IRJET- Arduino UNO Controlled DC Weaving Machine Powered by Solar Energy

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 07 Issue: 01 | Jan 2020 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
© 2020, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.34 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1446
ARDUINO UNO CONTROLLED DC WEAVING MACHINE POWERED BY
SOLAR ENERGY
Rinki Roy Chowdhury1,Sandhya P2
1PG Scholar, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Mar Baselios College of Engineering and
Technology, Kerala, India.
2 Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Mar Baselios College of Engineering
and Technology, Kerala, India.
---------------------------------------------------------------------***----------------------------------------------------------------------
ABSTRACT - The use of solar energy to run a weaving
machine motor has been presented in this work. Since the
solar energy is of fluctuating nature, the DC motor is run by
feeding power from photovoltaic module using Maximum
Power Point Tracking method for obtaining maximum power
at any instant. By adjusting the duty cycle of the charge
controller using MPPT technique the DC motor is being run at
desired output. The MATLAB/SIMULINK model is first
presented to verify the design of the model then a hardware
experimental verification using ARDUINO UNO has been done
with a 12-15V 200RPM DC motor to confirm the results.
KEYWORDS: Arduino UNO, MATLAB/SIMULINK
(Software), MPPT (maximum power point tracking),
P&O (Perturb and Observe method), Weaving Machine.
1. INTRODUCTION
The demand for sustainable energy utilization is
increasing day by day as industrial, domestic and other
sectors are utilizing solar energy as their source of energy.
Most of the problems related to eco-friendliness, harmful
emissions, etc. can be avoided using solar energy. Hence to
utilize this solar energy maximum power point trackers are
installed along with boost converters to step up voltage
obtained to required values and hence motor of weaving
machine can be run accordingly. A MATLAB model of the
above described design is made and experimental
verification of this model is also done using a hardware
prototype.
1.1 Literature survey
Manual weaving is a traditional method of earning
for livelihood in rural areas. Utilization of solar energy using
MPPT techniques has been presented in [1], here a
mathematical model is presented to extract power. Similar
work has been done in [2], where MPPT technique is used to
run an induction motor used for pumping water. A CUK
converter analysis for the MPPT technique used for solar
power extraction is given in [3], and a buck-boost converter
analysis for MPPT technique is given in [4]. In all these
works the duty cycle of converters are adjusted based on
MPPT techniques to provide desired outputs based on solar
input. To overcome the disadvantages of the less production
rate of manual weaving, costly weaving machines and
unavailability of electricity in villages the proposed method
can solve a lot of these problems. The proposed method
hence uses a boost converter analysis and utilizes MPPT
technique to adjust the duty cycle in order to run the motor
of weaving machine using solar energy.
2. PROPOSED METHODOLOGY
Here the block diagram in Fig.1, shows that the PV
module is being fed by various values of irradiance and
temperature which changes depending upontheintensityof
solar radiation received at any instant of time. The output of
PV module is given to the boost converter which helps to
step up the voltage of PV module as requiredbytheload.The
voltage and current sensors are used to sensethePVmodule
output and MPPT algorithm is applied to these outputs in-
order to generate the PWM pulses to give to the gate of the
switch of the boost converter. The duty cycle of PWM pulse
is also varied depending upon MPPT algorithm.
Fig-1: Block diagram of proposed method
3. COMPONENTS OF PROPOSED MODEL.
3.1 PV Module
The Photovoltaic cells connects together to give rise to
the module which helps in extractingmaximumsolarenergy
and converting it into electricity. The current produced by
the cell is proportional to the irradiation falling on it. Power
of solar modules decreases with decrease in solar radiation
and increase in temperature.

