IRJET- Wireless Sensor Network Based Internet of things for Environmental Impact Analysis

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 05 Issue: 04 | Apr-2018 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
© 2018, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 6.171 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 154
WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK BASED INTERNET OF THINGS FOR
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ANALYSIS
Ms. MRUNALI SATISH KOLHE1, PROF.VAISHALI LONDHE2
1,Student, Dept of Computer Engineering, SES’s Yadavrao Tasgaonkar Institute of Engineering Technology,
Affiliated to University of Mumbai, India.
2, Professor, Dept of Computer Engineering, SES’s Yadavrao Tasgaonkar Institute of Engineering Technology,
Mumbai, India.
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Abstract - This paper represents the wireless sensor
network system and Internet of things (IOT) that allows to
develop a low cost sensor network that will monitoring the
environment that collect the data from the local wireless
sensor network and upload it to the local server . This is based
on real time environmental monitoring applications. wireless
sensors & IOT by using raspberry pi , zigbee and sensors
where Sensors are used for Environmental Monitoring which
is used to collect details regarding environmental conditions
like temperature, humidity, pressure etc. at differentlocations.
This is low cost, low-power sensors devices and highlyscalable
in a type of sensors and the number of sensor nodes. . It allows
people and devices to be connected inanyplace,anywherewith
any device and anybody.
The real time data is given to Raspberry Pi which acts as a
control station or base station that connects the number of
distributed sensor nodes via zigbee protocol. . It stores the
data collected from different sensor units and analyzes the
stored data. ZigBee protocol is used for communication
between different sensor nodes. , Zigbee protocol consist of a
three modes such as end tags, router, andcoordinatorinwhich
Coordinator directly communicates with a base station. The
system also provides a web interface for the user so that the
user can control and monitor the system remotely. A
lightweight web server built on the Arduino displays this
information on a web page.
Key Words: IoT, Raspberry pi , Arudino , WSN, XBee ,
Sensor Node, ZigBee.
1.INTRODUCTION
Internet of Things has expanded the network of Internet
through which people and devices can be connected from
anyplace, anywhere with any device and anybody.Oneofthe
greatest opportunities in this IoT lies in environmental
monitoring are broad: environmental protection, extreme
weather monitoring, water safety, endangered species
protection, commercial farming, and more. Wireless Sensor
Networks (WSNs) are connecting things to the Internet
through a gateway that interfaces the WSN to the Internet.
The advancement of technologies such as micro-electro-
mechanical systems (MEMS) technology, wireless
communications, and digital electronics has resulted in the
development of small devices having the ability to sense,
compute, and communicate wirelessly in short distances.
In this paper we have tried to present wireless sensor
network system that developedusingopen-sourcehardware
and software platforms, Raspberry Pi and the ZigBee
module. These systems are low cost ,easy to build, and easy
to maintain methods that are connect the current devicesto
the internet. Recently, many wireless technologies are
evolved, e.g. Wi-Fi, ZigBee, Bluetooth etc. the wireless
devices that are using such technologies have moving
towards lower-power, faster data speeds technologies will
enable more devices to be connected and will be useful for
many applications Though they are small and can be easily
connected to a sensor node. This paper describes a possible
way to use Arduino and Raspberry Pi for monitoring,
describing advantages of doing so and how to implement it
efficiently.
2. THE OVERALL SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
In the fig-1 there is the overview of a how the system
architecture is present in environmental monitoring which
is combination of a coordinator ,end tagsandrouter,various
sensor nodes, data aggregator nodesfor local (Arduino) and
remote storage (Raspberry Pi). Data collection and
processing is done through the Arduino and XBee devices.
This system consists of raspberry pi, many distributed
wireless sensor nodes, ZigBee protocol etc.
Raspberry Pi works as a base station which connects the
number of distributed sensor nodes via zigbee protocol.
As shown in the Fig-1 ,
In this system architecture, we have combined the gateway
node of wireless sensor network, that is raspberry pi
1. Raspberry pi (base station)
Raspberry pi consist of database server and web server in
one single-board computer hardware platform, it reduces
the cost and complexity of deployment.It interconnectswith
multiple sensor nodes.

