IRJET - Forest Fire Detection, Prevention and Response System using IoT

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 07 Issue: 02 | Feb 2020 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
© 2020, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.34 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 2133
Forest Fire Detection, Prevention and Response System using IoT
Mr. Prateek Lakkar1, Ms. Meghana Narayan2
1Freelance Developer, 147 Thadagam Road, Venkitapuram, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India.
2 Freelance Developer, 1st main Road, 3rd cross, Sriramnagar, Tumkur-01, Karnataka, India.
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Abstract - A Large destructive fire that spread over a forest
or area of woodland is a Forest fire that causes loss of
humungous amount of Property, Wildlife, Ecosystem and
Economy. The project is focused on creating a permanent
solution for this problem. It consists ofanintegratedIoTbased
system to detect, monitor and solve the issue without any
manual involvement. The system consists of regular
monitoring of the forest area with the help ofcloudcomputing
and analysis of the root cause of the fire. The system uses the
latest Microcontroller, Wi-Fi communication and precision
sensors such that there is no error in this part. The systemalso
provides a quick response system so the fire can be controlled
at the earliest stage.
1. INTRODUCTION
The project consists of a series of sensors to measure
parameters involved in Forest fire. These sensors are
connected to a microcontroller which has inbuilt Wi-Fi
module that can communicate to the cloud and send data on
regular basis. This data is monitored in cloud and for any
detection of flame a message is sent to the mobile,
notification to the fire department and mail to the rescue
department. A response is generated and the default pump
gets powered to start sprinkling water thus preventing the
spread and stop the problem from the cause. The data and
mail points can be tracked to know the root cause of the
problem and thus further accidents can be prevented.
1.1 PROBLEM DEFINITION: FOREST FIRE
A Large destructive fire that spread over a forest or area of
woodland which leads to damage in Wildlife, humans,
property and Environment. The major Causes Are Lightning.
Sparks from Rock falls. Volcanic Eruption or any other
manual Ignition from the Humans on purpose which leads to
the following disadvantages:Aforestfiresetsupthepotential
for soil erosion to occur, Forestfiresalwaysbringdeathtolife
of humansandanimals,Uncontrolledfirescancauselocalized
air pollution, Homescanbedestroyedwithoutcompensation.
1.2 METHODOLOGY
The methodology remains simple, an integrated device
powered by Solar Energy is setup in various location of the
forest based on the rage and efficiency.Thesedevicesusethe
MQTT Algorithm to send immediate notifications to the
cloud and trigger the attached pump. The Following flow
chart gives an illustration of the methodology.
Fig -1: Methodology Flowchart
The sensors first detect the presence of Flame in their Area
of Observation, The Microcontroller immediately sends the
necessary sensor readings to the cloud and triggers the
pump. The Cloud acts on the readings of the sensors and
notifies the necessary departments.
2. PROCESS STUDY
IoT devices are becoming a part of the mainstream of
proposed systems which incorporates smart devicesintothe
lives of people faster than ever. Growing need for real-time
monitoring, tracking and automation coupled withfavorable
government initiatives has driven Internet of Things (IoT)
market in India. Growth in the market is anticipated on
account of ongoing technologicaldevelopmentsinInternetof
Things technology for providing better connectivity and
coverage as well as real-time monitoring & tracking of
services and systems across diverse industry verticals to
reduce operational and manpower costs. Equipment used in
the project are easily available in market with in a common
man budget. The main Components in the proposed paper
are sensors like Flame detector, temperature, Light sensor
with proper range and Quality checked, Microcontroller
which is Node MCU ESP 8266 with Wi-Fi module inbuilt,
Actuators like Pump, tubes, relay, buzzer and Softwares and
technical support members like Data Management devices
through Cloud, Servers and DisplayLED,somemiscellaneous
items like Resistors, diodes, Capacitors, Inductors, wires and
the most important Solar Powering Device with battery. All
these components can be assembled into a Small box which
can be called as Flame Detector. The solar panel may remain
outside the box for better performance.
2.1 SENSORS
These types of sensors are usedforshortrangefiredetection
and can be used to monitor projects or as a safetyprecaution
to cut devices off / on. I have found this unit is mostly
accurate up to about 20 feet. The flame sensor is very
sensitive to IR wavelength at 760 nm ~ 1100 nm light.
Analog output (A0): Real-time output voltage signal on the
thermal resistance.

