isc2 CISSP Domain 07 Security Operations.pdf

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Certified Information Systems Security Professional
(CISSP) Certification Training Course

Domain 07: Security Operations

Learning Objectives
By the end of this lesson, you will be able to:
Understand and comply with investigations
Apply foundational security operations concepts
Apply resource protection
Operate detective and preventive measures
Implement disaster recovery (DR) processes
Test disaster recovery plans (DRP)
Participate in business continuity (BC) planning and
exercises Implement and manage physical security

Introduction to Security Operations

Importance of Security Operations: Case Study
Kevin, as a part of his preparation for the CISSP exam, read the
Operational Security policy of Nutri Worldwide Inc.
There were clear guidelines on the operations and escalation matrix
listed the steps that the operations personnel should follow when
they do not have the authorization to perform a specific action.
The policy also clearly outlined the roles and responsibilities with the
level and scope of the operations personnel authorization. It also
defined the disciplinary actions to be taken in case of breaches.
Kevin understood that the policy played an important role in acting
as a deterrent against deliberate misconfigurations.

Understand and Comply with Investigations

Introduction to Investigation
Investigation
• An investigation is a systematic, minute, and thorough
attempt to learn the facts about something complex
or hidden. It is often formal and official.
• Example: Investigation of a bank failure
• Digital investigations involve investigations of all
crimes conducted using computer and related
technologies where the evidence exists in an
electronic or a digital form or in a storage or on a wire.
• Investigation of computer crimes is also known as
computer forensics.

Introduction to Investigation
Types Of
Investigations
Civil investigation
Criminal
investigation
Regulatory
investigation
Operational
investigation

Operational Investigation
Operational investigations
examine issues related to the
organization’s computing
infrastructure and have the
primary goal of resolving
operational issues.
Operational investigations
have the loosest standards
for collection of information.

Criminal Investigation
Criminal investigations,
typically conducted by law
enforcement personnel,
investigate the alleged
violation of criminal law.
Criminal investigations may
result in charging suspects
with a crime and the
prosecution of those charges
in a criminal court.
Most criminal cases must
have the evidence that
proves the crime beyond a
reasonable doubt.

Civil Investigation
Civil investigations typically do not involve law
enforcement but rather involve internal employees and
outside consultants working on behalf of a legal team.
Most civil cases do not follow the beyond a reasonable
doubt standard of proof. Instead, they use the weaker
preponderance of the evidence standard.
They prepare the evidence necessary to present a case
in a civil court resolving a dispute between two parties.

Regulatory Investigation
Government agencies may
conduct regulatory
investigations when they
believe that an individual or a
corporation has violated
administrative law.
Regulatory investigations vary
widely in scope and procedures
and are almost always
conducted by government
agents.

Investigation Challenges
Compressed time frame for the investigation
1
Intangible information
2
Difficulty in gathering the evidence
3
The investigation may interfere with the normal conduct of the
business of an organization
4
Data associated with the criminal investigation may be located on a
common computer that is used for the normal conduct of business
5
An expert or a specialist is required to retrieve data
6
Locations involved in the crime may be geographically separated by
long distances in different jurisdictions
7

Examine, analyze,
and preserve
evidence
Establish a chain
of custody
Investigation: Primary Activities
A crime scene is the environment where the potential evidence may exist. The security professional
must understand the crime scene before starting to identify and collect the evidence.
Primary activities
of
investigations
Present findings Identify and
gather evidence

Crime Scene
• Identifying the crime scene
• Protecting the environment
• Identifying evidence
• Identifying the potential sources of evidence
• Collecting evidence
• Reducing the degree of contamination
Best practices to handle evidence
at a crime scene

Digital Forensics
Digital Forensics
The goal of digital forensics is to
examine digital media in a
forensically sound manner with
the aim of identifying, preserving,
recovering, analyzing, and
presenting facts and opinions
about the digital information.
Digital forensics, sometimes
known as digital forensic science,
is a branch of forensic science
encompassing the recovery and
investigation of material found in
digital devices, often in relation to
cyber crimes.

Forensic Process
• Identify the purpose
of the investigation
• Identify the resources
required
Stage
1
• Identify the sources
of digital evidence
• Preserve digital
evidence
Stage
2
• Report findings
• Present findings
Stage
4
• Identify tools and
techniques to be used
• Process data
• Interpret the results of
the analysis
Stage
3
Evidence Acquisition Dissemination of Results
Analysis of Evidence
Investigation Preparation

Forensic Investigation Guidelines
Best practices according to Forensic Australian Computer
Emergency Response Team
• Minimize handling or corruption of the original data
• Account for any changes and keep detailed logs of your actions
• Comply with the five rules of evidence
• Do not exceed knowledge and take the aid of experts and
specialists if required
• Follow local security policies and obtain written permission
• Capture an accurate image of the system as possible
• Be prepared to testify
• Ensure actions are repeatable
• Work fast and proceed from volatile to persistent evidence
• Do not run any programs on the affected system
Information source: https://www.auscert.org.au/publications/2017-09-11-collecting-electronic-evidence-after-sy

Forensic Disk Controller or Write Blocker
• A hardware write-block (HWB) device will
not transmit a command to a protected
storage device that modifies the data on
the storage device.
• An HWB device will return the data
requested by a read operation.
• An HWB device will return without
modification any access-significant
information requested from the drive.
• Any error condition reported by the
storage device to the HWB device will be
reported to the host.
• A forensic disk controller or a hardware
write-block device is a specialized type of
computer hard disk controller made for
the purpose of gaining read-only access to
computer hard drives without the risk of
damaging the drive's contents.
• The device is named forensic disk
controller because its most common
application is used in investigations where
a computer hard drive may contain
evidence.
Forensic Disk Controller
Functions of a Forensic
Disk Controller

Forensics Investigative Assessment Types
Network Analysis
Traffic analysis
Log analysis
Path tracing
Media Analysis
Disk imaging
Timeline analysis
Registry analysis
Shadow volume
analysis
Software Analysis
Reverse engineering
Malicious code
review
Exploit review
Hardware or
Embedded Device
Review
Dedicated appliance
attack points
Firmware and
dedicated memory
inspections
Embedded operating
systems, virtualized
software, and
hypervisor analysis

Evidence
Evidence
• The available body of facts or information indicating
whether a belief or proposition is true or valid.
• Evidence, broadly construed, is anything presented in
support of an assertion.

Evidence
Digital Evidence
• Digital evidence or electronic evidence is any probative
information stored or transmitted in the digital form that
a party may use at a trial in court.

