IRJET-Morphometric Analysis of Vela Hari Watershed using GIS

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 05 Issue: 06 | June-2018 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
© 2018, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 6.171 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 957
Morphometric Analysis of Vela Hari Watershed using GIS
Mohd Rehman1, Dr.Vikram Singh2
1PG Scholar, SHUATS, Allahabad, UP
2Associate Professor, SHUATS, Allahabad, UP
---------------------------------------------------------------------***---------------------------------------------------------------------
Abstract - The summarization of Morphometric analysis
based on several drainage parameters of the selected area, by
which the watershed streams have been classified up to fifth
order streams. The calculated facet of watershed was carried
out i.e., stream order (529.00), bifurcationratio(4.80), stream
length (431.1Km) and aerial aspects such as drainage density
(Dd =2.25), stream frequency (Fs =2.76), form factor (Ff =0.02),
circulatory ratio (Rc =0.25) and elongationratio(Re=0.60)has
been carried out on the basis of soil erosion. The readingof the
figures exposed that the total no of streams were 529 in that
412 in first order, 94 in second, 18 in third 4 in fourth and 1 in
fifth simultaneously. The low Rb value reveals that a lower
peak flow would result from the watershed and it can be more
risk of flooding. The low Dd value indicates that the basin has
moderately low permeable soil (black soil) and sparse
vegetative cover. The low Rc value also indicatesasthebasinis
almost drawn out in shape, it has a high discharge rate of
runoff and poorly permeable soil condition.
Key Words: Toposheet, GIS, aerial aspects, relief aspects,
morphometric, Vela Hari etc.
1. INTRODUCTION
India is one of the major country fastest growing in
urbanization and industries in the world. Urbanization and
heavy industrial growth has made its impact on the
ecosystem and environment balance is potentially affected.
To conserve water during drought period is a main goal by
government and NGOs and to increase watershed
conservation and to this lots of efforts were taken into
drainage development and characterizationsofa watershed.
(Ashok S. Sangle et al. 2015).
The parameters workedoutincludebifurcationratio,stream
length, form factor, circulatory ratio, elongation ratio,
drainage density, constant of channel maintenance, and
stream frequency. National Institute of Hydrology (1998)
has carried out morphometric analysis of Suddagedda basin
in the state of Andhra Pradesh and many more in different
parts of India. For quantitative analysis of the watershed
involve various components such as stream segments,basin
perimeter, basin area, elevation difference, slope andprofile
of land has been responsible for the natural development of
basin (Horton, 1945)
2. STUDY AREA
The area selected for the study is the Vela Hari from
watershed of Nagpur(R) Taluka of Nagpur District in
Maharashtra State the location is 15 km away from Nagpur
main. The taluka is situated at 21°00′58′′ NorthLatitudeand
78°00′58′′ East Longitude with an Elevation above sea level
314 m. The study area is falling under the Survey of India
toposheet of 55 O/4 (1:50,000) Slope of the watershed area
varies from 1 to 5%. The watershed falls under semi critical
zone Based on the Thornthwaite system of climatic
classification, Nagpur(R) is classified under the category of
Tropical Dry-sub-humid climate.The meanannual rainfall of
the watershed area ranges between 900 mm to 1100 mm, of
which about 80% is received from south-west monsoon
during June to September. The average numbers of rainy
days are 68 those spread during 4 months. The region
experiences hot summer and mild winter with mean
summer temperature of 44.2°C and mean winter
temperature of 7.6°C. The geographical area of selected
watershed is around 192 km2 area.
Objectives
1. Analysis of morphological parameters of a
watershed,
2. To infer hydrological characterizations of the
watershed area.
Fig-1 Location of study area

3. MATERIALS AND METHODS
Computation of the basic parameters (i.e. area,
perimeter, stream order, stream length, stream number and
elevation) of the watershed analyses by using the GIS
approach. Finally bifurcation ratio (Rb), drainage density
(Dd), stream frequency (Fs), texture ratio (RT), form factor
(Ff), circulatory ratio (Rc), elongation ratio (Re) and
compactness constant (Cc).
Stream Length Ratio  RL : Thestreamlengthratio  RL is
the ratio of the mean length of the stream of a given order
 1uL to the mean length of the streams of the next smaller
order  1uL .
11
1


u
u
L
L
RL
Bifurcation Ratio  bR : The bifurcation ratio is the ratio of
the number of streams in lower order  uN to the next
order  1uN .It is seen that the bifurcation ratio is lower in
alluvial region as compare to the Himalayan zone.
1

u
u
b
N
N
R
Form factor  fR : Form factor is defined as the ratio of
basin area  A to square of the maximum length of the
basin  bL . The smaller value of form factor, more elongated
will be the watershed. The watershed with high formfactors
have high peak flows of shorter duration (Horton, 1932).
2
b
f
L
A
R 
Elongation Ratio  eR : It is calculated as the ratio of equal
diameter of the circle which has same area as that of the
watershed to the maximum length of the basin. Elongation
ratio is denoted by  eR .

