IRJET- Routing Protocols in Vanet a Brief Review

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 05 Issue: 11 | Nov 2018 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
© 2018, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.211 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 528
Routing Protocols in Vanet A Brief Review
Imaad Shafi1, Mehraj Ahmad2, Farzana Naz3
1,2,3M.Tech, Department of computer science & Engineering, Al-Falah University, Faridabad, India
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Abstract - Vehicular Adhoc Networks, or VANETs, are the
decentralized and self-configuring type of network, in
which, vehicle nodes can join or leave the network as and
when they want. In this network, vehicle to vehicle and
vehicle to infrastructure type of communication is possible.
The VANET is a sub form of Mobile Ad-Hoc Network or
MANET. The primary purpose of VANETs is to improve
public protection and save lives. As of now, various routing
protocols have been designed by researchers after
considering the primary challenges involved in VANETs.
This paper provides a brief survey of routing protocols for
VANETs.
Key Words: VANET, Characteristics, and Routing
protocols.
1. INTRODUCTION
In order to review the ad-hoc networks that are a
communication technology for vehicle-specific
applications in intelligent transportation systems (ITS),
numerous researches are projected recently. There are
various applications of ITSs which are associated with
vehicle transportation. They encompass numerous parts
such as computers, communications, sensors, and
management techniques and management techniques. The
functioning of transportation systems is enhanced by the
operation of these parts all at once. The protection and
potency of the bottom transportation networks are
increased with the assistance of real-time data gathered
from these Systems [1]. The warnings associated with
environmental hazards, and traffic and road Conditions
may be delivered by the vehicles with the assistance of
VANETs. The information associated with an issue like
road closure, accident, and tie up etc., Is Transferred by
the vehicles to alternative vehicles so the motive force will
avoid such routes and prevent additional troubles. The
vehicles will distribute the data or warnings to all
alternative vehicles through communication. Thus, data
propagation is extremely vital in VANET environment.
Routing plays a spirited role in data propagation the main
objective of routing protocols is to acquire minimum
communication time when the amounts of used network
resources are minimal. In this paper, we have discussed
the characteristics of VANET, various existing routing
protocols.
2. CHARACTERISTICS
2.1 Massive network: a large amount of vehicles is high
within the large-scale network that is understood as
VANETs [2]. The registration of every type of vehicle
within the network is feasible even within the presence of
a huge Number of nodes.
2.2 Traffic monitoring: it's attainable to alter the laws of
traffic and therefore the speed limits, quality of vehicles,
on the premise of the configuration of roads. The mobility
of vehicles, chiefly affected because of the behavior and
therefore the interaction amongst the drivers [3]. It’s
terribly troublesome to simulate the traffic due to that it's
wide employed in numerous applications.
2.3 Resources: within the VANETs sizable amount of
resources are accessed by the vehicles as compared to
MANETs that's gift among the mobile devices. A large
number of batteries, antennas and process power is
needed because of which it's not necessary to possess
resource conservation mechanisms among these
networks.
2.4 Extremely dynamic topology: The dynamic topology
of VANETs is outlined as the availability of selections of
the multiple ways in conjunction with the high speed of
the vehicles.
2.5 Frequent disconnected networks: The dynamic
topology is outlined by the high speed of the vehicles and
conjointly necessitates the frequent needs of the wayside
unit's lack of which ends frequent disconnections.
2.6 Modeling quality and prediction: it's terribly
troublesome to predict the vehicle position and their
movements. In VANETs, this feature of quality modeling
and prediction relies on the roadmap models that are
predefined. For the efficient network style, the speed of
the vehicles is incredibly necessary.
2.7 Communication Environment: numerous totally
different options are a gift within the mobility model on
the premise of road design, highways, or city
Environments, thus solely having a quality model isn't
enough [4]. Hence, it is necessary to require care,
communication in these things.
2.8 Exhausting delay constraints: The delivery of
messages on time throughout emergency is a major
downside. Therefore, handling such things is more critical
rather than looking at the high information rates.
2.9 Interaction with a board sensor: Sensors are the
mode of communications as they'll scan information
associated with the Speed of the vehicle, direction and
may communicate to the Information Centre. Therefore,
for the link formation and in routing protocols sensors
have been used.

