Wire System
using FlexRay
Bhavsar Nihar1, Vatsal Gabani2, Jay Gohil3, Jasmeetsingh Bassan4, Subhasis Sarkar5
1,2,3,4Student, Mechanical Engineering, Babaria Institute of Technology, Gujarat, India
5Assistant Professor, Dept of Mechanical Engineering, Babaria Institute of Technology, Gujarat, India
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ABSTRACT:-
In the recent years, advanced technologies of electronic
devices for the communication and computer engineering
have been considered to be widely implemented in the
vehicle systems. Among those possible applications, the
automotive network which is so-called "X-by-Wire"
scheme has been developed for steering control and
braking control of the vehicles. It is known that the weight
reduction of vehicle systems can decrease the power
consumption in the design of electric driven vehicle by
replacing the mechanical components with electronic
devices. Therefore, X-by-wire system combined with fault-
tolerant applications will be a trend in the automotive
industry. Under the automotive circumstance, the time-
trigged protocol improves the network capacity and
guarantees the transmission of all safety related message.
In order to ensure the safety of electronic devices, an
advanced networking protocol FlexRay has been recently
proposed to the design of X-by-wire system.
KEYWORDS:- X-By-Wire,Drive-By-Wire , Steer-By-Wire ,
AUTOSTAR
1. INTRODUCTION
Flex Ray is known to be an advanced networking protocol for
by-wire system. It provides several benefits over CAN
(Controller Area Network). Drive-by-wire automotive system
uses electronic systems, human machine interface and
sensors in automobiles instead of mechanical and hydraulic
parts with electro- pneumatic actuators and communication
network. There is no mechanical linkage between steering
and wheels. X-by-wire system brings the advantages by
decreasing their weight and cost and provides more safety
and comfort. In BBW system, the amount of brake applied via
brake pedal is propagated by wire to the brake pad, which is
controlled by a electro mechanical system like electric motor
or pneumatic actuator and a real time communication
network.
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
Thomas Nolte Et al (2006) [1] a survey of existing and
upcoming automotive networking technologies,
identifying traditional and novel automotive application
requirements and addressing to what extent existent and
upcoming networking technologies are able to meet such
requirements. The paper has discussed the next steps in
automotive communications, with a specific focus on x-
by-wire systems and wireless applications. One of the
bigger challenges today is interconnecting a modern
automotive architecture of possibly heterogeneous
networks. This can be achieved by developing
standardised middleware technologies.
Rainer Makowitz (2006) [2] FlexRay is the next
generation communication architecture for automotive
applications. Today, qualified Controller and Physical
Network Interface products exist and automotive mass-
production will begin in 2006. Safety critical applications
like by-wire systems will use mechanisms built into
FlexRay to support fault tolerance. No technical limits
are known today that would limit its use for state-of-the-
art systems. Full flexibility exists for emerging systems
architectures for ‘affordable’ safety in vehicles. However,
the FlexRay market is expected to develop in non-safety-
critical application first.
Jianmin Duan (2009) [3] The bus technology, one of the
key technologies of Steer-By-Wire technology was
researched, using the latest Technology of FlexRay bus,
proposing a two-node distributed control Steer-By-Wire
system. The two ECU operates and controls independent,
with FlexRay bus to transmit data. For this particular
application environment, when establishing the FlexRay
network, it can minimize each communication cycle;
increase the length of time for each slot as much as possible.
The data of each node is transmitted in the static segment to
make sure the data is transmitted correctly, improve the
real-time performance of the system as well. In addition, the
use of time-triggered FlexRay characteristics, with the
physical layer using the same dual-channel data
transmission and the same data in different slots
transmitted, further enhance the system security and
reliability, which also have been proved by the
experimental results, while explaining the rationality of
configuration of FlexRay parameters in the SBW system.
Inseok Park (2011) [4] In this paper, we have presented
a methodology for designing FlexRay network
parameters. Our NPO method is predicated on the
principles for optimizing the bandwidth utilization and
WCRT of the frames. The method consists of two steps
which determine the optimal ST slot length and
communication-cycle length. This methodology makes it
easy to design FlexRay network. In the first step of the

NPO method, the optimal ST slot length can be
determined with optimal criteria such as protocol
overhead and unused network resource. Using the
results from the first step, the second step finds the
optimal communication cycle length with WCRT analysis
of ST and DYN frames. The process of the NPO method is
clearly defined in a straightforward manner. Therefore,
it can easily be applied to network design applications
for automotive, avionic, and industrial fieldbus systems
as well. Ultimately, designing a FlexRay configuration is
an emerging field. There exists a wide array of
possibilities for future work. Some important issues
include supporting signal-based frame construction and
multirate communication with cycle filtering and in-
cycle repetition functionalities.