Fig-2: Equivalent circuit of solar cell
In the Fig.2, an equivalent solar cell circuit is shown
which can be modelled by using equations. The output
current Io is given as,
(1)
where
Io = output current (Ampere)
Ip = photo-generated current (Ampere)
Id = diode current (Ampere)
I shunt = shunt current (Ampere)
The voltage across the shunt resistance and diode will
be,
(2)
Where
Ve = voltage across elements (Volts)
Vo = output voltage (Volts)
Io = output current (Ampere)
Rs = series resistance (Ω)
The diode current can be calculated as,
(3)
Where
Ir = reverse saturation current (Ampere)
n = diode ideality factor
Vt = thermal voltage (Volts)
By using (1), (2) and (3) we can model a PV cell in the
MATLAB environment and simulate it by giving irradiance
and temperature as inputs. The solar module used in this
work is generating 200 Watts. The corresponding V-I and P-
V characteristics at 1500W/m2 and 25oC is given in Fig. 3
and Fig. 4. As the value of irradiancedecreasesto1000W/m2
or even lower the characteristics also has lower values of
voltage, current and power. Practically we select a value of
950W/m2 at which the maximum power point will be
120Watts as in Fig 5 and Fig 6.
Fig -3: P-V graph of solar module at 1500W/m2 and 25oC
Fig-4: I-V graph of solar module at 1500W/m2 and 25oC
Fig -5: P-V graph of solar module at 950W/m2 and 25oC.

Fig -6: I-V graph of solar module at 950W/m2 and 25oC.
The specifications which has been used in this work has
the following specifications developed as shown in table 1.
Table-1: Design of solar PV array
PARAMETERS VALUES
Voltage at Pmax 27.20 V
Current at Pmax 7.30 A
Open circuit voltage 30.80 V
Short circuit current 6.35 A
No. of cells in series 60
No. of cells in parallel 1
3.2 Maximum Power Point Tracking
The charging methods sends energy from PV outputto
converters. The maximum power point tracking is used to
extract maximum power from the given solar irradiance in
order to produce desired output. Here Perturb and
observation technique [2] is used to extract maximum
power. The output power changes with change in voltage
across it.
The algorithm shown in Fig. 7sensesthePVvoltageand
PV current and does perturbation which may resultineither
increase or decrease of power output. Once the maximum
power point is reached the system starts to move to and fro
about the point. To decrease this movementstepsizeorduty
ratio is decreased. The duty ratio of DC to DC converter is
controlled to give optimum voltage corresponding to
maximum power point at PV array.
When the source and load impedance equalizes
maximum power is delivered by load. The charge controller
used here is a DC –DC step up converter which matchesboth
impedances [2]. This algorithm cannot be used for high
values of solar irradiances as variables fluctuates at high
values.
Fig-7: MATLAB model of Perturb and observation
technique.
3.3 Boost Converter
There are many converters which are used to either
step up, step down or both step up and step down voltages
depending upon our need. For regulating the widespread
range of output of solar module the DC –DC converter is
employed [5]. The solar module voltage at maximum power
point will be 17V. But the DC machine is fed with 42V hence
boosting of 17 V to 42 V using this converter is preferred[5].
Fig-8: Boost converter circuit
The DC voltage from the PV is stepped up depending
upon our need to required value in order to run the motor of
weaving machine. The circuit diagram of boost converter is
given in Fig.8. The output voltage and duty cycle of boost
converter can be calculated by following equations.
(4)
(5)
Where
Vo = output voltage of boost converter (Volts)
Vi = input voltage of boost converter (Volts)
= duty cycle.
The working of boost converter at switch on
condition has the inductor current rising, and during switch
off condition this inductor gets discharged to the load or the
weaving machine motor. The values of boost converter used
are tabulated in table 2 [5].