3. CATEGORIES OF ROUTING PROTOCOL
Routing protocols are broadly classified into Position
based routing Topology based routing, Geo cast routing,
broadcast routing and Cluster based routing
Fig -1: Classification of Vanet Routing Protocols
3.1 Position based Routing
Position primarily based routing protocol has been
utilized in the vicinity functions as it determines the exact
location of the source node, neighbor node, and the
destination node. All the statistics about the nodes such as
role is maintained by the use of GPS and it has additionally
decided the specific coordinates of the nodes
in all directions, which lead to route discovery mechanism
[5]. When a packet is transferred through the source node,
it obtained all the facts about the region coordinates (x, y)
of the destination. In this routing protocol, it is no longer
indispensable to update the routing table, establish or
keep the route. Location tracking has been utilized by way
of this protocol in order to operate all its recreation and
some form of forwarding strategy for the implementation
of forwarding the packets with the aid of the supply node.
3.2 Broadcast based routing
The broadcast routing protocol is also acknowledged as
flooding-based routing protocol that has been utilized in
VANET for sharing data among automobiles such as when
an accident or a tournament occurs, then it transmits the
records to all nodes [6]. An essential function is performed
with the aid of the broadcast routing protocol in
emergency situations when the messages must deliver
shortly and in an environment-friendly manner in nearly
all safety applications. The broadcast routing protocol has
a principal drawback such as the hidden node hassle and
the excessive possibility of collision in the messages. With
the help of broadcasting protocols, messages have been
transferred to vehicles within the communication vary and
it also switches the messages to all the automobiles in the
network. Subparts of broadcasting protocols are
BROADCOMM and DV-CAST.
3.3 Topology based routing protocol
In order to send data packets from source to destination, it
is indispensable to have links information on topology
based on the routing protocol. With the assist of hyperlink
information, packet forwarding is performed within the
network. Topology-based routing protocols are divided
into two categories such as proactive and reactive routing.
Proactive routing is also known as the table-driven
method and reactive routing protocol are known as the
on-demand method.
3.4 Proactive routing
The proactive routing is described as the protocol in which
a routing table is maintained via every node which
includes the statistics about every other node in the
network whether statistics is currently in it or not.
Proactive routing is also acknowledged for the routing
information, such as renovation of next forwarding hop
irrespective of
Communication requests [7]. There is no route discovery
in the proactive routing protocol due to the fact that the
destination route is stored in the background which is
viewed as its advantage. The drawback of this protocol is
that it presents low latency for real time application.
Proactive routing protocols have quite number types such
as FSR, DSDV, OLSR, CGSR, WRP, and TBRPF.
3.5 Reactive routing
The proactive routing is described as the protocol in which
a routing table is maintained via every node which includes
the statistics about every other node in the network
whether statistics is currently in it or not. Proactive routing
is also acknowledged for the routing information, such as
the renovation of the next forwarding hop irrespective of
communication requests [7]. There is no route discovery in
the proactive routing protocol due to the fact that the
destination route is stored in the background which is
viewed as its advantage. The drawback of this protocol is
that it presents low latency for real-time application.
Proactive routing protocols have quite number types such
as FSR, DSDV, OLSR, CGSR, WRP, and TBRPF
3.6 Cluster based Routing
A cluster between nodes or vehicles can be set up with the
help of cluster-based routing protocol. The cluster is
defined as the group of nodes in which a unique cluster-
head is existing within each cluster. This cluster is
responsible for intra and inter-cluster communication [9].
A direct hyperlink is set up between the nodes in order to
communicate inside the cluster and specified cluster-
heads are accountable for the inter-cluster
communication. Within the cluster, a cluster-head declares
the packet to all the nodes in the cluster-based routing
which improves the scalability for a large network of
nodes. In the VANET, community lengthens and overhead
expands for the high mobility feature. The variety of
Clusters based totally routing protocols are HCB, CBDRP,
CBLR, and CBR.
3.7 Geo Cast Routing Protocols
It is essentially a region, primarily based multicast routing.
Its objective is to deliver the packet from the source node
to all different nodes within a unique geographical area
(Zone of Relevance, ZOR). In Geo cast routing automobiles,
VANET ROUTING
PROTOCOLS
POSITION BASED
ROUTING
BROADCAST
BASED ROUTING
TOPOLOGY
BASED ROUTING
CLUSTER BASED
ROUTING
GEO CAST BASED
ROUTING

outdoor the ZOR are not alerted to avoid a useless hasty
reaction. Geo cast is considered as a multicast provider
within a specific geographic region. It commonly defines a
Forwarding region where it directs the flooding of the
packets in order to minimize message overhead and
network congestion caused by the aid of genuinely
flooding packets everywhere. In the vacation spot zone,
unicast routing can be used to a head the packet. One
pitfall of Geo cast is network partitioning and additionally
adverse neighbors which may avert the appropriate
forwarding of messages.
4. CONCLUSION
In this paper, we have presented a comprehensive survey
of various most significant VANETs protocols, which are
designed for vehicle to vehicle or vehicle to infrastructure
communication. Due to the decentralized nature of the
network, routing can reduce the performance of the
network. In order to enhance the performance of the
network, we use various routing protocols in VANETs.
Hence, we have reviewed and presented various routing
protocols used in VANETs and come to the conclusion that
the VANET is the solution for efficient and much safer
future intelligent transportation system.
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