IRJET- Stress Analysis of Connecting Rod of 4 Stroke Petrol Engine by using Finite Element Analysis
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This document summarizes a research study that performed finite element analysis on the connecting rod of a 4-stroke petrol engine to determine stresses, strains, and safety factors when using two different materials - AISI 1070 steel and AISI 4337 steel. The connecting rod model was created in SolidWorks and analyzed in ANSYS Workbench. The analysis results showed the design was safe under the given loading conditions and can help minimize future maintenance needs. The study aims to identify failure-prone areas and optimize the connecting rod design.
![International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 06 Issue: 05 | May 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
© 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.211 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1087
Stress Analysis of Connecting Rod of 4 Stroke Petrol Engine by using
Finite Element Analysis
Rachit Tiwari1, Dr. Alok Singh2, Dr. P.M. Mishra3
1M.Tech Scholar, Department of Mechanical Engineering, M.A.N.I.T. Bhopal (M.P.), India-462003
2Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, M.A.N.I.T. Bhopal (M.P.), India-462003
3Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, M.A.N.I.T. Bhopal (M.P.), India-462003
---------------------------------------------------------------------***---------------------------------------------------------------------
Abstract - Connecting rods are used to transmit the gas
pressure which is acting on the piston to the crank shaft. It
acts as a rigid link. It is in kinetic motion so chances of
distortion in connecting rods were high when compared to
other engine parts. In this research work, the basic design of
connecting rod of 4 stroke petrol engine i.e. Splendor is made
with the help of SOLIDWORKS 2015 and then finite element
analysis is performed with the help of ANSYS WORKBENCH
13.0 software. In this analysis 2 differentmaterialsweretaken
into consideration. First one is conventional AISI 1070 steel
and second one is AISI 4337 steel. By the analysis values of
stresses, strain, factor of safety in connecting rod were
obtained in both the materials and compared witheachother.
In this research various types of failures, their cause were
discussed. The analysis result shows safe design of connecting
rod under given conditions so thatmaintenanceactions can be
minimized.
Key Words: Connecting rod, petrol engine, ansys,
solidworks.
1. INTRODUCTION
Internal Combustion(IC) engine has comprisedofnumerous
parts like cylinder, piston, crank and connecting rod. One of
the fundamental pieces of an engineistheconnectingrod. To
transmit the reciprocating movement of the piston to rotary
movement of the crankshaft is the main function of the
connecting rod. Connecting rod has piston end and also
crank end. Piston is connected with the piston end. The
crank end (huge end) is appended to the crankshaft. The
connecting rod should be designed so that it can withstand
the load with no failure amid high cycle fatigue. The most
significant pieces of connecting rod are crank end, long
shank and piston end. There are various reasons due to
which a connecting rod fails, some of which are – less
lubrication and heat, overloading the rods, elongated rod
bore, bore stretch, fatigue, pin failure, over revving,
hydrolock, failure of bearing and wear & tear.
Solidworks is a strong solid modeling PC helped structure
(cad) and PC supported building (cae) PC program that
keeps running on microsoft windows. Solidworks is
disseminated by dassault framework systems. In this
examination and analysis solidworks 2013software
programming is utilized to make a 3 solidworks using a 3d
configuration methodology. As you structure a section,from
the underlying portrayal to the last outcome, you make a 3d
model. From this model, you can make 2d drawing or mix
segments comprising of parts or subassemblies to make 3d
gatherings. You can likewise make 2d illustrations of 3d
assemblies. When planninga model utilizingsolidworks,you
can picture it in three measurements, the way the model
exists once it is fabricated.
ANSYS Workbench is typically called a project-management
tool. All our software tools can be linked using this top level
interface. The passing of data between ANSYS Geometry,
mesh, solver, Post processing tools is handled by the
workbench. The individual applications and passing of the
data between them is done and managed by Workbench. It
makes it easy to automatically perform design studies,
parametric analyses, etc. For design optimization.