Table-2: Boost Converter Design
Sl
No.
COMPONENTS USED RATINGS OF
COMPONENTS
1 Load resistance 10Ω
2 Capacitor 1μF
3 Inductor 1mH
4 Input voltage 17V
5 Output voltage 42V
6 Duty Ratio 0.6
3.4 DC Motor of Weaving Machine.
The DC motor is being fed with a voltage of 42V DC
and it is running at 120 rpm for irradiance of 1500W/m2. At
an irradiance of 950W/m2 the value may slightly deviate to
37V DC at 117rpm. Due to MPPT algorithm the maximum
power is being extracted at every irradiation value. The
armature coil and fieldwindingsareseparatelyenergized for
separately excited DC motor, armature is energized by solar
PV module while the field is energized by separate dcsource
of 230V. A load torque of 5 Nm is applied for the weaving
machine. For further speed regulation consider speed
regulation feedback [5]. The table 3showsthe parametersof
weaving machine DC motor used for simulation.
Table-3: Weaving Machine Motor Design
Sl No. DC MOTOR
PARAMETERS
VALUES
1 Resistance value for
Armature
0.784Ω
2 Inductance value for
Armature
0.02H
3 Field Resistance 180 Ω
4 Field Inductance 112.5H
5 Mutual Inductance 1.234H
6 Initial current 1A
7 Initial speed 1rad/s
8 Total Inertia 0.05kgm2
9 Back EMF 230V
10 Load torque 5Nm
3.5 ARDUINO UNO
Here in this work is done using Arduino UNO shown in
Fig .9, which helps to follow the MPPT algorithm and PWM
controller produces the pulses to be fed to the boost
converter. The output PWM signal (output Pin_D9) is a
square waveform of maximum voltage of amplitude 5 V,
constant frequency of 31.2 kHz, and variable duty cycle D
(0% - 100%). ATmega328p microcontroller forms the basic
development board of ArduinoUNO.Itconsistsof6pinsADC
of 10 bits resolution, output digital to analog converter
(DAC) of 8 bits resolution, several digital input/output pins
(6 pins dedicates as PWM outputs), and several analog
input/output pins. The USB port connects to computer to
exchange data [6]. The characteristics of a typical Arduino
UNO board is mentioned in table 4. The main limitation is it
do not have a lot of SRAM that limits memory. Power supply
of 9-12V at 2A is fed to the microcontroller. Table 4 givesthe
specification list of ATmega328p microcontroller.
Fig -9: ARDUINO UNO board
Table-4: Specification of ARDUINO UNO board
CHARACTERISTICS
OF ATMEG328P
RATINGS
Operating Voltage 5V
PWM Digital I/OPins 6
Input Voltage 7-12V
Digital I/O Pins 14
Analog Input Pins 6
DC Current for 3.3V
Pin
50 mA
DC Current per I/O
Pin
20 mA
Clock Speed 16 MHz
4. SIMULATION RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
Fig -10: Simulation of whole model.
The overall MATLAB simulation obtained is shown
in Fig 10. Here the solar module output is sensed byMPPT to
adjust duty cycle and produce pulses for the switch of boost

converter which boosts the voltage to be fed to the DC
weaving machine.
Fig-11: At irradiance of 950W/m2 solar module output
waveforms
The simulation output of solar module at 950W/m2
is given in Fig 11, where the current, voltage and power of
the module is given. The Fig 12, shows the gate pulses with
55% duty cycle calculated by MPPT algorithm, for achieving
maximum output at this irradiation level. For a 950 W/m2
irradiation at 25oC the input to DC machine changes to 37V
as shown in Fig 13. Hence the motor speed also reduces to
117rpm. At this time the power produced by DC motor is
81.4Watts.Hencethe weavingmachineusesMPPTalgorithm
to adjust the duty cycle of the boost convertertosucha value
that the maximum output is obtained at any irradiation
value. For feeding the output voltage of the PV to the boost
converter a controlled voltage source is used.
Fig -12: Gate pulse with 55% duty cycle at 950 W/m2
Fig-13: DC motor of weaving machine waveforms at
950W/m2 and 25oC (a) rotor speed in rpm (b) armature
current in Amperes (c) Electrical Torque in Nm (d) field
current in Amperes.
The output waveforms of PV module and the
corresponding pulse to be fed to the switch of the boost
converter for an irradiation of 1500W/m2 is given in Fig .14
and Fig. 15 respectively.