Purnendu Sinha (2011)[5] With recent advancements in
automotive electronics, X-by-wire technology will play a
key role in development of electric vehicles for
enhancing safety, reliability and functionality. In this
paper, we have studied the fault-tolerance requirements
of brake-by-wire systems and proposed a system-level-
architecture for a fail operational brake-by-wire system.
Compliance to the evolving ISO 26262 functional safety
standard will be an important
requirement/consideration in automotive E/E system
development in future. ISO 26262 calls for systematic
safety analysis leading to functional safety concept
definition and deriving safety requirements from
architectural assumptions and system safety goals. With
that perspective, following the
recommendations/guidelines as outlined in the
standard, we have performed reliability and safety
analysis of fail-operational brake-by-wire system. The
focus of this study has been to explore a safety analysis
method suitable for concept level architecture evaluation
towards meeting the draft ISO 26262 requirements. Our
analysis shows that to achieve high dependability
requirements, system architecture must support
detection of the first failure and provide sufficient
functionality following the first failure to ensure that the
system continues to deliver desired services till the time
it is repaired (or faults are fixed). We acknowledge that
the results obtained are sensitive to the numerical values
assumed in the paper. These reliability figures are based
on approximate estimate of failure rates, coverage
factors and repair rates, and the data must be carefully
derived and examined. The concepts and methods
discussed in the paper can be used as initial guidance in
the preliminary phase of architecture design. Many
subtle nuances of system design have not been explored
and warrant supporting evidence through experiments.
Der-Cherng Liaw (2012) [6] In this paper, we proposed
a FlexRay protocol-based network control system for
drive-by-wire and brake-by-wire of electric vehicle.
Based on our own developed FlexRay communication
node, we have implemented such a system. The
performance testing on both of the conveyer in the
laboratory and the real road demonstrate the success of
the design. It is found from this study that the size of
FlexRay communication node and the control scheme for
the synchronization of four-wheel motor speed play very
important roles in practical implementation of X-by-wire
system.
Jinfang Gou (2014) [7] This paper researches the
FlexRay communication protocol based on AUTOSAR
and make a three-node test verification.
From the research and the verification, it can be seen
that the FlexRay bus has high speed, high flexibility, high
reliability and high communications safety. Meanwhile,
its control algorithm is simple and hardware
architecture is simple. With the popularization of the
AUTOSAR and the generalization of FlexRay, this
researchment of FlexRay communication protocol based
on AUTOSAR will be of great use.
Shreyas J (2015) [8] X-BY-WIRE system is a clear trend
of automotive development due to the advantages in
electronic components for enhancing safety,
functionality and reducing cost. Modern cars are
equipped with drive-by-wire systems and a combined
mechanical backup. In the future mechanical backup
systems will be replaced by pure electronic solutions.
The real rime constrains in the X-BY WIRE system can be
overcome by further research and analysis. The X-BY-
WIRE system provides a better feature for automobile
engineering with great precision and efficiency.
Lei Zhang (2016) [9] The application of the Brake-by-
Wire (BBW) system in vehicles makes brake force
allocation possible between axles or among wheels
based on the fact that brake force of each wheel can be
accurately regulated. Braking force allocation should
make full use of tire-road friction and improve vehicles’
braking performance. The classic straight-line braking
force allocation only takes the adhesion coefficient into
account, which is not suitable for braking-in-turn
maneuvers due to the influence of the lateral braking
force demand. Thus, a novel braking force allocation
method during a braking-in-turn maneuver for vehicle
with the BBW system is proposed in this paper. The
proposed strategy takes into consideration not only the
front-rear load transfer but also the lateral adhesion
utilization in the braking force distribution. Since front-
rear braking force allocation contributes more to
preventing the rear wheels from locking up, it is
determined first, followed by the allocations of inner-
outer braking forces. The front-rear allocation is not
sensitive to lateral acceleration and the yaw rate, which
usually involve measurement noises. Thus, sequential
allocation increases the robustness of the braking. I-
curves with respect to three different parameters are

proposed that are capable to guide front-rear braking
force allocation. The simulation and experimental results
indicate that the proposed front-rear allocation makes
good use of adhesion and achieves good performance in
maintaining vehicle stability. Inner-outer wheel braking
forces are allocated in proportion to vertical force. The
simulation and experimental results show that the
proposed allocation decreases the possibility of wheel
lock up compared to equal allocation under the same
braking rate condition. The proposed inner-outer
allocation generates an active yaw moment to prevent
the turn-inward tendency caused by braking-in-turn
maneuvers, thus improving vehicles’ steering stability.