Evidence
Evidence is
relevant when:
• It is related to the crime.
• It can provide information describing the crime.
• It can provide information regarding the motives of the
perpetrator.
• It can verify what has occurred.
• It can determine the time of occurrence of the crime.

Evidence
Five Rules of
Evidence
Authentic
Accurate
Complete
Convincing
Admissible in
court of law

Admissible Evidence
There are three basic requirements for evidence to be introduced in a court of law. To be considered
admissible evidence, it must meet all three of these requirements, as determined by the judge prior to
being discussed in an open court:
The fact that the evidence seeks
to determine must be material,
that is, related to the case.
Material:
The evidence must be
competent which means it must
have been obtained legally.
Evidence that results from an
illegal search would be
inadmissible, because it is not
competent.
Competent:
Relevant:
The evidence must be relevant to
determining a fact.

Evidence Life Cycle
The gathering, control, storage, and preservation of evidence are extremely critical in any legal
investigation. The major components of an evidence life cycle are given below:
Protection
Recording
Collection
Identification
Preservation
Transportation
Presentation in
the court of law
Returning the evidence
to the owner
Discovery and
recognition
Evidence
Lifecycle

• In legal context, it refers to the chronological documentation or
paper trail that records the sequence of custody, control,
transfer, analysis, and disposition of physical or electronic
evidence.
• Chain of custody shows how the evidence was collected,
analyzed, transported, and preserved to be presented in court.
Chain of Custody (CoC)
Chain of Custody

Major components of the Chain of Custody
Chain of Custody
• Location of evidence when it was obtained
• Time at which evidence was obtained
• Identification of individual(s) who discovered evidence
• Identification of individual(s) who secured evidence
• Identification of individual(s) who controlled evidence and
individual(s) who maintained possession of that evidence

Evidence Collection Guidelines
Scientific Working Group on Digital Evidence
(SWGDE) Guidelines:
• When dealing with digital evidence, one must apply all of the general
forensic and procedural principles.
• Upon seizing digital evidence, actions taken should not change that
evidence.
• When it is necessary for a person to access the original digital
evidence, that person should be first trained for the purpose.

Evidence Collection Guidelines
Scientific Working Group on Digital Evidence
(SWGDE) Guidelines:
• All activities related to the seizure, access, storage, or transfer of
digital evidence must be fully documented, preserved, and available
for review.
• An individual is responsible for all actions taken with respect to digital
evidence while the digital evidence is in his possession.
• Any agency that is responsible for seizing, accessing, storing, or
transferring digital evidence is responsible for compliance with these
principles.

This discovery process applies to
both paper records and electronic
records.
Electronic discovery process
facilitates the processing of
electronic information for
disclosure.
Electronic discovery, also called
e-discovery, refers to any process
in which electronic data is sought,
located, secured, and searched
with the intent of using it as
evidence in a civil or criminal
legal case.
E-Discovery

Conduct Logging and Monitoring Activities

Intrusion Detection System
An Intrusion Detection System (IDS) detects any unauthorized intrusion in a network, server, or
system. The IDS tool is used to detect suspicious activity on the network and send an alarm to the
network administrator.
• Signature-based
• Statistical anomaly-based: Traffic
anomaly, protocol anomaly
• Rule-based: Model-based,
stateful matching
HIDS and NIDS Types
• Network-based IDS (NIDS): Dedicated
appliances or a system having its
Network Interface Card (NIC) in
promiscuous mode and with the
necessary software installed
• Host-based IDS (HIDS): Monitors for
malicious or anomalous activity on a
workstation or a server
IDS Types

Intrusion Prevention System
IPS is used to detect and prevent any malicious traffic or activity to gain access to the target.
Internet
Router
Firewall
IPS
Router
Firewall
IDS
Internet

Security Information and Event Management
SIEM
• It is a term for software products and services combining
security information management (SIM) and security
event management (SEM).
• SIEM technology provides real-time analysis of security
alerts generated by network hardware and applications.

Security
Information
Management
(SIM)
Security
Event
Management
(SEM)
SIEM
FIGURE 2.13 The SIEM system

Components of SIEM:
Security event management (SEM):
The segment of security management
that deals with real-time monitoring,
correlation of events, notifications, and
console views is commonly known as
SEM.
Security information management (SIM):
The second area provides long-term
storage, analysis, and reporting of log
data.

SIEM Functionality
Security Information and Event
Management
• Data aggregation
• Correlation
• Alerting
• Dashboards
• Compliance
• Retention
• Forensic analysis
• Automated response

Continuous Monitoring
A continuous monitoring system must
meet the organization’s security
requirements. The security architect
must design and implement a
continuous monitoring program that
protects the organization’s critical
information assets.
The security practitioner must be
acquainted with Continuous
Monitoring as a Service (CMaaS).
There are many agencies that offer
CMaaS such as, General Services
Administration (GSA) and Federal
Acquisition Service (FAS).

Example: Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard (PCI DSS)
requires egress filtering from any server in the cardholder
environment.
Egress Filtering
Egress filtering prevents any unauthorized or malicious traffic to
leave the internal network. Information flowing from the internal
network to the internet is monitored and controlled. TCP/IP
packets that are being sent out of the internal network are
examined through a router, firewall, or a similar edge device.
Egress filtering should comply with the standards and regulations

Data Loss or Leak Prevention (DLP)
Data Loss or Leak Prevention (DLP) helps an organization to prevent the loss of its sensitive data.

Data Loss or Leak Prevention (DLP)
• Protects sensitive data and intellectual
property of an organization
• Meets compliance requirements
• Reduces security breaches
Some of the benefits of DLP
include:
• Locating and cataloging critical
information stored throughout the
enterprise
• Monitoring and controlling the sensitive
information flow across enterprise
networks and end-user systems
The key objectives of DLP
include:

Digital Forensics Tools, Tactics, and Procedures
The diagram given below shows the forensic computing process.
Identifying Preserving Reporting
Analyzing
Information source: https://www.auscert.org.au/publications/2017-09-11-collecting-electronic-evidence-after-sy
and
https://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/incident/computer-forensics-weve-incident-investigate-652

Artifacts
• Artifacts are forensic objects that may contain data or evidence relevant to the investigation.
• Artifacts can be a physical or a logical item such as a file in the laptop or the laptop itself.
• Investigators must identify and collect artifacts in their custody as evidence.
Examples include:
Computer Network device Mobile device
Registry keys
Event logs

Threat Intelligence
Threat intelligence collects
information generated from
a variety of internal and
external sources in real-time
for identifying threats.
Threat intelligence is the
process of planning, collecting,
processing, analyzing, and
disseminating information that
poses a threat to an
organization and the
application of this knowledge
in mitigating the threat.
Threat intelligence helps to
process threat data to better
understand the attackers,
respond faster to incidents,
and proactively get ahead of
the attacker’s next move.

