IRJET- A Review Paper on Chaotic Map Image Encryption Techniques

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 05 Issue: 04 | Apr-2018 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
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A Review Paper on Chaotic Map Image Encryption Techniques
Chetana Singh1, Binay Kumar Pandey2, DR.H.L.Mandoria3, Ashok Kumar4
1Information Technology, PG Student, G.B.Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, India,
Information Technology, Assistant Professor, G.B.Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, India
3Information Technology, Professor, G.B.Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, India,
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Abstract:- This paper presents a comprehensive survey on
chaotic image secret writing schemes. within the modern
time,Due to the quick development of digital communication
and multimedia application, security becomes a vital issue of
communication, storage and transmission of digital
information such as image, audio and video. Image secret
writing has been a preferred research field in recent decades.
Secret writing technique are used in several fields such as
medical science, military, geographic satellite images. Chaotic
secret writing is one of the best alternative ways to make sure
security. A lot of image secret writing schemes using chaotic
maps have been proposed, because of its excessive sensitivity
to initial conditions, unpredictability and random like
behaviors.
Keywords- chaotic algorithms; cryptography; image
encryption chaotic maps.
1. INTRODUCTION
In the previous few days tremendously growth of digital and
multimedia technology, image protection has become an
vital issue for communication of digital images through the
networks and encryption is the one of approaches to
provide the protection of digital images. Image encryption is
the technique of transforming data using an algorithm to
make it unreadable to any one without those possessing
specific knowledge, generally referred to as a key.
In1970s,Chaos concept was proposed, which was used in a
wide range of research areas, such as mathematics,
engineering, physics, biology, and so on[1]. The complicated
behavior of chaotic structures in nonlinear deterministic was
described. The first description of a chaotic techniques was
made in 1963 via Lorenz[2], who developed a system know
as the Lorenz attractor that coupled nonlinear differential
equations. The implementation of chaotic maps in the
improvement of cryptography structures lies in the reality
that a chaotic map is characterized by:(a)the initial conditions
and control parameters with excessive sensitivity,
(b)unpredictability of the orbital evolution, (c)the simplicity
of the hardware and software implementation leads to a
excessive encryption rate. These characteristics can be
related with some very essential cryptographic properties
such as confusion and diffusion.[3].
1.1 WHAT IS IMAGE ENCRYPTION?
Image encryption is a smart hiding of information. An
authentic essential and personal plain text is transformed
into cipher text that is curiously random nonsense. The most
important idea in the image encryption is to transmit the
image securely over the network so that no unauthorized
person can able to decrypt the image. In this paper we
centre of attention on the encryption methods of digital
image based totally on the chaos mapping. The encryption
methods based on the chaos mapping offers the encrypted
digital images to preserve the multi stage encryption
approach and also decreases the computational complexity
of the encryption process. Most of the algorithms
particularly designed to encrypt digital images are proposed
in the mid-1990s. There are two essential groups of image
encryption algorithms: (a)non-chaos selective techniques
and (b)Chaos-based selective or non-selective methods[4].
1.2 WHAT IS CRYPTOGRAPHY?
Cryptographic methods assist invulnerable transmission
and storage of data. Cryptography includes the encoding of
image at senders side which converts the image so that the
contents are no longer comprehensible called Encryption
and Decryption at receivers side to achieve the authentic
image. Even if the eaves dropper receives get entry to the
image one will now not recognize the contents. In
applications like aeronautic, military, medical tightly closed
communication is the most vital concern. Some specific
encryption algorithms like AES, DES etc. are in efficient for
image encryption. Chaotic functions are being used for
image encryption rather than the standard algorithms[3].
1.3 WHAT IS CHAOTIC SYSTEMS?
The term chaotic comes from chaos. Chaos does no longer
have a described meaning; it might also refer to a state that
does not have deterministic behavior. Chaotic structures
depend totally on initial condition. Chaotic concept was
summarized via Edward Lorenzas follows "When the
current determines the future, but the approximate current
does not approximately determine the future Chaotic
method is a area of mathematics and has a number of
applications in meteorology, economics, philosophy etc.
2

Chaotic concept concerns deterministic structures whose
behavior can be predicted. These systems can be predicted
for a while and then they become random[5].
1.4 CHOS BASED IMAGE CRYPTOSYSTEM
ARCHITECTURE
The architecture of chaos based image cryptosystem mainly
consists of two stages: the confusion stage and the diffusion
stage. The typical block diagram of the architecture is as
depicted in the figure.