A
L
R
b
e
2

Circulatory Ratio  cR : The circulatory ratio is influenced
by the length and frequency ofstream. Thecircularity ratiois
a similar measure as elongation ratio, originally defined by
(Miller, 1953), as the ratio of the area of the basin to the area
of the circle having equivalent circumference as the basin
perimeter and it is denoted by the  cR .
2
57.12
r
c
P
A
R 
Drainage Density  dD : The unit of the drainage density
is
2
/kmkm , which is indicate the proximity of channel
spacing, thus provide an idea about quantitymeasuresofthe
watershed (Strahler 1964). Drainage density is denoted
by  dD .
A
L
D u
d 
4. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Stream Order:
The term "stream orders" is the primary step of
morphometric analysis. Which is based on the delineated
streams and their branching proposed by (Strahler, 1964).
From the Table 1 found that watershed designed as Fifth
order. Bifurcation ratio is depending onstreamorderaswell
as number of streams. Total number of streams and stream
length of all order is 529 and 431.1 km respectively.
Stream Length:
The values of length (Lu) and total stream length are shown
in Table 1. According to Horton's second law (1945) the
stream length characteristics of the sub-basins validates the
"laws of stream length". Which statesthattheaveragelength
of streams of each of the different orders in a drainage basin
tends closely to approximate a direct geometric ratio
(Horton, 1945). In general logarithms of the number of
streams of a given order, when plotted against the order, the
points lie on a straight line (Horton, 1945). Most drainage
networks show a linear relationship with a small deviation
from a straight line (Chow, 1964). Generally, the total length
of stream segments decrease with stream order. Deviation
from its general behavior indicate that the terrain is
characterised by high relief and/or moderatelysteepslopes,
underlain by varying lithology and probableupliftacrossthe
basin (Singh and Singh, 1997).
Bifurcation Ratio:
The bifurcation ratio is of the catchment is reflect the
geological as well as tectonic characteristics of the
watershed (Gajbhiye et al., 2013). Lower value of Rb
indicates the partially disturbed watershed without any
distortion in drainage pattern (Nag, 1998). High value of Rb
indicates the severe over land flow and low recharge for the
sub-watershed. In this study the value of mean bifurcation
ratio is 4.80 which is shown in Table 1.
Drainage Density
Drainage density depends upon both climate as well as
physical characteristics of the drainage basins. It is a basic
length scale in the landscape, is recognized to be the
transition point between scales where unstable channel-