Threat Intelligence
Cyber threat intelligence sources include:
• Open-source intelligence
• Social media intelligence
• Human Intelligence
• Technical intelligence
• Intelligence from the deep and dark web

User and Entity Behavior Analytics (UEBA)
User and Entity Behavior Analytics (UEBA) is
a cyber threat detection technology that
uses machine learning and deep learning
technologies to model the behavior of
users and devices on corporate networks.
UEBA can identify abnormal behavior,
determine if it has security implications,
and accordingly alert the security team.
Malware
Event
SIEM UEBA SOAR

User and Entity Behavior Analytics (UEBA)
UEBA technology can monitor user behavior for any peculiar or suspicious behavior.
UEBA technology can monitor other entities besides users such as routers, servers,
applications, or even IoT devices.
It establishes baseline of normal behavioral profiles and patterns and then identifies
anomalies that deviate from that baseline, which have security significance.
The analytics tools based on AI and machine learning algorithms do not require
signatures or human intervention and provide automated, accurate threat and anomaly
detection.
Analytics
Behavior
Entity
User

Perform Configuration Management

Configuration Management
• Configuration management is a formalized
higher-level process of managing changes in a
complicated system.
• Change control falls under configuration
management.

Configuration management applies technical and administrative directions to:
Identify and document the
functional and physical
characteristics of each
configuration item
Report the status of change
processing and implementation
Manage changes

An organized and consistent plan should cover
the following items:
• Description of physical and media controls
• Electronic transfer of software
• Communication software and protocols
• Encryption methods and devices
• Security features and limitations of software
• Hardware requirements, settings, and protocols
• System responsibilities and authorities

Baselining
Baseline controls can be applied to policies,
standards, procedures, responsibilities,
requirements, impact assessments, and
software-level maintenance.
A baseline defines the common minimum
requirements of a service, product, or
infrastructure that has been formally reviewed
and accepted as the basis for further activities.

Provisioning
Provisioning is the
process of setting up IT
infrastructure.
Infrastructure as code
is the approach of
automating the
provisioning of
infrastructure through
code instead of manual
processes.

Configuration Automation
Configuration automation is the process of automating the deployment and configuration of
applications, servers, middleware, databases, and other IT infrastructure for both on-premises and
cloud data centre environments.
Benefits:
• Increases operational efficiency
• Enforces compliance policies and reduces risks
• Prevents data center outages caused by
configuration drifts
• Establishes best practices to change life cycle
management

Apply Foundational Security Operation Concepts

The administrative controls include:
Controls for Protecting Assets: Administrative Controls
Mandatory vacation
Personnel security
Ensure quality levels of
the personnel;
employment screening
or background checks
refer to pre-
employment screening
Mandatory vacation
Mandatory Vaccination
Detect evidence of
fraud
Mandatory vacation
Personnel security
Action taken when
employees violate the
published computer
behavior standards
Mandatory vacation
Separation of duties and
responsibilities
Divide the security-
sensitive tasks in
various parts and
assign to several
individuals

Controls for Protecting Assets: Administrative Controls
Mandatory vacation
Least privilege
Restrict the set of
privileges
Mandatory vacation
Need to know
Provide minimum
information to
perform an assigned
task
Mandatory vacation
Change control
Protect a system
from unauthorized
changes
Mandatory vacation
Record retention and
documentation control
Administer security
controls on
documentation and
procedures
The administrative controls include:

Need for Controlling Privileged Accounts
Accounts with greater privileges are distinct from less privileged user accounts.
The privileged accounts:
• Have extensive powers on a given system
• If compromised, the attacker could damage the system
• Need regular monitoring as they can be misused
• Are controlled by security operations
• Require a defined procedure

Identity and Access Management
Identity management controls the life cycle process of
every account in a system, from provisioning of the
account to its eventual removal from the system.
Access management refers to the assignment of rights or
privileges to accounts, which will allow them to perform
their intended function.
Identity and access management (IAM) solutions focus
on harmonizing the user provisions and access
management across multiple systems with different
native access control systems.

Privileged
accounts
Ordinary user
accounts
Possess extensive powers on a given system
The four types of accounts with different levels of privilege are root or
built-in administrator accounts, service accounts, administrator accounts,
and power user accounts
Assigned to most users with access limited by following the principles of
least privilege and need-to-know
Types of User Accounts
The two types of user accounts are:

Monitoring Special Privileges
A security practitioner needs to validate and
review the privileges granted to accounts.
• Only authorized users should be granted access for a required
period of time.
• Access should only be granted based on user’s clearances,
thorough background checks, and the user’s suitability for
the role.
• Accounts should be validated and inactive accounts should be
removed from the system based on the organization’s policy.

Protecting Valuable Assets
Security operations should:
• Provide regular protection to human
and material assets
• Maintain the security controls to
protect sensitive or critical resources
from being compromised
Assets can be:
• Tangible
• Intangible
• Both

Protecting Physical Assets
The security professional
confirms the asset ownership,
and security operations ensure
the protection of physical
assets.
The IT department plays the
role of the owner as well as
custodian of physical assets.

Protecting Physical Assets
The various types of physical assets are:
Facilities Hardware Software Media

Information
classification
Information labeling
and handling
Access control Accountability
Protecting Information Assets
Information assets include all forms of information and types of intellectual properties. Information
assets are hard to evaluate and delineate.
The important factors in protecting information assets are:

Protecting Resources
Resource protection is the concept of protecting an
organization’s computing resources and assets
from loss. Any software, hardware, or data owned
and used by the organization are known as
computing resources.