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
G. Naga et al. [1] explains weight optimization in the
connecting rod of the IC engine by various materials like
Genetic steel, aluminum, titanium and cast iron. The model
connecting rod is made on Pro-E and analysis is done on
ANSYS. They carry out the various load analysis in staticand
stress analysis of the connectingrod. Designoptimizationfor
appropriate material to minimize the deflection. The load
acting on the connecting rod as a function of time are
obtained. The relation for obtain the load for the connecting
rod at the given constant speed of crankshaft is also
determined. They find out that the connecting rod can be
designed and optimized under a tensile load corresponding
to 3600 crank angles at the maximum engine speed as one
extreme load and the crank pressure as the other extreme
load which result to cost reduction and weight reduction.
The bending stresses are calculated for tensile bending
stresses about 266.86333 N/mm2 and also found that
connecting rod made up of genetic steel shows less
deformation and stress then titanium, cast iron and
Aluminium.
Nikhil et al. [2] in their study the material of connecting rod
is replaced by aluminum (Al 360) based composite material
reinforced with silicon carbide and fly ash and they also
describe the model and analysis of connecting rod. FEA
analysis was done on two materials of 180cc engine
connecting rod. They take parameters like von missesstress
and deformation was obtained from ANSYS software.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/irjet-v6i5216-190826051126/85/IRJET-Stress-Analysis-of-Connecting-Rod-of-4-Stroke-Petrol-Engine-by-using-Finite-Element-Analysis-1-320.jpg)
![International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 06 Issue: 05 | May 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
© 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.211 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1088
Compared to the existing material the new material found to
have less weight and better stiffness. It resulted in a
reduction of 39.48% of weight, with 64.23% reduction in
displacement. The optimized connecting rod is
comparatively much stiff than the existing connecting rod.
N.P. Doshi et al. [3] observed that the minimum stresses
among all loading conditions, were foundatcrank endcapas
well as at piston end. So the material can be reduced from
those portions, thereby reducing material cost. For further
optimization of material dynamic analysis of connecting rod
is needed. After considering dynamic load conditions once
again finite element analysis will have to be performed. It
will give more accurate results than existing.
Mohammad Abdusallam et al. [4] observed that further
optimization of material dynamic analysis of connecting rod
is required. After considering dynamic load condition, once
again finite element analysis will have to be performed. It
will give more accurate results than existing results.
B. Anusha, C.vijayabhaskar Reddy et al. [5] in their paper a
static analysis is conducted on a connecting rod of a single
cylinder 4-stroke petrol engine. The model is developed
using Solid modelling softwarei.e.PRO/E(creo-parametric).
Further finite element analysis is donetodeterminethevon-
misses stresses shear stress and strainsforthegivenloading
conditions.
Mr. H. B. Ramani et al. [6] in their study, detailed load
analysis was performed onconnectingrod,followedbyfinite
element method in Ansys-13 medium. In this regard, In
order to calculate stress in Different part of connecting rod,
the total forces exerted connecting rod were calculated and
then it was modelled, meshed and loaded in Ansyssoftware.
The maximum stresses in different parts of connecting rod
were determined by Analysis. Themaximumpressurestress
was between pin end and rod linkages and between bearing
cup and connecting rod linkage. The maximumtensilestress
was obtained in lower half of pin end and between pin end
and rod linkage. It is suggested that the results obtained can
be useful to bring about modificationinDesignofconnecting
rod.
Sarihan and song [7] for the optimization of the wrist pin
end, used a fatigue load cycle consisting of compressive gas
load corresponding to maximum torque and tensile load
correspondingtomaximuminertia load.Evidently,theyused
the maximum loads in the whole operating range of the
engine. To design for fatigue, modified goodman equation
with alternating octahedral shear stress and mean
octahedral shear stress was used.
Atish Gawale, et al. [8] are focusedonThedesignand weight
of the connecting rod, so that they can find the optimum
material for connecting rod.
S.B.Chikalthankar et al.[9]In this case the work complete
connecting rod Finite Element Analysis (FEA) methodology.
It was also performed a fatigue study based on Stress Life
theory, considering the Modified Goodman diagram.
Mahesh et al.[10] in their work they discussed about the
optimum design for the connecting rod. They designed the
connecting rod using catia software and analyze it by ansys.