Fig-1: Overall System architecture
2. Sensor Node
Each sensor node is combination of sensors,microcontroller
and zigbee radio transceiver (Xbee module) and it is
responsible for information or sensor data collection and
distribution. There are varioustypesof sensor whichisused
for different purpose for environmental monitoring.
3. GSM Module
Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) is a TDMA
based cell phone technology used in different parts of the
world. For long distance communication GSM Module is
used. The GSM module uses AT commands to send the SMS
on house owner mobile phone. Zigbee technology isusedfor
wireless personal area networking. GSM is used to send the
SMS on Mobile.
2.1 AURDINO
Aurdino is an open source platform with a simple and
accessible user experience. Arduino is inexpensive as
compared to other microcontroller platforms and also it is
easily available. There are various types of controllers
available on aurdino platform, each of them having a
different version of flash memory and IO pins. Aurdino Uno
is easily available and a low cost device and therefore it is
one of the best choices for making the nodes of sensor.
The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the
ATmega328 (datasheet). It has 14 digital input/output pins
(of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a
16 MHz ceramic resonator, a USB connection, a power jack,
an ICSP header, and a reset button. Arduino Mega is the
advanced version of UNO. It has lots of digital input/output
pins (14 can be used as PWM outputs), 16 analog inputs, a
USB connection, a power jack, and a reset button. It contains
everything needed to support the microcontroller.
Fig-2: Arduino Uno
2.2 RASPBERRY PI
The term Raspberry Pi as Data Processing Module . It is a
credit-card size circuit board and featuring ports for HDMI,
USB 2.0, composite video, analog audio, power, Internet and
SD card and small, less expensive personal computer that
needs less space. It is a small computer that uses an ARM 11
processor running at 700MHz with512MB RAM. A webpage
will be made using HTML5,PHP and Javascript which will
update itself at regular intervals and display the data being
collected by the Raspberry Pi[1].
Fig-3: RASPBERRY PI
This board runs an ARM11 microcontroller @1GHz and
comes with a 1GB of RAM memory[4,5], as this model has
better specifications as compared to other raspberry pi
models such as raspberry pi B and B+ model which can be
easily configured to run without monitor, keyboard, and
mouse, which helps to reduce the cost and complexity of
deployment[2].
2.3 XBEE MODULE
The term xbee as The Data Transfer Module .All devices are
equipped with a 2.4 GHz XBee module for data transmission
and for network composition .The fig-4 showsXbeemodule.
The main advantages are it is low cost and it is possible to
create wireless networks . The XBee device is able both to
receive and transmit the data through the network.It is

possible to initiate communication between two devices
with each other without interfering with other modules
present in the surroundings.
Fig-4: Xbee Module
Zigbee is a high-level communication protocols used to
create wireless networks. It is a easy and low cost thanother
wireless personal area network such asBluetoothandWi-Fi.
Its low power consumption limits transmission 10–100
meters depending on power output and environmental
characteristics, ZigBee devices can transmit data over long
distances by passing data through a mesh network topology
and it connects node to node, in which a node (device)
transmits its own data to the other nodes .The Zigbee
transmission data rate is 250 Kbit/s [7]. Zigbee consist of a
two nodes that including coordinator node and sensor node
(Router/End devices), it is best suited for intermittent data
transmissions from a sensor or input device. The technology
defined by the ZigBee specification is supposedtobesimpler
and less expensive than other wireless personal area
networks (WPANs), such asWi-Fi or Bluetooth.Forexample
DigiXbee series modules S1 and S2 implement the IEEE
802.15.4 radio and ZigBee networking protocol [3,6].
2.4. ARM 11 MICROPROCESSOR
ARM architecture is based on Reduced Instruction Set
Computer (RISC) principles, which offers high performance
and very low power consumption, and the instruction set
and decode mechanism are much simpler than those of
Complex Instruction Set Computer[9]s. The ARM11 is a
microcontroller for RISC Machines. Thisaregeneralpurpose
32 Bit microprocessors, which offer high performance and
very low power consumption. The ARM11 is a high
performance ARM controller/processor with 256Mbytes
RAM and 1 GB flash, RTC and audio and Ethernet onboard.It
has integrated RS232, USB, keyboard, LCD, camera, SD cord
and other functions on board[10].
Fig-5. ARM 11 MICROPROCESSOR
2.5 MQ 5 GAS SENSOR
A gas sensor is a device which detects the presence of gas in
the environment. This sensor detects a gas to measure its
concentration. Each gas has a unique breakdown. Sensor
identifies gases by measuring these voltages. Gas
Sensor(MQ5) module is useful for gas leakage detecting(in
home and industries). It can detect hydrogen, carbon
monoxide, methane and LPG ranging
from 100ppm to 3,000ppm.. Based on itsfast responsetime.
Wide detecting scope are Stable , long life and Fast response
and High sensitivity High sensitivity to LPG, natural gas ,
town gas.
Fig-6: MQ 5 GAS SENSOR
There are varioussensorswhich are used for environmental
conditions like temperature, humidity sensors and some
sensors measures gases in environments like smoke and
other substances. Some sensor are widely used in smart
homes.
3. WSN & WORKING OF SENSOR NODE
Wireless sensor network (WSN) is includes various
technologies and bring out the best in them. WSN’s are
localised and its nodes are Used in gathering information,
processing it and delivering results without a backbone
network for support. Also, more importantly it is capable of
manage networks and environmental conditions.