Protecting Resources
• Hardware resources: Routers, firewalls, switches,
removable drives, file servers, workstations,
disks, gateways, and printers
• Software resources: Program libraries, source
code, vendor software, proprietary software,
and operating system software
• Data resources: Backup data, user data files,
password files, operating data directories,
system logs, and audit trails
The resources that need protection are:

The hardware controls include:
Controls for Protecting Assets: Hardware Controls
Background investigations and escorting maintenance and service
personnel as they have logical and physical access to the system
Hardware
maintenance:
Changing the default passwords and disabling accounts
Account
maintenance:
Monitoring port usage by authorized personnel and block internal
or external unauthorized access
Diagnostic port
controls:
Securing the server room, data center, and media storage with locks
and alarms
Hardware
physical
controls:

Some of the elements of controls on software are antivirus management, software testing, powerful
system utilities, and safe software storage.
Controls for Protecting Assets: Software Controls
The software controls include:
Controls all phases
of a transaction
Example: Input
controls, processing
controls, and output
controls
Transaction
controls
Preserves data
integrity in a system
while changes are
being made to the
configuration
Change controls
Prevents
confidentiality
violation and
ensures the integrity
of a transaction
Test controls
Allows users to back
up their own data in
a distributed
environment
Backup controls

The media controls include:
Controls for Protecting Assets: Media Controls
Record retention
Data remanence Refers to the data left on the media after the data has been erased
Object reuse
• Refers to the reassignment to some subject of a storage medium,
such as page frame, disk sector, and magnetic tape, that contains
one or more objects
• To be securely reassigned so that no residual data is available to
the new subject through standard system mechanisms
• Refers to the duration for which transactions and other types of
records, such as legal documents, audit trails, and emails, should be
retained
• This can be done according to management, legal, and audit or tax
compliance requirements

Incident Management
A practice of detecting a
problem, determining its cause,
minimizing the damage it
causes, resolving the problem,
and documenting each step of
the response for future
references
Any event that negatively affects
the company and impacts its
security posture
Event Incident Incident response
Any observable occurrence in a
system or a network

Incident Response Goals
Provide management with
sufficient information
Maintain or restore business
continuity
Defend against future attacks
Deter attacks through
investigation and prosecution
Reduce the potential impact
to the organization
The goals of incident response are:

Incident Response Team
An incident response team is a group of people who prepare for and respond to emergencies.
Basic checklist of an incident response team
• A list of outside agencies and resources to contact or report to
• An outlined list of roles and responsibilities
• A call tree to contact the defined roles and outside entities
• A detailed procedure to secure and preserve evidence
• A list of items that should be included in the report for the
management and the courts
• A description of how different systems should be treated in a
particular situation

Incident Management: Planning and Preparation
Incident response policy
and procedures
Incident response
handling
methodologies
Communication plan for
internal and external parties
Call tree and notification
processes for solutions,
products, and support teams
Regular skill development,
improvement, and training for
information security staff
Incident response plan tests
and team drills
Collection of threat and
vulnerability intelligence 1
2
3
4
5
6
7

Incident Response Life Cycle
Reporting Remediation
Recovery
Mitigation
Response
Lessons
Learned
Detection
• Automated detection capabilities include network-based and host-based IDPSs, antivirus software,
and log analyzers.
• Manual detection includes problems reported by end users.

Recovery
Mitigation
Response
Lessons
Learned
Detection
• The triage process will ensure that only valid alerts are promoted to investigation or incident
status. False positives or incorrect alerts are identified and removed.
• Information is collected to investigate its severity and set priorities on how to deal with the incident.
• Incidents are categorized according to their severity level, level of potential risk, the source whether
it is internal or external, its rate of growth, and the ability to contain the damage.
• More data is gathered to try and figure out the root cause of the incident.

Recovery
Mitigation
Response
Lessons
Learned
Detection
• The goal of mitigation is to prevent or minimize any further loss or damage from this incident so
that you can begin to recover and remediate.
• Prioritizes the mitigation of most critical assets, followed by mitigation of less important assets.
• Isolation and containment can limit the exposure of your organization and prevent further damage.
• The response team needs to take its last forensic samples prior to commencing mitigation activities.

Recovery
Mitigation
Response
Lessons
Learned
Detection
The incident response team should document and maintain the status of the incidents to help ensure
that incidents are handled and resolved in a timely manner.

Recovery
Mitigation
Response
Lessons
Learned
Detection
The document could contain the following information:
• The current status of the incident (new, in progress, forwarded for investigation, or resolved)
• Summary of the incident
• Related incidents
• Actions performed
• Chain of custody (if applicable)
• Impact assessment report
• List of evidence gathered
• Comments of incident handlers
• Next actions

Recovery
Mitigation
Response
Lessons
Learned
Detection
Recovery and repair phase is the process of restoring a system to its pre-incident condition. Recovery
and repair activities include:
• Repairing or replacing hardware
• Reinstalling, reconfiguring operating system, or application software
• Removing unwanted programs and data
• Restoring damaged or missing data from the backup media

Recovery
Mitigation
Response
Lessons
Learned
Detection
• Remediation is the post-incident repair of affected systems, communication and instruction to
affected parties, and analysis that confirms the incident has been contained.
• Remediation involves measures to ensure that the particular attack will never again be successful
against the organization.

Recovery
Mitigation
Response
Lessons
Learned
Detection
• This final stage is often skipped as the business moves back into normal operations but it’s critical to
look back and heed the lessons learned.
• Holding a lessons learned meeting with all involved parties after a major incident, and optionally
periodically after lesser incidents as resources permit, provides a chance to achieve closure with
respect to an incident by reviewing what occurred, what was done to intervene, and how well
intervention worked.
• A follow-up report for each incident provides a reference that can be used to assist in handling
similar incidents in the future.

Operate and Maintain Detective and Preventive Measures

Firewalls
Network
Firewall
These are purpose-built appliances for securing enterprise
corporate networks.
Web
Application
Firewall (WAF)
WAF is designed to protect web applications and APIs from
a variety of attacks, including automated (bots), injection
and application-layer denial of service (DoS).
Next
Generation
Firewall
(NGFW)
NGFW is a deep-packet inspection firewall that moves beyond
port or protocol inspection and blocking to add application-level
inspection, intrusion prevention, and bringing intelligence from
outside the firewall.

Whitelisting and Blacklisting
Whitelisting
• Whitelisting allows access for only approved
entities.
• The default is to block access.
• Whitelisting is trust-centric.
Blacklisting
• Blacklisting blocks access to suspicious or
malicious entities.
• The default is to allow access.
• Blacklisting is threat-centric.

Third-Party Provided Security Services
Threat intelligence
Vulnerability assessment
and
penetration testing
Physical security
Network management Audits and forensics
Security services provided by third-party are:

Sandboxing
Sandboxing is a technique used to safely evaluate the
threat in an isolated test environment (sandbox).
• Sandboxing is used to test suspicious programs that
may contain a virus or other malicious code in an
isolated environment, without allowing the software
to harm the host device.
• It provides effective protection against zero-day
attacks and advanced threats.
• Suspicious email attachments are sent to a virtual
sandbox that performs deep analysis for malicious
activity.

Sandboxing
Virtualization
This approach uses a
virtual machine (VM)
based sandbox to contain
and test suspicious
programs in an isolated
environment.
Operating Systems Emulation
The sandbox emulates the
operating system but not
the machine hardware
which allows for greater
visibility into what the
malware is doing.
Physical controls
Hardware or Full System
Emulation
The sandbox emulates the
entire hardware, including
CPU and memory, and I/O
devices, providing deep
visibility into program
behavior and impact.