Digital output (D0): When the temperaturereachesa certain
threshold, the output high and low signal threshold
adjustable via potentiometer.
Pins:
VCC...... Positive voltage input: 5v for analog 3.3v for Digital.
A0.......... Analog output
D0......... Digital output
GND..... Ground.
This sensor is only taken for Experiment purpose but forthe
real time application very high range sensors can be used.
For huge area coverage usage of drones with high range
sensors is also possible which can cover upto 5 Km area at a
single sight. A GPS module will also be attached to the circuit
for detecting the Exact location.
2.2 MICROCONTROLLER
Node MCU is an open source IOT platform. It includes
firmware which runs on the ESP8266 Wi-Fi SoC from
espress if systems and hardware which is based on the ESP-
12 module. The term “NODE MCU” by default refers to the
firmware rather than the dev kits the firmware uses the Lua
scripting language. Wi-Fi is the primary communication
module for this project. Through this option the project can
be enabled by connecting the hotspot of the users to the
sensors connections. When the forest gets fire, the flame
sensors automatically sense it and send a notification as
“FIRE in sector 1” to the mobile with the help of the app. For
this action proper internet connection is required.
2.3 CLOUD ARCHITECTURE
The cloud is like an online version of a hard drive
Instead of having the drive within your computer or on
another device, you save your files to virtual servers. Files
saved to the cloud can be accessed by any device, anywhere
you have internet access. The goal of this project is to
combine ubiquitous and heterogeneous sensing, smart
objects, semantic, bigdata andcloudcomputingtechnologies
in a platform enabling the Internet of Things process
consisting of continuous iterations on data ingestion, data
storage, analytics, knowledge generation and knowledge
sharing phases, as foundation for cross-border information
service provision.
Most of the data is generated by people and process. IoT and
big data can offer value to energy systems, climate change,
and water and air quality.
We can use various clouds based on IoT which are open
source like Blynk, Thinks speak, Bolt, particle.io, onion,
firebase, etc. based on our requirements.
Fig -2: Fire Safety and response Algorithm
2.4 CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION
Fig -3: Circuit Diagram
The Microcontroller and the circuit as seen in the diagram
are powered by an External Solar Power Setup which
provides 12V to the pump for smooth operations, The pump
has strong suction power with silicon tubes attachd that