They perform the analysis using 4 different materials. They
concluded that aluminum alloy based connecting rods are
best for speed engines. Steel alloy based connectingrodsare
suitable for heavy load engines.
Kumar amit [11] in their work they discussed stress
concentration related problems. By providing bigger arc in
corners these problems can be avoided.
3. METHODOLOGY
In this research finite element analysis (FEA) is utilized to
find out the failure prone areas in connecting rod of 4 stroke
petrol engine. To perform this analysis ANSYS workbench
13.0 software is used. To design the connecting rod
solidworks 2015 software is used. In this research
connecting rod of 4 stroke bike i.e. Hero Honda splendor
100cc bike is designed. Primary input data is collected from
various resources and a vehicle agency.
1. Collect the input data from various online resources and
research papers.
2. After this first create a 2D model in solidworks 2015 with
the help of various commands.
3. Then convert this 2D sketch into 3D design by the help of
extrude command.
4. After this import this design in to ansys workbench 13.0
by changing its extension to .IGS.
5. Then perform meshing in ansys. It is the one of the most
important part of analysis.
6. After this apply constraints in the geometry by the help of
various commands. After this apply the amount of force or
pressure and define the axis on which it is acting.
7. After this results i.e. Maximum shear stress, maximum
principal stress, factor of safety, is generated.
8. After this compare those results with standard values and
find a conclusion.
Specifications Of hero Honda splendor 100cc engine are as
follows-
Engine type air cooled 4-stroke petrol engine
Bore × Stroke (mm) = 50×49.5
Volume = 97.32CC](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/irjet-v6i5216-190826051126/85/IRJET-Stress-Analysis-of-Connecting-Rod-of-4-Stroke-Petrol-Engine-by-using-Finite-Element-Analysis-2-320.jpg)
IRJET- Stress Analysis of Connecting Rod of 4 Stroke Petrol Engine by using Finite Element Analysis
- 1. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 06 Issue: 05 | May 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.211 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1087 Stress Analysis of Connecting Rod of 4 Stroke Petrol Engine by using Finite Element Analysis Rachit Tiwari1, Dr. Alok Singh2, Dr. P.M. Mishra3 1M.Tech Scholar, Department of Mechanical Engineering, M.A.N.I.T. Bhopal (M.P.), India-462003 2Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, M.A.N.I.T. Bhopal (M.P.), India-462003 3Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, M.A.N.I.T. Bhopal (M.P.), India-462003 ---------------------------------------------------------------------***--------------------------------------------------------------------- Abstract - Connecting rods are used to transmit the gas pressure which is acting on the piston to the crank shaft. It acts as a rigid link. It is in kinetic motion so chances of distortion in connecting rods were high when compared to other engine parts. In this research work, the basic design of connecting rod of 4 stroke petrol engine i.e. Splendor is made with the help of SOLIDWORKS 2015 and then finite element analysis is performed with the help of ANSYS WORKBENCH 13.0 software. In this analysis 2 differentmaterialsweretaken into consideration. First one is conventional AISI 1070 steel and second one is AISI 4337 steel. By the analysis values of stresses, strain, factor of safety in connecting rod were obtained in both the materials and compared witheachother. In this research various types of failures, their cause were discussed. The analysis result shows safe design of connecting rod under given conditions so thatmaintenanceactions can be minimized. Key Words: Connecting rod, petrol engine, ansys, solidworks. 1. INTRODUCTION Internal Combustion(IC) engine has comprisedofnumerous parts like cylinder, piston, crank and connecting rod. One of the fundamental pieces of an engineistheconnectingrod. To transmit the reciprocating movement of the piston to rotary movement of the crankshaft is the main function of the connecting rod. Connecting rod has piston end and also crank end. Piston is connected with the piston end. The crank end (huge end) is appended to the crankshaft. The connecting rod should be designed so that it can withstand the load with no failure amid high cycle fatigue. The most significant pieces of connecting rod are crank end, long shank and piston end. There are