Honeypots and Honeynets
It is not hardened or locked down and has services enabled
and open ports.
A honeypots is a decoy system intended to mimic likely targets
for cyberattacks.
It is designed to confuse the attacker into thinking that it is
a production server.
It does not contain anything sensitive or valuable data.
A honeynet is a decoy network that contains one or more
honeypots.

Anti-Malware Systems
It is important to assess the risk of
exposure to infection by malicious code
or malware (viruses, worms, Trojan
horses, and spyware), and respond to the
risk by implementing anti-virus and anti
spyware controls.

Protection against malware can be achieved by applying defense-in-depth and
installing central anti-malware management.
Anti-Malware Systems
Malware has the capacity to disrupt the operation of user
workstations as well as servers, which could result in:
• Loss of business information
• Disclosure or compromise of business information
• Corruption of business information
• Disruption of business information processing
• Inability to access business information
• Loss of productivity

Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence (AI)
Artificial Intelligence
Engineering of computers
to mimic human behavior
Machine Learning
Ability to learn without
being explicitly
programmed
Deep Learning
Learning based on deep
neural network that can
learn and make intelligent
decisions on its own

Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence (AI)
Artificial Intelligence:
Engineering of computers to
mimic human behavior
Machine Learning:
Ability to learn without being
explicitly programmed
Deep Learning:
Learning based on deep neural
network that can learn and make
intelligent decisions on its own

ML and AI for Cybersecurity
Search of recurrent patterns, anomalous behavior, and other outliers
Threat Hunting
Automate code reviews with AI to help eliminate false negatives and false positives
Application
Security
Automatically investigate indicators of compromise and gain critical insights, to
accelerate threat response times
Incident
Investigation
Orchestrate and automate hundreds of time-consuming, repetitive and complicated
response actions that previously required significant human intervention
Incident Response
Use machine learning to automate repetitive security tasks for higher levels of accuracy and
in a fraction of the time
Automate
Tasks

Real World Scenario
Google tackles Gmail spam with Machine Learning:
Since its launch in 2004, Gmail has employed machine learning techniques such as neural networks to filter
emails in its spam filters. Unlike rule-based spam filters, machine-learning models can adapt to varying
conditions and hunt for patterns in unwanted emails that people may not catch. The machine learning model
used by Google reportedly can detect and filter out spam, phishing emails, and malware with about 99.9
percent accuracy.
In 2019, Google integrated TensorFlow in Gmail to try and block the last 0.1% of spam emails from getting
through. TensorFlow is an open-source machine learning (ML) framework developed at Google in 2015.
TensorFlow’s advantage is that it allows Gmail’s team to refine its existing machine learning algorithms so
they’re even more accurate at detecting spam. With TensorFlow, Google can also better personalize its spam
protection for each user. The same email could be considered spam to one person but important information
to another.
Gmail has announced that with TensorFlow it is now able to detect 100 million more spam emails every day.

Implement and Support Patch and Vulnerability Management

Patch Management
Patch
• A patch is a piece of software designed to fix problems
and update a computer program.
• This includes fixing security vulnerabilities and bugs and
improving usability and performance.

Patch Management
Patch management:
Patch management is the process of applying proper
patches to a system at a specified time using a strategy
and plan.

Types of Patches
Hotfixes
Small updates with a specific
purpose that alter the behavior
of installed applications in a
limited manner
Service packs
Tested and cumulative set of all
hotfixes, security updates, and
critical updates
Updates
Address a noncritical, non-
security-related bug and are a fix
for a specific problem

Patch Management Activities and Cycle
• Scheduling and prioritizing patches
• Testing the patches
• Changing management
• Installing and deploying patches
• Auditing and assessment
• Compliance
Patch management involves: New patch
available
Acquire
patch
Test
patch
Deploy
patch
Review
deployment
Patch Management
Phase

With increasing attacks on the systems and
networks, identifying their vulnerabilities provides
enough knowledge to defend against these attacks.
• Flaws, system misconfigurations, and policy
failures give rise to vulnerabilities
• Examples: Buffer overflow, unpatched system
• Vulnerabilities can be fixed with new code, by
changing hardware, with security patches, and
by reconfiguring systems
Vulnerability Management

Real-World Scenario
Equifax data breach
Equifax Inc., an American multinational consumer credit reporting agency, suffered a data breach
between May and July 2017 that affected at least 147 million individuals. The leaked data included
sensitive PII such as first and last names, Social Security numbers, birth dates, addresses, and
driver's license numbers.
An investigation revealed that Equifax had failed to implement basic security measures as it failed
to implement a policy to ensure that security vulnerabilities were patched, failed to segment its
database servers to block access to other parts of the network once one database was breached,
and failed to install robust intrusion detection protections for its legacy databases.

Real-World Scenario
Following the huge data breach, Equifax’s CIO, CSO, and CEO resigned.
Equifax Inc. agreed to pay at least $575 million, and potentially up to $700
million, as part of a global settlement.
In addition to the monetary relief to its consumers, Equifax was required
to implement a comprehensive information security program.

Real-World Scenario
On March 9, 2017, Equifax was made aware of a critical vulnerability in the
Apache Struts Web Framework, but the company had failed to apply the
patch even after 2 months.
The company was initially hacked via an unpatched server housing Equifax’s
online dispute portal.
After gaining the ability to issue system-level commands on the online dispute
portal, the attackers were able to access additional databases as these systems
were not isolated or segmented from each other.
How did the Equifax breach happen?
* The Apache Struts Web Framework is a commonly-used, open-source software
suite for developing web applications.

Real-World Scenario
The attackers gained access to a database that contained unencrypted
credentials which allowed them to access other databases containing PII.
They were able to steal data over an encrypted connection and were
undetected for months as Equifax had failed to renew the digital certificate
of their network detection tool.
Equifax discovered the breach on July 29, 2017, but they didn’t alert the public
until September.
How did the Equifax breach happen?