Fig-14: At irradiance of 1500W/m2 solar module output
waveforms
Fig-15: Gate pulse with 60% duty cycle at 1500 W/m2
The waveforms of DC motor of weaving machine at
1500W/m2 and 250C input to PV panel is shown in Fig .16.
The input of the DC motor is varying depending on
irradiation values. At 42V DC input to motor the speed of
rotor will be 120rpm. The current at this time will be 2.5 A.
Hence a weaving machine of 105 Watt, 200rpm ischosenfor
the work. For compensating all the possible losses of the
system the solar module is chosen to supply 180 Watts.
Fig-16: DC motor of weaving machine waveforms at
1500W/m2 and 25oC (a) rotor speed in rpm (b) armature
current in Amperes (c) Electrical Torque in Nm (d) field
current in Amperes
A comparison of simulated outputsobtainedinboth
the cases of irradiations are tabulated in table 5.Asthevalue
of irradiation decreases thespeedofmachinealsodecreases.
Table-5: Comparison of simulated results.
5. HARDWARE RESULT AND ANALYSIS
For this work the use of Arduino waspreferredfordoing
three main operations
1. Provide frequency for PWM signal generated.
2. Calculate the power by reading voltage and current
of boost converter to be fed to motor.
PARAMETERS CASES
Irradiation
(W/m2 )
1500W/m2 950W/m2
PV VOLTAGE
(V)
17.14 16.18
PV CURRENT
(A)
13 8
PV POWER
(WATTS)
190 120
DUTY CYCLE
(%)
50 55
BOOST VOLTAGE
(V)
34.14 37
MOTOR SPEED (RPM) 119.2 117
MOTOR ARAMATURE
CURRENT
(A)
2.41 2.2
MOTOR TORQUE
(Nm)
4.02 4.61

3. Modify the duty cycle of PWM to track the
maximum power point by implementing ‘Perturb
and Observe’ algorithm that comparedtheprevious
power to new power.
The hardware implementation can be explained using
Fig .17.
Fig-17: Hardware implementation
The components used for the hardware
implementation are listed in table 6.
Table -6: Components of Hardware
COMPONENTS SPECIFICATIONS
PV PANEL 6V,5 Watts
OPAMP 741
RESISTOR 100Ω, 1KΩ, 0.1Ω 5W, 10KΩ,
100Ω 5A
CAPACITORS 33.33 μF
INDUCTOR 5mH
AMMETER 2A
DC VOLTAGE
SUPPLY
15V
MOSFET IRFZ44
DIODE 1N4148, DB258
DC MOTOR 12-15V ,200RPM
A current to voltage converter will produce a
voltage proportional to the given current. This circuit is
required while measuring PV current and the measuring
instrument is capable only of measuring voltages and the
need is to measure the current output. This is implemented
using an OPAMP circuit. The table 7, shows the final analysis
of the hardware, the output voltage of boost converter
increased until it reached the maximum value with the
increase of duty ratio. Here two sets of values are manually
fed and chosen as current from PV source and alsovoltageof
PV source is also manually fed to ARDUINO UNOpinsA0and
A3 respectively. The pulse fromARDUINOpin9fedtoswitch
in the boost converter. By MPPT the duty ratio is varied and
we see that boost output voltage increases for the fed input
voltage. Hence the MPPT algorithm is executed and it isseen
to work properly and give results. This boost output voltage
is then fed to a DC motor of 24V 200rpm ratingwhichrunsat
highest speed at maximum voltage while speed decreases as
the voltage fed decreases.
The table 7, can be analyzed by consideringtwosets
of current from PV being considered. At thefirstthreevalues
of PV output the PV current is set to 0.8A while in the next
three sets of value PV current is 0.2A. The first three cases
has a boosted output along with their duty cycles changing
due to MPPT shown in Fig 18. Since we consider a PV output
of 6V and DC motor input to be 12-15V we design a boost
circuit with (4), (5). Here we take the switchingfrequency as
14 KHz.
Table -7: Final analysis of Hardware implementation
SL
No.
V_
pv
(V)
I_pv
(A)
I_pv
(in
terms of
voltage)
(V)
Boost
input
voltage
(V)
Boost
output
voltage
(V)
Duty
ratio
(%)
1. 1.8 0.8 1.2 8.7 9.06 10.14
2. 2.0 0.8 1.2 9.1 12.50 43.26
3. 2.4 0.8 1.2 11.2 15.61 64.81
4. 1.8 0.2 0.9 5.7 8.48 11.12
5. 2.1 0.2 0.9 9.2 13.63 50.6
6. 2.3 0.2 0.9 12.4 16.10 80
Fig-18: Boosted output for PV current of 0.8A
6. CONCLUSION
The prototype successfully locates the maximum
power regardless of what the solar panel voltageproduction
may be, as long as it is within the range of the 0-6V, since 6V
is the limitation of the available laboratory equipment.
Hence, this prototype can be used to track the maximum
power point of different solar panels and help customers