various reasons due to which a connecting rod fails, some of which are – less lubrication and heat, overloading the rods, elongated rod bore, bore stretch, fatigue, pin failure, over revving, hydrolock, failure of bearing and wear & tear. Solidworks is a strong solid modeling PC helped structure (cad) and PC supported building (cae) PC program that keeps running on microsoft windows. Solidworks is disseminated by dassault framework systems. In this examination and analysis solidworks 2013software programming is utilized to make a 3 solidworks using a 3d configuration methodology. As you structure a section,from the underlying portrayal to the last outcome, you make a 3d model. From this model, you can make 2d drawing or mix segments comprising of parts or subassemblies to make 3d gatherings. You can likewise make 2d illustrations of 3d assemblies. When planninga model utilizingsolidworks,you can picture it in three measurements, the way the model exists once it is fabricated. ANSYS Workbench is typically called a project-management tool. All our software tools can be linked using this top level interface. The passing of data between ANSYS Geometry, mesh, solver, Post processing tools is handled by the workbench. The individual applications and passing of the data between them is done and managed by Workbench. It makes it easy to automatically perform design studies, parametric analyses, etc. For design optimization. 2. LITERATURE REVIEW G. Naga et al. [1] explains weight optimization in the connecting rod of the IC engine by various materials like Genetic steel, aluminum, titanium and cast iron. The model connecting rod is made on Pro-E and analysis is done on ANSYS. They carry out the various load analysis in staticand stress analysis of the connectingrod. Designoptimizationfor appropriate material to minimize the deflection. The load acting on the connecting rod as a function of time are obtained. The relation for obtain the load for the connecting rod at the given constant speed of crankshaft is also determined. They find out that the connecting rod can be designed and optimized under a tensile load corresponding to 3600 crank angles at the maximum engine speed as one extreme load and the crank pressure as the other extreme load which result to cost reduction and weight reduction. The bending stresses are calculated for tensile bending stresses about 266.86333 N/mm2 and also found that connecting rod made up of genetic steel shows less deformation and stress then titanium, cast iron and Aluminium. Nikhil et al. [2] in their study the material of connecting rod is replaced by aluminum (Al 360) based composite material reinforced with silicon carbide and fly ash and they also describe the model and analysis of connecting rod. FEA analysis was done on two materials of 180cc engine connecting rod. They take parameters like von missesstress and deformation was obtained from ANSYS software.
- 2. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 06 Issue: 05 | May 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.211 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1088 Compared to the existing material the new material found to have less weight and better stiffness. It resulted in a reduction of 39.48% of weight, with 64.23% reduction in displacement. The optimized connecting rod is comparatively much stiff than the existing connecting rod. N.P. Doshi et al. [3] observed that the minimum stresses among all loading conditions, were foundatcrank endcapas well as at piston end. So the material can be reduced from those portions, thereby reducing material cost. For further optimization of material dynamic analysis of connecting rod is needed. After considering dynamic load conditions once again finite element analysis will have to be performed. It will give more accurate results than existing. Mohammad Abdusallam et al. [4] observed that further optimization of material dynamic analysis of connecting rod is required. After considering dynamic load condition, once again finite element analysis will have to be performed. It will give more accurate results than existing results. B. Anusha, C.vijayabhaskar Reddy et al. [5] in their paper a static analysis is conducted on a connecting rod of a single cylinder 4-stroke petrol engine. The model is developed using Solid modelling softwarei.e.PRO/E(creo-parametric). Further finite element analysis is donetodeterminethevon- misses stresses shear stress and strainsforthegivenloading conditions. Mr. H. B. Ramani