Understand and Participate in Change Management Processes

Change Management
Changes to the system are tracked and approved through change control procedures. It includes
identifying, controlling, and auditing all changes made to the system.
• Ensures the implementation of change in an orderly
manner through formalized testing
• Ensures creation of awareness regarding the impending
change among the users
• Analyzes the effect of the change on the system after
implementation
• Reduces the negative impact of the change on the
computing services and resources
Change control:

Information Security Management
The procedures for change control process implementation and support are:
Mandatory vacation
Request is sent to the responsible individual or group who administers and
approves changes
1. Request for
a change to
be introduced
Mandatory vacation
After proper analysis and justification for change, it is approved
2. Change
approval
Mandatory vacation
Change control log is updated and documented
3. Change
intended
cataloging

Information Security Management
Mandatory vacation
Change is formally tested
4. Change testing
Mandatory vacation
Change is scheduled and implemented
5. Change
scheduling and
implementation
Mandatory vacation
Change is summarized and reported to the management
6.Report to the
appropriate
parties about
the change
The procedures for change control process implementation and support are:

Change Types
A pre-authorized, low-risk, and low-impact change that is well understood, fully
documented, and can be implemented without needing additional authorization
Standard
change
• A change that must follow the entire change process
• It should be scheduled, assessed, and authorized following a standard process
• It includes both minor (low to medium impact) and major (high impact) changes
Normal
change
A high-impact and urgent change that must be implemented as soon as possible
without strictly following the standard process
Emergency
change
According to ITIL, changes can be broadly divided into three types:

Full backup Differential backup Incremental backup
Methodology
• It is the starting point for all
other types of backups.
• It contains all the data in the
folders and files that are
selected to be backed up.
• A single full backup can
provide the ability to
completely restore all
backed-up files.
• It contains all files
that have changed
since the last full
backup, the latest full
backup, and the
latest differential
backup is needed for
a complete
restoration.
• It stores all files that have
changed since the last full,
differential, or incremental
backup.
• When restoring from an
incremental backup, the most
recent full backup as well as
every incremental backup
made since the last full backup
are needed.
Backup speed Slow Medium Fast
Restoration speed Fast Medium Slow
Storage space
required
High Medium Low
Backup Methods
Backup methods ensure data integrity and network availability by protecting and restoring deleted,
corrupted, or lost information. The different methods are:

Develop a Recovery Strategy
The way in which a subject will access an object is guided by an access control model. A model
must be chosen to fulfill the directives of the security policy.
According to NIST 800-34,
recovery strategy is the
fourth phase to achieve a
comprehensive business
continuity plan (BCP) or
disaster recovery plan
(DRP).
Recovery strategies are
predefined actions
approved by
management and
executed in
emergencies, leading to
the development of a
DRP.
A key element of a
recovery strategy is the
recovery time of critical
business systems.
The recovery strategies
are formulated based
on the maximum
tolerable downtime
(MTD).

Develop a Recovery Strategy
The focus of the recovery process should be on:
• Responding to the disaster
• Recovering critical functions
• Recovering noncritical functions
• Salvaging and repairing hardware and software
• Returning to the primary site for operations

Types of Recoveries: Business Recovery
Identification of critical systems,
data, equipment, materials,
office space, and key business
support personnel
In the event of a disaster,
major corporate applications
and the related components
would be restored first

Types of Recoveries: Facility and Supply Recovery
Focuses on the main facility, remote sites, and
needed equipment such as networks, servers,
telecommunication, HVAC systems, technical
documents, required supplies, and the
transportation of equipment and staff

Types of Recoveries: User Recovery
Documentation of procedures for employees to follow during emergency situations. It includes:
Responsibilities of the
team: Who does what?
Manual processing
techniques: Most tasks
must be done manually
Procedures for notification:
How are employees notified?
Policies for disaster: Safety
first should be the company’s
first policy
Staff information: Includes
contact information and vital
records storage
Employee accessibility and
transportation: Pick-up and
drop facilities for the
employees
Personnel requirements:
Computers, desks, and
phones for users
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

Types of Recoveries: Operational Recovery
Operational recovery includes:
• Mainframes, systems, servers, LANs,
peripherals, switches, routers, and other
data communication equipment's needed
for recovery
• Determining alternative recovery locations
based on MTD and acceptable costs

Types of Recoveries: Operational Recovery
Additional location options include reciprocal or mutual aid agreements, mobile sites,
multiple processing centers, service bureaus, self service, surviving sites, internal
arrangements, and work from home.
Businesses have the following
options for a secure facility:
• Mirror or redundant site
• Hot site
• Warm site
• Cold site

Recovery Partner Strategies
• Mutual or bidirectional arrangements between two organizations where one
organization can move its operations to other organization in case of disaster
• Also known as mutual aid agreements (MAAs)
• Processing centers spread across different geographical locations
• Handle the business’ operational requirements during recovery
• Recovery contracts with an offsite service bureau helps to have the site ready
and available for the organization during emergencies
• Offer expertise in processes, technology, and business-domains to customers
The recovery partner strategies are:
Reciprocal
agreements
Multiple
processing
centers
Service
bureaus

Mirror site
• Mirror or redundant site is a duplicate production
of a system capable of seamlessly conducting IT
operations without loss of services to the
system’s end user.
• A redundant site is configured like the primary
site and is the most expensive recovery option.
• Example: Regulatory bodies have made it
mandatory for commercial banks to have
redundant sites.
Backup Sites
Backup sites are locations where the business can be recovered in the event of a disaster at the primary site.
The different backup sites available are:
1

Hot site
• Hot site is where an organization relocates its
data center following a major disruption or
disaster.
• It consists of servers, raised floors, power,
utilities, fully configured computers, hardware,
and critical applications’ data mirrored in real
time.
• It helps resume critical operations within a very
short period.
• Hot sites can be internal (owned) or external
(outsourced).
Backup Sites
1

Warm site
• Warm site has hardware and connectivity but
lacks the real-time data.
• It relies on backup data to rebuild a system
after a disruption.
• It consists of raised floors, power, utilities,
computer peripherals, and fully configured
computers.
• It is less expensive, more flexible, and requires
fewer resources for maintenance.
• It requires more time and resources to
activate the site.
Backup Sites
1

Cold site
• A cold site does not have data backups and
immediately available hardware.
• Configuring cold sites and restoration of
critical IT services take more time. It has a
raised floor, power, utilities, and physical
security.
• It has no resources or geographic constraints.
Backup Sites
1

Mobile site
• Mobile sites are also called data centers on
wheels.
• It has towable trailers that contain computer
equipment as well as HVAC, fire suppression
equipment, and physical security.
• It keeps the facility intact despite the data
center being damaged.
Backup Sites
1

Importance of Maintaining Resilient Systems
The mechanisms used for controlling the behavior
of a system when it fails are:
• Fail-safe mechanisms that focus on failing with
minimum harm to personnel
• Fail-secure mechanisms that focus on failing in a
controlled manner to block access while the
systems are in an inconsistent state