forming processes yield to stable diffusive processes
(Tarboton et al., 1992). Drainage density is effected by
various factors, among which resistance to erosion of rocks,
infiltration capacity of the land and climatic conditions rank
high (Verstappen, 1983). According to (Langbein,1947),the
significance of drainage density as a factor which determine
the time of travel by water within the basin and suggested
that it varies between 0.55 to 2.89km/km2 for humid region.
In this study drainage density is 2.25 and is shown in Table
1.
Stream Frequency
Drainage frequency or channel frequency is directly related
to stream population per unit area ofthe watershed (Horton,
1932). It is indicate the close correlation with drainage
density value of the sub watershed. Higher value ofdrainage
frequency shows the high runoff. In this studyWS producing
more runoff and value is shown in Table 1
Circulatory Ratio
Circulatory ratio (Rc) influencedbythelengthandfrequency
of the stream, geological structures, land use land cover
(LULC), climatic variability,reliefandslopeofthewatershed.
In this present study circulatory ratio is 0.25 and shown in
Table 1.
Form Factor
Most of the researcher are suggested that the value of form
factor is less than 0.7854 for perfectly circular basin
(Gajbhiye et al., 2013; Rekha et al., 2011). In watershed, the
smaller value of the form factor show maximum elongation
of the basin. The high value of farm factorshowshighpeak in
short duration and vice versa. In this study found that the
value of form factor is 0.02.
Elongation Ratio
Generally the range of elongation ratio lies between 0.6 to
1.0 which has follow high to low relief respectively.However
value categorized into three segments greater than 0.9, lie
between 0.9 to 0.8 and less than 0.8 following circular, oval
and elongated respectively. In this watershed elongation
ratio is 0.60 where as the feature of watershedlieselongated
in nature. In order to archive, watershed to be elongated
and steep slope with high relief (Chopra et al., 2005;
Gajbhiye et al., 2013).
Texture Ratio
Texture ratio is depends upon properties of lithology of the
basin, infiltration of the soil and relief aspect of the terrain
(Vijith and Satheesh, 2006). In the present study the texture
ratio of the watershed is 5.34 and categorized as fine gravel
soil. The lower values of texture ratio indicate that the basin
is plain with lower degree of slopes. The value of texture
ratio is shown in Table 1.
Compactness Coefficient
A circular basin is the most hazardous from a drainagestand
point because it will yield the shortest time of concentration
before peak flow occurs in the basin (Javed et al., 2009;
Ratnam et al., 2005). The value of compactness coefficient
was found 0.38 in watershed.
Relief Ratio
The values of relief ratio are given in Table 3 and is 0.01 It is
noticed that the low values of Rh indicate less steepness of
the basin (Vittala et al., 2004) and is an indicator of intensity
of erosion process operating on the slopes of the watershed.
Length of overland flow
The length of overland flow (Lg) approximately equals half
the reciprocal of the drainage density (Horton, 1945). This
factor relates inversely to the average slope of the channel
and is quite synonymous with the length of sheet flow. The
value of length of overland flow in watershed is 1.12.
Vela Hari Watershed Nagpur (Total area- 192 Km2)
.Number of
Streams (Nu)
i-412,ii-94,iii-18, iv-
4.0,v-1.0
Elevation (m)-
1. Max. 302.00
2. Min. 269.00
Perimeter- 99.00
Mean Bifurcation
Ratio (Rb) - 4.80
Drainage density
(Dd)- 2.25
Total number of
streams- 529.00
Basin length in
Km (Lb)- 25.99
Stream frequency
(Fs)- 2.76
Stream length in
Km (Lu)
i-238,ii-103.8,iii-
35.6, iv-43.3,v-10.2
Total Relief (m)-
33.00
Relief Ratio (Rh)-
0.01
Circulatory ratio
(Rc)- 0.25
Form factor (Rf)-
0.02
Texture Ratio (Rt)-
5.34
Elongation Ratio
(Re)- 0.60
Compactness
Coefficient (Cc)-
0.38
Length of overland
flow-1.12
Table-1
Shown figures is discussing about some feasible
measurements such as areal, linear and relief aspects of the
watershed area. Using Toposheet and some calculation we
prepare the data as it shown in table.1, which having
dendritic drainage pattern which can predict for nature of
watershed along with low recharge problems.Wecanutilize

and flood can be managed by creating some obstruction and
designed structure through the watershed.
Fig-2 Result of Vela Hari W.S
5. CONCLUSIONS
Morphometric can help in designing and adequacy
of network hydrological data stations. Low Dd and Rc values
indicating low permeable sub soil conditions, accompanied
with the low Rb values and all the low values of Re, Rf, and Fs
indicating a flater peak of flow for a longer duration thus the
basin is not well capable of absorbing water into the soiland
less groundwater recharging whereas more risk of flooding.
If such floods would be emerged, those could be managed
easily from this type of elongated basins than from circular
basins by adopting suitable precautionary measures. But,
synchronization with scientific accuracy and ease in data
collection is still a task at micro level.
REFERENCES
[1]Ashok, S.S. and Pravin L.Y. (2015). Morphometric
Analysis of Watershed of Sub-drainage of Godavari River
in Marathwada, Ambad Region by using Remote
Sensing. International Journal of Computer
Applications, 125(5): 30-35.
[2]Horton, R.E. (1932). Drainage-basin characteristics
Transactions. American geophysical union 13: 350-361.
[3]Horton, R.E. (1945). “Erosional development of streams
and their drainage basins: Hydrophysical approach to
quantitative morphology”. Geological Society of America
Bulletin, 56: 275-370.
[4]Miller, V.C. (1953). "A Quantitative Geomorphic Study
of Drainage Basin Characteristics in the Clinch Mountain
Area Virginia And Tennessee" DTIC Document.
[5]Strahler, A.N. (1964) Handbook Of Applied Hydrology.

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