4. Environment monitoringhasbeen around foryears
and is one of the most widely used applications of a
WSN.
5. Sensor node is used in the end device side to sense
the environmental conditions. It also consists of
ZigBee protocol based radio transceiver unit,
temperature sensor, humidity sensor, pressure
sensor and power supply unit.
Fig-7: WORKING OF SENSOR NODE
Asmentioned in above fig-7 workingof sensornodes.Sensor
node includes some important factors like base stations
,sensor node and remote acess. sensor node is a device that
is able to sense, compute, store, transmit and receive data.
1. Base station
Base station is used to communicate between sensor
nodes and database server. It transfer the data to the
server that were fetch by sensor node.
2. Sensor node
Sensor nodes are used to sense the data from
environmental parameters or conditions.
3. Server
Database server is used for data processing. Server is
gather information from the device and processed this
information to devices from the network. Multiple
servers are designed in gateway, which startatthesame
time and receive various forms of data.
4. INTERFACING BETWEEN RASPBERRY PI AND
XBEE
Raspberry pi acts as a base station which connectstovarious
sensor nodes by zigbee communication protocol and users
by external network (internet etc.). For wireless
communication and multihop networking protocol, weused
XBee series module S2 from Digi international. Xbee module
is configured as coordinator on the raspberry pi. Raspberry
pi can be connected to XBee module directly through USB
cable and also by UART serial communicationinterface[8,2].
Fig-8: XBEE CONFIGURED WITH RASPBERRY PI
UART (universal asynchronousreceiver-transmitter)isused
to control serial communication . As XBee module can be
configured into three types of devices: coordinator, router,
and end device. Coordinator hasthe capability to controlthe
entire network. The base station also acts as a gateway in
this application. The data collected or detected by sensor
node sends to the base station and inserts the data received
from sensor nodes into database of raspberry pi. Multiple
users can access the raspberry pi through Ethernet or Wi-Fi
connection within local area network or from anywhere on
the internet [9,2].
Fig-9 : RASPBERRY PI CONNECTS WITH UART
Fig-10: ARDUINO CONNECTED WITH MQ 5 GAS SENSOR

5. SYSTEM OVERVIEW
Fig-11 shows the functional block diagram of system
architecture.These are includes various types devices and
shows communications between them.
Fig-11: FUNCTIONAL BLOCK DIAGRAM OF SYSTEM
ARCHITECTURE
Fig-12: BASE STATION SETUP
In system architecture there are various devices that are
communicate with each others and this procedure and
devices are defined as follows –
1. Sensor node
First , Sensor node sense the data from the sensor
and this data is received at end tags.
2. End tag
Second, end tag receivesthe data from sensor node,
After receiving this data end tag search the nearest
router if router is in range then the data willbesend
instantly to the router
3. Router to Coordinator
Third , router send data to coordinator and
coordinator is directly communicate with the base
station.
4. Base Station
Fourth ,Base station sends all data to the cloud or
Ethernet (Database server).
5. End users
Finally , End Users or clients can interact with the
web application within the local area network from
any terminal on the Internet to access the sensor
data, otherwise it performremoteconfigurationand
management of deployed sensor nodes [3].
Fig-13: DESIGN & TYPES OF DEVICES
In above fig-13 it is a mesh network that uses router nodes
in addition to its coordinator node and endpoints. These
router radios can pass messages to other routers as well as
their child endpoints. In this topology, the coordinator is
simply a special router that also maintains and secures the
PAN.
Fig-14: OVERALL SYSTEM DESIGN
Fig-15: Router-R1-Received-Data-Send-by-End-Tag-E52
Fig-16: Router-R1-Received-Data-Send-by-End-Tag-E52

6. RESULT
This paper designs a wireless sensor network system using
Raspberry Pi as a base station, XBee as a networking
protocol, sensor node as combination of sensors, controller
and zigbee. This system has low-cost, low power
consumption, and easy to maintain . Benefit of system is
consist in the combination of the gateway node of wireless
sensor network, database server, and web server into one
single compact, low-power, credit-card-sizedcomputer that
is Raspberry Pi, which can be easily run without monitor,
keyboard, and mouse. These system is helpful in many
environmental monitoring applications.
7. CONCLUSION
This paper proposes a WSN based on IOT for environment
monitoring using a simple, cost-effective and low-power
method, easy to use and easily accessible by the usersdue to
the open source platforms used in the systems.. An Arduino
platform connected with a Raspberry Pi is used for data
processing and data storage independently. Data sense by the
sensor node and it is stored in database & web interface
which is provided to client. As web interface is provided, the
client can easily monitor the system at any time and thus it
helps to reduce human actions. This system is design as low
cost , low power along with high transmission rate &
processing ability.
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IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008
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