Redundancy and Fault Tolerance
Fault tolerance is provided by redundant items within a system. The usage of the spare components will
determine if it is a cold, warm, or hot spare. In the event of component failure, the fault tolerant system can
continue to operate through:
Redundant power supplies: Redundant or dual power supplies are common in systems
where failures cannot be tolerated.
Example: Core network switches
Automatic

Redundancy and Fault Tolerance
Fault tolerance is provided by redundant items within a system. The usage of the spare components will
determine if it is a cold, warm, or hot spare. In the event of component failure, the fault tolerant system can
continue to operate through:
Replication: Data changes are transmitted to a counterpart storage system which is an
adjunct to clustering and makes current data available to all cluster nodes.
Node 1 Node 2
Replication
Node 3
Write Queries
Website
servers
Load
Balancer
Read Queries
Master Node

Redundancy and Fault Tolerance Methods
The following are the redundancy and fault tolerance methods:
Cluster
• Cluster refers to a group of two or more servers that function
as a single logical server.
• Clusters generally operate in one of the following modes:
1. Active-active mode
o Both servers actively operate and service incoming
requests.
Server 1 Server 2

Active-passive mode
• One (or more) server actively services requests and one (or
more) server remains in a standby state to be able to switch
immediately to active mode when the active server fails.
• A failover is an event in a server cluster running in active-
passive mode.
• Geographical cluster or geo-cluster systems is a cluster that
can be located anywhere.
Server 1 Server 2

The types of Redundant Arrays of Inexpensive Disks or Redundant Arrays of Independent Disks
(RAIDs) are:
• Data striping is done over
many drives
• Redundancy or parity is
not provided
• All volumes become
unusable if one volume
fails
RAID 0: Striping
• The data is written
simultaneously on two
drives
• If one drive fails, the other
one has the data
RAID 1: Mirroring
• Parity data is held on one
drive while data is striped
over all drives
• A drive can be
reconstructed from the
parity drive if it fails
RAID 3: Byte-level parity

• It has dedicated parity or
block level.
• It stripes data at the block
level.
RAID 4: Striped set
• It ensures that there is no
single point of failure.
• It writes data along with
parity on all drives.
RAID 5: Interleave
parity
• It has more fault tolerance
than level 5 with a second
set of parity data written
on all drives.
RAID 6: Second or
double-parity data
• It supports multiple disk
failures by simultaneously
mirroring and striping
data across several drives.
RAID 10: Striping and
mirroring

In software and data recovery, data recovery is the prime focus. To create a level of fault
tolerance and redundancy, the following concepts are used.
Best Practices for Backup and Recovery
Database information is simultaneously written or
duplicated to another server
Copies the backup data in a batch process to an offsite
location
Allows full synchronization of sites by transferring live
data to offsite locations
Database
Shadowing
Electronic
Vaulting
Remote
Journaling

Best Practices for Backup and Recovery
Backups and offsite storage
• Frequency of backups, as required by
the business for optimum recovery,
needs to be ensured
• As a security measure, the backup tapes
are stored at an offsite location

Implement Disaster Recovery (DR) Processes

Implement Disaster Recovery Processes
The general process of disaster recovery includes:
Lessons learned
Response
Personnel
Communications
Assessment
Restoration
Training
And
awareness

Response
• The BCDR plan must provide for both major and minor
disasters.
• Personnel health and safety must be top-most priority.
• BCDR plan should also define, in terms of business
interruption, what constitutes a disaster. Thus, authorizing
the activation of the disaster recovery plan.
• It must address individual and organization-wide natural
disasters, fire, and physical damage.

Personnel
Appoint a disaster recovery
team who will be responsible
for taking action when a
disaster does strike.
BCDR plan should include a
prioritized contact list of
people who should be notified
if a disaster occurs.

Personnel
Incident response
team
Emergency action
team
Information security
team
Human Resources
(HR) team
Damage assessment
team
Administrative
support team
Legal affairs team
Public relations and
communication
team
BCDR team includes:

Communications
• After BCP and DRP have been written, they must be
communicated to the entire staff of the organization.
• This information should be tailored to individuals and
groups to ensure.
• The conveyed information should be relevant, clear, and
easily understandable for the target audience.
• Crisis communication plan provides procedures for
disseminating internal and external communications.

Assessment
• Assessment is the process of determining the nature, source,
and impact of a disaster.
• This assessment is carried out by the disaster response team
with input from subject matter experts.
• Disaster assessments will facilitate the recovery process by
estimating the extent of damage, what can be replaced,
restored, or salvaged.
• It may also help estimate the time required for repair,
replacement, and recovery.

Restoration
Restoration means bringing a
business facility and
environment back to its
original capabilities.
Recovery means bringing
business operations and
processes back to the normal
working condition.

Restoration
• The ultimate goal of BCDR is to resume full normal
operations.
• If the primary site is completely destroyed or severely
damaged, then an alternate recovery site will function as
the primary site.
• Ensure that the recovery site is safe for people before
restoration process begins.
• The order of restoration of critical business functions is
determined during the BIA.
• The disaster is considered to be officially over when all the
business operations and processes return to normal at the
primary site.

Training and Awareness
The effective execution of these plans will depend on the employees knowing what they have to do and
under which circumstances.
Formal training at the
time of hiring
Refresher trainings at regular intervals
Training includes professional seminars,
special in-house educational programs,
the use of consultants, and vendors
tailored to the needs of individual groups

Training and Awareness
• Awareness is less formal than training and is generally targeted at all employees in the organization.
• Awareness includes frequent distribution of information (newsletter, email, posters, flyers).

Training programs should be designed and developed by the organizations for all the BCP or DR activities
Training
Are provided basic first aid
and CPR training
Are interested in business
continuity activities through
periodic awareness programs
Know the course of action in
the event of an emergency
Trainings ensure employees:

The various training carried out are:
Training
• Answering the call and taking necessary steps
• Ensuring the calling tree process is successful
• Specific training for operating emergency
power supplies
• Regular testing of operation of the emergency
power supplies
Starting Emergency
Power
Call Tree Training
or Testing

Lessons Learned
Lessons learned and gaps identified in the
plan when either recovering at the disaster
recovery site or restoring the primary site
should be recorded.
Their recommendations should be
implemented to continuously improve the
effectiveness of the disaster recovery plan.