determine the most efficient solar panels available outthere
in the market, reliably.
The Arduino UNO uses a language that is very
simple to program and there are many available resources,
however, the actual chosen hardware was not very
compatible with our circuit. So choosing a different
microcontroller that better fits the circuit would help
improve the accuracy of measuring and calculations as well
as simplifying the overall circuit and the code, as mentioned
in design modification section. These are all possible
improvement points that can be accomplished in the future.
REFERENCES
[1] Md. Rokonuzzaman, Mahmuda Khatun Mishu, Md
Hossam-E-Haider and Md. Shamimul Islam,“Design
of MPPT charge controller in matlab-simulink GUI
environment” ICMES 2017, Dhaka.
[2] Geet Jain, Arun Shankar V.K., Umashankar S,
“Modelling and simulation of solar photovoltaic fed
induction motor for water pumping application
using perturb and observer MPPT algorithm” IEEE
2016.
[3] Tekeshwar Prasad Sahu, T.V. Dixit and Ramesh
Kumar, “Simulation and Analysis of Perturb and
Observe MPPT Algorithm for PV Array Using CUK
Converter” Advance in Electronic and Electric
Engineering 2014.
[4] Deepti Singh, RiaYadav, Jyotsana,”Simulink and
design of PV system using buck-boost converter”
IJSETR 2014.
[5] Piyali Saha , Sangita Deshmukh , Mohan Renge ,
Vinay Barhate ,“Modelling and Simulation of
Solar Photovoltaic Fed Dc Motor for Sewing
Machine using MPPT”, International Conference on
Smart Electric Drives&PowerSystem,IEEE2018.
[6] Ammar Al-Gizi, Mohammed Al-Saadi, Sarab Al-
Chlaihai,, Aurelian Craciunescu, Mustafa Abbas
Fadel, “Experimental Installation Of Photovoltaic
Mppt Controller Using Arduino Board” IEEE 2018.
BIOGRAPHIES
Rinki Roy Chowdhury received B-
Tech degree in Electrical and
Electronics Engineering from John
Cox Memorial CSI Institute of
Technology, Kerala in 2018, and is
currently pursuing M-Tech degree in
Power Controls and Drives at Mar
Baselios College of Engineering and
Technology, Kerala.
P. Sandhya received B-Tech degree
in Electrical and Electronics
Engineering from Government
College of Engineering, Tirunelveli,
Tamil Nadu in 2002 and M-Tech
degree from Amrita Vishwa
Vidyapeetham, Coimbatore, Tamil
Nadu in 2005. She is currently
Assistant Professor at Mar Baselios
College of Engineering and Technology,
Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala.

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