The confusion stage is the pixel permutation where the
positions of the pixels are scrambled over the entire image
without disturbing the values of the pixels. With this the
image becomes unrecognizable. It is not very secure to have
only the permutation stage since it may be broken by any
attack. To enhance the security, the second stage of the
encryption process aims at changing the value of each pixel
in the entire image. In the diffusion stage, the pixel values
are modified sequentially by the sequence generated from
the chaotic systems. The whole confusion-diffusion round
repeats for number of times to achieve security of
satisfactory level[5].
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
Asia Mahdi Naser Alzubaidi In this scheme author
proposed an image encryption scheme based on 3D logistic
transform, it divided the image in distinct shade channels of
YCBCR and applied exclusive methods of selective
encryption and chaotic encryption. On Y factor a selective
encryption algorithm is performed to guard the sensitive
information. Further the confusion method is adopted
through the use of 2D Arnold cat transformation to make
greater distortion of the relationship among adjacent pixels
of Y image and to cover the statistical structure of pixels.
Scrambling methods depend on row-column approach
utilized in dependently on Cb andCr components.[2].
Bremnavas, B.PoornaandI. Raja Mohamed In this paper
proposed the Secured clinical image transmission using
chaotic map used simply Henon chaotic map for scientific
image encryption therefore making it an simple task for
attackers to decrypt and restricted their work to scientific
images only. First step in this work is to generate the noisy
signal using the Chaotic Henon map. Here the Henon
equations are generated with the signal in both ‘x’ and ‘y’
axes. This offers the advantage of sending two patients
clinical images at a single transmission. For example, the
first patient medical is added in ‘x’ axis and then an other
one is added in ‘y’axis[3].
Lalita Gupta, Rahul Gupta and Manoj Sharma proposed
an encryption scheme which targeted on disquieting the
correlation among image pixels. They used pixel shuffler
horizontally as well as vertically, 2D bakers map described
with the following formulas B(x,y)=(2x,y/2) When
1/2<x<1,B(x,y)=(2x-1, y/2+1/2) When 0<x<1/2 and created
confusion in the image with bit XOR with noise image non
linear (liapunav exponential) function operation to satisfied
condition of chaos. The diffusion template is created by
random number generator based on Gaussian distribution
and is capable of providing the key length of 64 bits
although its length can be extended further[4].
Rajinder Kauretal the International Journal of Computer
Science and Mobile Computing, introduced selective image
cryptography based on the region, followed selective
compression where parts of the image containing vital
information are compressed without loss while regions
containing information not important are compressed. The
Henon map is used to generate the keys. The image is
divided into blocks and then these blocks are mixed. The
transformed image is fed to the blow-fish algorithm. This
algorithm is generally used for text data encryption. The use
of the blow-fish algorithm is a disadvantage of this scheme
because it would make the process low and not as
reliable[5].
Robert A.J. Matthews In the work considered the use of
genetic algorithms (GAs) as powerful tools in breaking
cryptographic systems. They demonstrated that GA scanning
greatly facilitates cryptanalysis by efficiently analyzing large
key spaces and demonstrating their use with GENALYST, an
order-based GA for breaking a classic cryptosystem[6].
Ali Kanso In this scheme the author has exported the self-
shrinking technique used in classical cryptography in
chaotic systems to develop chaotic generators of key flows
capable of generating key flows characterized by excellent
statistical properties and a high level of security. This paper
proposes an example of self-shrinking key flow generator
based on the chaos implemented using a 1-D chaotic map.
The randomness properties and statistical test results of the
key flow bits generated by applying the self-shrinking
technique on chaotic maps with appropriate parameters
were encouraging [7].

Pareek, N.K., Patidar, V. and Sud, K.K. In this document a
new approach for image cryptography based on chaotic
logistic maps to meet the requirements of secure image
transfer. In the cryptographic scheme of the proposed
image, an external 80-bit secret key and two chaotic logistic
maps are used. The initial conditions for both logistic maps
are derived using the external secret key providing an era of
different weight to all of its bits[8].
Behnia, S., Akhavan, A., Akhshani, A. and Samsudin In
this approach a new algorithm of image cryptography based
on the elliptical map of Jacobian was studied by. In this
article, a redesign of a class of chaotic cryptographic systems
is suggested to overcome the aforementioned drawbacks.