The proposed method provides theoretical guidelines on
independent braking force allocation to control the BBW
system in normal braking, which will enhance vehicle
stability and braking performance. The main advantage
of the proposed method over existing studies is that each
of the wheels is able to make full use of the longitudinal
friction and meets the lateral force demand as well.
Sequential allocation decreases the sensitivity of
allocation to lateral dynamics variables without
compromising the braking-in-turn maneuver
performance.
3. CONCLUSIONS
 FlexRay is the next generation communication
architecture for automotive applications.
 The focus of this study has been to explore a safety
analysis method suitable for concept level
architecture evaluation.
 This paper is proposed for the design of FlexRay
vehicle communication network for an ABS based
on X-by-Wire under which the time triggered
protocol improves the network capacity and
guarantees the transmission of all safety related
message.
 Our analysis shows that to achieve high
dependability requirements, system architecture
must support detection of the first failure and
provide sufficient functionality following the first
failure to ensure that the system continues to
deliver desired services till the time it is repaired.
 With these recent advancements in automotive
electronics X-by-Wire technology will play a key
role in development of electric vehicles for
enhancing safety.
 Therefore, X-by-Wire system combined with fault
tolerant application will be in trend in the
automotive industry.
4. REFERENCES
[1] T. Nolte, H. Hansson and L. L. Bello, "Automotive
communications-past, current and future," 2005 IEEE
Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory
Automation, Catania, 2005, pp. 8 pp.-992.
[2] R. Makowitz and C. Temple, "FlexRay - A
communication network for automotive control
systems," 2006 IEEE International Workshop on Factory
Communication Systems, Torino, Italy, 2006, pp. 207-
212
[3] J. Duan, L. Zhu and Yongchuan Yu, "Research on
FlexRay communication of Steering-by-Wire
system," 2009 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium,
Xi'an, 2009, pp. 824-828.
[4] I. Park and M. Sunwoo, "FlexRay Network Parameter
Optimization Method for Automotive Applications," IEEE
Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 58, no. 4, pp.
1449-1459, April 2011.
[5] Purnendu Sinha,” Architectural design and reliability
analysis of a fail-operational brake-by-wire system from
ISO 26262 perspectives,” Reliability Engineering &
System Safety, Volume 96, Issue 10,2011, Pages 1349-
1359, ISSN 0951-8320.
[6] Der-Cherng Liaw, I-Chang Liu and Kuo-Liang Chang,”
The FlexRay Implementation of By-Wire System for
Electric Vehicle”, World Electric Vehicle Journal, Vol. 5,
May2012, ISSN 2032-6653.
[7] Ji Li, Wang Lifang, Liao Chenglin and Gou Jinfang,
"Research on the FlexRay communication protocol based
on AUTOSAR and its multi-node test," 2014 IEEE
Conference and Expo Transportation Electrification Asia-
Pacific (ITEC Asia-Pacific), Beijing, 2014, pp. 1-4.
[8] Balajee S B, Balaji P, Shreyas J, Satheesh K,” An
Overview of X-By Wire Systems”, International Journal
of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and
Technology, Volume 4, Special Issue 3, March 2015,
ISSN 2319 – 8753.
[9] L. Zhang, L. Yu, Z. Wang, L. Zuo and J. Song, "All-Wheel
Braking Force Allocation During a Braking-in-Turn
Maneuver for Vehicles with the Brake-by-Wire System
Considering Braking Efficiency and Stability," IEEE
Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol. 65, Issue 6,
pp. 4752-4767, June 2016, ISSN 0018-9545.

IRJET- A Review Paper on Analysis of Braking System by X-By-Wire System using Flexray

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