does not face damage easily, The pump hass two pins (VCC
and Ground) where the voltage is drawn from the external
supply whereas the Ground is controlled by the
Microcontroller through relay or self which intur controls
the pump. A Piezoelectric buzzer is also connected to the
circuit to notifiy the nearest surroundings, which has two
pins (Voltage and Ground) where Voltage is connected to
Digital Pins of the Mictocontroller (D0,D1..) and the Ground
is connected to the GND pin. The Sensor has the pin
configuration as mentioned in the paragraph 2.1 which is
connected as, A0 pin of the sensor is connected with the A0
pin of the Microcontroller and The Voltage and Ground Pins
are Connected to the 3V and GND. Small components like
Transistor and Mosfet are connected to manipulate Voltage
for smooth functioning of the circuit. A GPS module is
attached to the circuit as VCC to 3V, Ground to GND, Rx and
Tx are connected to the D1 and D2 pins of the circuit and is
run at a Baud rate of 9600 to provide the exact loaction in
terms of longitude, latitude, speed and Direction which can
be plotted easily.
2.5 IMPLEMENTATION
The Implementation is the most tedious part as we have to
take care of the Surrounding infulences like plants, animals
and Atmospheric conditions that can damage the device or
disturb its range and efficiency. The Target range while
implementation is estimated to be 20 feets if we use the
most basic model. The sensor detects the presence of Flame
in that range and immediately makes the circuit high. The
Circuit in turn respons to these signal by doing the following
things:
a. It makes the buzzer high to create a disturbing and
alarming sound.
b. It notifies the cloud about the raise in reading of the
sensor and feeds the location.
c. It turns on the pump to sprinkle water to prevent the fire
from spreading and trying to cut the source.
The cloud receives the readings from the Microcontroller
and is programmed to send a Notification to the forest
department and a Mail to the Fire department. The
notification sent to the forest department also has Location
of the device where the fire was detected and the buzzer
makes it simple for them to track and follow the lead.
Thus proper actions are taken by necessary authorities to
prevent the spread of the Fire.
Fig -4: Sample Implementation Circuit
3. CONCLUSIONS
The Forest Fire is a serious issue as it has causedlossofhuge
amount of land, property and lives of people as well as
animals. The Paper paves a way to prevent this loss by
cutting the supply at the source and preventingthespread at
the right time. The project when implemented has huge
applications in domestic, Industrial, hospitals, Landscape
areas like coal mining and petroleum industries to prevent
fire accidents and take necessary preventive measures. The
project has huge scope in the future where we will be ableto
cover huge areas of forest land with the help of Satellites,
Thermal Images and Drones. The connectivityoftheWi-Fi in
forest areas still remains a technical challenge as using high
frequency waves for connectivity may lead to disturbance in
birds and animal’s life and low frequency may not respond
properly, Alternate methods are either too expensive or not
effective. The future scope of the project lies in the areaslike
Connectivity of Network and Range of sensors. Forest still
remain an important resource to balance the climate and a
possible solution to global warming. Thus when a forest fire
occurs not only the valuable forest resource meets damage
but the fire tears of the surrounding causing enough
pollution by the very source that prevents it.

Fig -4: Sample Notification Panel
REFERENCES
[1] Casbeer, D., Beard, R., Li, S., McLain, T., and Mehra, R.
“Forest Fire Monitoring Using Unmanned Air Vehicles”,
Proceedings of the American Control Conference, pp.
3530-3535, June 2005, Portland, Oregon. DOI:
10.1109/ACC.2005.1470520, (c) 2005 IEEE.
[2] Mulayim Gure ; Mehmet Emin Ozel ; H. Hulya Yildirim ;
Muzaffer Ozdemir, “Use of satellite images for forest
fires in area determination and monitoring”, (c) 2009
IEEE.
[3] Li Guang-Hui ; Zhao Jun ; Wang Zhi, “Research on Forest
Fire Detection Based on Wireless Sensor Network,” (c)
2006 IEEE.
[4] Alexander A. Khamukhin ; Silvano Bertoldo, “Spectral
analysis of forest fire noise for early detection using
wireless sensor networks”, (c) 2016 IEEE.
[5] Liu Longshen ; Shen Mingxia ; Zhao Xianlin;SunYuwen;
Lu Mingzhou ; Xiong Yingjun, “Embedded forest fire
monitoring and positioning system based on machine
vision”, (c) 2011 IEEE.
[6] Hong Li ; Guang-hui Li ; Hai-lin Feng ; Zhi Wang,
“Research on Forest Fire Monitoring Quality Variation
with Wireless Sensor Node Density”, (c) 2010 IEEE.
BIOGRAPHIES
I am Prateek Lakkar, I am aspiring
to Study Masters of Science in
Politechnico Di Milano and I had
this idea and interest from a long
time.
I am Meghana Narayan, aspiring to
study of Masters of Science. I have
always been interested in the field
of Electronics and wanted to learn
more.

IRJET - Forest Fire Detection, Prevention and Response System using IoT

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IRJET - Forest Fire Detection, Prevention and Response System using IoT