This work is the first attempt to explore the elliptical maps
of Jacobian as a cryptosystem. Experimental results and
safety analysis indicate that the cryptographic algorithm
based on the chaotic elliptical map is advantageous from the
point of view of large key spaces and a high level of
security[9].
Omid Mirzaei, Mahdi Yaghoobi and Hassan Irani In this
algorithm, researched a new image cryptography scheme
based on a total and parallel encryption algorithm. Two
chaotic systems were used in the cryptographic algorithm to
confuse the relationship between the simple image and the
encrypted image[10].
Yicong Zhou, Long Bao and C.L.Philip Chen In the
document by proposed an encryption scheme in which a
new chaotic system is used for cryptography of the image.
In this system, two un dimensional chaotic maps are
integrated and a series of new chaotic maps are generated. A
new cryptographic algorithm of the image that has the
excellent properties of confusion and diffusion to withstand
various attacks, in particular the chosen plaintext attacks
was introduced by them to demonstrate its applications. A
completely different image is obtained each time the
algorithm is applied to an original image with a similar set of
security keys. This ensures that the proposed algorithm is
able to withstand selected plaintext attacks. This can be
simulated using MATLAB[11].
G.A. Sathish Kumar, Dr.K. Bhoopathybagan and Dr.N.
Sriraam In the document of Image of cryptography based
on diffusion and on more chaotic maps. In this document,
the cryptography of the image is based on a technique that
uses multiple circular mappings based on chaos. There are
three stages in this algorithm. In the first phase, the chaotic
logistic maps are used to give a pair of subkeys. In the
second phase, the subkeys of the logistic map are used to
encrypt the image and, consequently, the diffusion is
obtained. In the third step, four different chaotic maps are
used to generate the subkeys. Various random numbers are
produced by each map from the orbits of the maps based on
the initial conditions. From those random numbers, a key is
selected for encryption. Based on the key that controls the
encryption algorithm, a binary sequence is generated. With
the help of the two different scanning models (raster and
Zigzag), the input image is converted into a 1D matrix and
divided into various sub-blocks. Subsequently, the
permutations are applied to each binary matrix based on the
chaotic maps. Finally, the image can be decrypted using the
same subkeys[12].
Shoaib Ansari, Neelesh Gupta and Sudhir Agrawal In this
work proposed a new algorithm for cryptography and
decryption of images. An approach based on cryptography of
the image that uses the chaotic map in the frequency
domain. In this algorithm, the chaotic map used for
cryptography is the 2D Baker Map. First, the discrete 2D
cosine transformation of the image is calculated. Then the
image is mixed using the Bakers 2D map. Here two maps of
bakers are used. One of them with the initial keys and the
other with the Gaussian image created with mean and
variance. The DCT has transformed the image and the
diffusion image is XORed in an iterative way. The random
number generator based on the Gaussian distribution is
used to create the diffusion model. The advantage of this
method is that it can provide a key length of 128 bits and
above. This technique can be simulated using matlab [13].
Xiaoling Huang, Guodong Ye and Kwok Wo Wong in their
article: Chaotic image encryption algorithm based on
circulator functioning proposes the image coding scheme
based on the time-delay Lorenz system and circulating
matrix[14].
COMPAIRSON OF CHAOTIC MAPS
Referen
ce
Chaotic
map used
Features
[16] Lorenz
Chen Lu
Key size-Large
Key Sensitivity-Medium
Correlation coefficient
Cofficent Plain image Cipher
image
Horizontal 0.9791 0.0052
Vertical 0.9357 0.0539
Diagonal 0.9183 0.1141
[21] Lorenz,Bak
er
Key Size-2128
Key Sensitivity-High
Correlation
coefficient
Red Green Blue
Horizont
al
Plain
imag
e
0.950
8
0.970
7
0.957
9
Ciphe
r
imag
e
-
0.005
0.001
8
0.000
2
Vertical Plain
imag
e
0.971
8
0.975
4
0.981
8
Ciphe 0.003 - 0.001

r
Imag
e
2 0.006
3
8
Corresponding entropies-
7.99758,7.99708,7.99749
[15] Henon Map Key Size-2128
Coefficient Plain image Cipher
image
Vertical 0.9924 0.0038
Average Entropy-7.9904
NPCR-0.0015%
UACI-0.0005%
[18] Logistic
map
Key Size-1045
Coefficient Plain image Cipher
image
Vertical 0.9609 0.1086
Diagonal 0.9060 0.0161
NPCR-99.6231
UACI-33.4070
[19] Arnold Cat
map
Key Size-2148
Coefficient Plain image Cipher image
Vertical 0.8808 0.006
Diagonal 0.8603 0.091
NPCR-99.609
UACI-33.464
3 CONCLUSION
This document discusses many cryptographic algorithms
that use different chaotic maps. Each algorithm has its
advantages and disadvantages depending on the encryption
performance of these algorithms. Analyzing the research
documents mentioned above, some features of the
cryptographic techniques of the image are included. Each of
them uses chaotic maps of different sizes for the secure
encryption of images. The image can be encrypted in
different ways at different speeds using chaotic maps of
various sizes. The above algorithms are also resistive against
various attacks that can be demonstrated by the safety
analysis.