et al. [6] in their study, detailed load analysis was performed onconnectingrod,followedbyfinite element method in Ansys-13 medium. In this regard, In order to calculate stress in Different part of connecting rod, the total forces exerted connecting rod were calculated and then it was modelled, meshed and loaded in Ansyssoftware. The maximum stresses in different parts of connecting rod were determined by Analysis. Themaximumpressurestress was between pin end and rod linkages and between bearing cup and connecting rod linkage. The maximumtensilestress was obtained in lower half of pin end and between pin end and rod linkage. It is suggested that the results obtained can be useful to bring about modificationinDesignofconnecting rod. Sarihan and song [7] for the optimization of the wrist pin end, used a fatigue load cycle consisting of compressive gas load corresponding to maximum torque and tensile load correspondingtomaximuminertia load.Evidently,theyused the maximum loads in the whole operating range of the engine. To design for fatigue, modified goodman equation with alternating octahedral shear stress and mean octahedral shear stress was used. Atish Gawale, et al. [8] are focusedonThedesignand weight of the connecting rod, so that they can find the optimum material for connecting rod. S.B.Chikalthankar et al.[9]In this case the work complete connecting rod Finite Element Analysis (FEA) methodology. It was also performed a fatigue study based on Stress Life theory, considering the Modified Goodman diagram. Mahesh et al.[10] in their work they discussed about the optimum design for the connecting rod. They designed the connecting rod using catia software and analyze it by ansys. They perform the analysis using 4 different materials. They concluded that aluminum alloy based connecting rods are best for speed engines. Steel alloy based connectingrodsare suitable for heavy load engines. Kumar amit [11] in their work they discussed stress concentration related problems. By providing bigger arc in corners these problems can be avoided. 3. METHODOLOGY In this research finite element analysis (FEA) is utilized to find out the failure prone areas in connecting rod of 4 stroke petrol engine. To perform this analysis ANSYS workbench 13.0 software is used. To design the connecting rod solidworks 2015 software is used. In this research connecting rod of 4 stroke bike i.e. Hero Honda splendor 100cc bike is designed. Primary input data is collected from various resources and a vehicle agency. 1. Collect the input data from various online resources and research papers. 2. After this first create a 2D model in solidworks 2015 with the help of various commands. 3. Then convert this 2D sketch into 3D design by the help of extrude command. 4. After this import this design in to ansys workbench 13.0 by changing its extension to .IGS. 5. Then perform meshing in ansys. It is the one of the most important part of analysis. 6. After this apply constraints in the geometry by the help of various commands. After this apply the amount of force or pressure and define the axis on which it is acting. 7. After this results i.e. Maximum shear stress, maximum principal stress, factor of safety, is generated. 8. After this compare those results with standard values and find a conclusion. Specifications Of hero Honda splendor 100cc engine are as follows- Engine type air cooled 4-stroke petrol engine Bore × Stroke (mm) = 50×49.5 Volume = 97.32CC
- 3. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 06 Issue: 05 | May 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.211 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1089 Maximum Power = 5.512KW@8000rpm Maximum Torque =7.948Nm @ 5000rpm Compression Ratio = 9.0:1 to 10.0:1 Table 1 Dimensions of connecting rod Sr No. Dimensions Value 1 Length of connecting rod 123.4mm 2 External Diameter of Big end 39.20mm 3 Internal Diameter of Big end 30.24mm 4 External Diameter of small end 17.78mm 5 Internal Diameter of Small end 13.04mm The connecting rod of production engine is generally made up of production steel. In this analysis the first material for design is conventional material i.e. Carbon steel (AISI 1070 steel). In case of racing cars the connecting rod is made of aluminium and its composites alloy because itislightweight in comparison to steel and also it has higherabilitytoabsorb high impact at the expense of durability or titanium because it is high strength material with light weight. But AISI 4337 steel also shows