REFERENCES
[1].H.L.Mandoria,Samridhi Singh et al(2017)" A Review on
Image Encryption Technique and to Extract Feature from
Image" IJCA International Journal of Computer Application.
[2].Asia Mahdi, Naser Alzubaidi, “Selective Image
Encryption with Diffusion and Confusion Mechanism”,
International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer
Science and Software Engineering (IJARCSSE) - Volume 4,
Issue 7, July 2014
[3] Bremnavas1, B.Poorna2 and I.Raja Mohamed, “Secured
medical image transmission using chaotic map”, Computer
Science and Engineering Elixir Comp. Sci. Engg. 54 (2013)
12598-12602
[4]Lalita Gupta1, Rahul Gupta and Manoj Sharma, “Low
Complexity Efficient Image Encryption Technique Based on
Chaotic Map”, International Journal of Information &
Computation Technology. ISSN 0974-2239 Volume 4,
Number 11 (2014), pp. 1029-1034
[5]Rajinder Kaur1, Er. Kanwalpreet Singh, “Comparative
Analysis and Implementation of Image Encryption
Algorithms”, International Journal of Computer Science and
Mobile Computing (IJCSMC) - Vol. 2, Issue. 4, April 2013,
pg.170 – 176
[6]R. A. Matthews, “The use of genetic algorithms in
cryptanalysis,” Cryptologia, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 187–201,
1993.
[7]A. Kanso, “Self-shrinking chaotic stream ciphers,”
Communications in nonlinear science and numerical
simulation, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 822–836, 2011.
[8] Pareek, N. K., Patidar, V., & Sud, K. K. (2006). Image
encryption using chaotic logistic map. Image & Vision
Computing, 24(9), 926-934.
[9] Behnia, S., Akhavan, A., Akhshani, A., & Samsudin, A.
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[10] Mirzaei, O., Yaghoobi, M., & Irani, H. (2012). A new
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[11] Yicong Zhou, Long Bao and C.L.Philip Chen"A New1D
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[12] G.A.Sathishkumar ,Dr.K.Bhoopathybagan and
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Security & Its Applications (IJNSA), Vol.3, No.2,
March2011,181-194.
[13] Shoaib Ansari, Neelesh Gupta and SudhirAgrawal, ―An
Image Encryption Approach Using Chaotic Map in Frequency
Domain‖, International journal of Emerging Technology and
Advanced Engineering-Volume 2, Issue 8, August 2012

[14] Xiaoling Huang,Guodong Ye, and Kwok-Wo Wong,
―Chaotic Image Encryption Algorithm Based on Circulant
Operation‖, Abstract and Applied Analysis,Volume2013
[15] Somya Al-Maadeed,Afnam Al-Ali, and Turki Abdalla, A
New Chaos-Based Image-Encryption and Compression
Algorithm",Hindawi Publishing Corporation,Journal of
Electrical and Computer Engineering, Volume 2012,Article
ID 179693.
[16]K.Sakthidasan Sankaran and B.V.Santhosh Krishna,"A
New Chaotic Algorithm for Image Encryption and
Decryption of Digital Color Images", International Journal of
information and Education Technology,Vol,1,No.2,June
2011.
[17] Mrs.A.Anto Steffi,Mr. Dipesh sharma,"An Image
Encrption Algorithm based on 3D Lorenz map" International
Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science, Vol. 4
No.2,(Jen-Feb 2013) ISSN: 0976-5697.
[18] Hazem Mohammad Al-Najjar,Asem Mohammad AL-
Najjar"Image Encrption Algorithm Based on Logistic Map
And Pixel Mapping Table".
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Color Image Encrption Using Chaotic Map", Journal of
Information Security,2011,2,139-150
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Algorithm based on 3D Lorenz Map"

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