similar properties to carbon steel. So in this analysis second material for connecting rod is AISI 4337 steel. Carbon content in AISI 1070 steel is 0.65-0.75% and in AISI 4337 steel it is 0.35-0.45%. Due to this AISI4337steel is less brittle in comparison to AISI 1070 steel. Pressure calculation ρ petrol = 750.12 Kg/m3 ρ = 750.12 x 10 -9Kg/m3 Atmospheric Temperature, T = 298K m = ρ x v m = 750.12x10-9 x 97.2x1000 m = 72.911x10-3 Kg M petrol =114.218x10-3 Kg/mole R petrol= 8314.31/114.218x10-3 R= 72.793 x 103 J/Kg.mol. From Gas law equation PV = mRT = 72.911x10-3 x72.793x103 x298/ (97.2x103) = 16.271 MPa Design Calculation F1 = P x π/4 x D2 =16.271xπ/4x502 = 31948.03 N Figure no. 1 Meshing of connecting rod Figure no. 2 Maximum shear stress in AISI 1070 steel Figure no.3 Maximum shear stress in AISI 4337 steel
- 4. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 06 Issue: 05 | May 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.211 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1090 Figure no.4 Minimum shear stress in AISI 1070 steel Figure no.5 Minimum shear stress in AISI 4337 steel Figure no.6 Factor of safety in AISI 1070 steel Figure no.7 Factor of safety in AISI 4337 steel Figure no.8 Total deformation in AISI 1070 steel Figure no.9 Total deformation in AISI 4337 steel 4. CONCLUSIONS The design of connecting rod is analysed by ANSYS workbench 13.0. By comparing the results obtain by analyses with standard data following conclusions are obtained. 1. Maximum shear stress In AISI 1070 steel 71.4mpa and in AISI 4337 steel it is 71.8 mpa. Maximum allowable shear stress in AISI 1070 steel is 530 Mpa and in case of AISI 4337 steel it is 550 mpa. 2. Maximum principal stress in AISI 1070steel is 148.99mpa and in case of AISI 4337 steel it is 133.71 mpa. Allowable principal stress in AISI 1070 steel is 620 mpa and in case of AISI 4337 steel it is 650 mpa. 3. The minimum value of safety factor in AISI 1070 steel is 0.18768 and in case of AISI 4337 steel it is 0.3712. 4. The maximum value of total deformation in AISI 1070 steel is 0.027064 and in case of AISI 4337 steel it is 0.031107. REFERENCES 1. Rao g. Naga malleshwara, “design optimization and analysis of a connecting rod using ansys”, international journal of science and research (ijsr), pp. 225-229, 2013.
- 5. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 06 Issue: 05 | May 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.211 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1091 2. Thakare nikhil u., bhusale nitin d., “finite element analysis of connecting rod using ansys”, international journal of advances in science engineering and technology,vol. 3,pp.82-86,,2015. 3. N.p. Doshi, n.k. Ingole, “analysis of connecting rod using analytical and finite element method”, international journal of modern engineering research (ijmer) vol.3, issue.1,pp-65-68, 2013. 4. Mohamed abdusalam hussin, er. Prabhat kumar sinha, dr. Arvind saran darbari,“designandanalysis of connecting rod using aluminium alloy 7068 t6, t6511”, international journal of mechanical engineering and technology (ijmet), volume5,issue 10, october (2014), pp. 57-69. 5. B. Anusha, dr.c.vijayabhaskar reddy, “ comparision of materials for two-wheeler connecting rod using ansys”, International journal of engineering trends and technology (ijett) – volume issue 9- sep 2013. 6. Mr. H. B. Ramani, mr.neeraj kumar, mr. P. M. Kasundra w. Li, d. Li and j. Ni ,“analysis of connecting rod different loading condition using ansys software”, international journal of engineering research & technology (ijert) vol. 1 issue 9, november- 2012 7. Sarihan and song, “design evaluation and optimization of connecting rod parameters using fem”, international journal of engineering and management research, vol.-2, issue-6, december 2012. 8. Atish gawale, a. A.shaikh and vinay patil,“nonlinear static finite element analysis and optimization of connecting rod”, World journal of science and technology 2012, 2(4):01-04. Issn: 2231 – 2587. 9. S.B. Chikalthankar,sharad, “Analysis&Optimization of Connecting Rod”, Second International Confe- rence on Emerging Trends in Engineering and Technology,2009,IEEE, pp. 86-91. 10. Mahesh, harsh tripathi, “Design Evaluation and Optimization of Connecting Rod Parameters using FEM”, IJEMR, Volume 2, Issue 6,December2012, pp. 21-25. 11. Kumar amit, “Design of Connecting Rod for Heavy Duty Applications Produced By Different Processes for Enhanced Fatigue Life”,AS Tech Journal,Volume 10, Issue 1, May 2011, pp. 1-7.