Test Disaster Recovery Plans (DRP)

Importance of Testing
Testing is important because it:
• Helps to keep the plans updated
• Identifies the shortcomings of the plans
• Tests the readiness of the organization to
face disasters
• Refines the existing controls
• Satisfies the requirements of regulatory
bodies

Types of Tests
Review is the initial, and most basic, DRP test.
A review:
• Ensures the complete coverage of the plan
• Is performed by the team that had developed
the plan
• Helps discover any flaws in DRP
• Ensures that there are no obvious shortcomings
and omissions in the plan

Types of Tests
Checklist testing is also known as consistency
testing. A checklist test:
• Is a list of important and necessary components
required in the process of recovery
• Ensures necessary components are and will be
available in the event of a disaster
• Is an easy and cost-effective method of testing
the plan

Types of Tests
Structured walkthrough or tabletop is usually
performed prior to in-depth testing. A structured
walkthrough is used to:
• Review the overall approach of targeted recovery
of systems and services
• Help the group discuss and perform the
proposed recovery procedures in a structured
manner
• Identify gaps, omissions, technical missteps, or
erroneous assumptions in the process

Types of Tests
Simulation test is also known as walkthrough drill.
A simulation test:
• Helps team members carry out a recovery
process
• Simulates a disaster, and the teams need to
respond as directed by the DRP

Types of Tests
Parallel processing is used in a business where
critical processes involve transactional data. The
parallel processing test:
• Involves the usage of alternate computing sites
to recover crucial processing components and
restore data from the latest backup
• Does not interrupt the regular production
systems

Types of Tests
Partial and complete business interruption test
has the highest fidelity of all DRP tests. Partial and
complete business interruption test:
• Should be exercised with extreme caution as it
can actually cause a disaster
• Makes the organization use the alternate
computing facilities and stops normal business
processing at the primary location
• Can only be conducted in organizations with fully
redundant and load-balanced operations

Discussion
Full-interruption tests present the highest risk to the business if not
managed properly.
What could be done before performing a full-interruption test to
mitigate this risk?

Participate in Business Continuity (BC) Planning and Exercises

Disaster Recovery: Planning Design and Development
According to NIST 800-34, planning design and development is the
fifth phase to achieve a comprehensive BCP or DRP.
For the recovery of critical business systems, a detailed plan is:
• Prepared and documented by the BCP team
• Inclusive of long-term and short-term goals, such as recovery plans,
employee training, plan maintenance, and testing procedures

Steps for Plan Design and Development
• Identify critical sites, systems, and business processes
• Set priorities for restoration
Step 1: Define the scope
of the plan
Step 2: Identify potential
disasters
Step 3: Define the BCP
strategy
Step 4: Calculate funding

• Identify the potential disasters which may impact the site
• Identify the resources needed to recover
• Identify actions that might eliminate risks in advance
of the plan
disasters
strategy

• Select the recovery strategies
• Identify important personnel, systems, and equipment that are
required for recovery
• Define the roles and responsibilities of the team members
• Document the continuity strategy, which includes guidance on
declaring a disaster
of the plan
disasters
strategy

• Identify the long-term and short-term goals to calculate the
funding needs
of the plan
disasters
strategy

Disaster Recovery Phases: Maintenance
According to NIST 800-34,
BCP (or DRP) maintenance
is the seventh phase to
achieve a comprehensive
BCP (or DRP).
The BCP (or DRP) must be
updated once it is
completed, tested, trained,
and implemented. The
plan must incorporate all
business and IT system
changes as they become
obsolete quickly.

Change management ensures:
• Security is not adversely affected when new
systems are introduced, modified, and updated
• All planned changes are documented and
tracked
• Substantial changes are formally approved and
documented

The strategies to maintain the
plan and ensure it is valid are:
• Make BC planning a part of every business
decision
• Insert BCP maintenance responsibilities into
job descriptions
• Include maintenance in personnel evaluations
• Perform internal audits that include disaster
recovery and BCP procedures
• Test the plan annually

Implement and Manage Physical Security

Perimeter Security Controls
Perimeter defenses help prevent, detect, and
correct unauthorized physical access and control
access into the facility.
• It employs the defense-in-depth concept.
• With layered architecture for barriers, the
center or the most protected area has the
highest level of security.
• Security systems are designed utilizing
multiple barriers called rings of protection.
• The layered design can reduce the likelihood
of a successful attack.
Employee
Parking
Employee car
entrance
Foot entrance for
visitors
Common area
Buildings
Data Center
Grounds Fence
Room
Rack
Delivery
Mech.
room
Data vault
Offices
Deliveries and
Service
Visitor parking
“Depth of Security”
Concentric areas to
protect data center
Darker = More Secure
= Access Point

Barriers
Barriers define how an area should be designed in order to obstruct or deny access.
Objectives of barriers include:
• Keep intruders out
• Cause delays in intrusion

Fences
Height Effectiveness
3 -4 ft.
Deters casual
trespassers
6 – 8 ft.
Too difficult to climb
easily
8 ft. plus 3 Strands of barbed
or razor wire
Deters determined
trespassers
Fences are perimeter identifiers that are designed and installed to keep intruders out.
The various types of fences include:
• Chain link
• Barbed wire
• Barbed tape
• Concertina wire

Walls and Bollards
• Walls are man-made barriers but are usually more expensive to
install than fences.
• Common types of walls are:
o Cinder block
o Masonry
o Brick
o Stone
• Bollards are small concrete pillars outside a building.
o Example: Traffic bollard

Perimeter Intrusion Detection
Perimeter sensors alert security when any intruders attempt to gain access across the open space or
attempt to breach the fence line.
Open-terrain sensors include:
• Infrared
• Microwave systems
• Time-domain reflectometry (TDR) systems
• Video content analysis and motion path analysis

Business Scenario
Hilda Jacobs, general manager, was assigned the task of designing perimeter security for a
new office in India. Kevin travelled to India on a short trip to understand the surroundings
of the new office.
The location had already been fixed, but Kevin found that the surrounding
area had recently seen a spike in the crime rate and thus had a high potential
of unauthorized intrusions. The site had many concrete and steel structures in
the open compound. Kevin submitted his report to Hilda.
Question: Which perimeter intrusion detection system should Hilda choose based on Kevin’s report?

Business Scenario
Hilda Jacobs, general manager, was assigned the task of designing perimeter security for a
new office in India. Kevin travelled to India on a short trip to understand the surroundings
of the new office.
The location had already been fixed, but Kevin found that the surrounding
area had recently seen a spike in the crime rate and thus had a high potential
of unauthorized intrusions. The site had many concrete and steel structures in
the open compound. Kevin submitted his report to Hilda.
Question: Which perimeter intrusion detection system should Hilda choose based on Kevin’s report?
Answer: Microwave sensors can be used since they can pass through concrete and steel structures.

Importance of Lighting
Lighting plays a vital role in the security function. It:
• Provides security personnel the ability to visually assess
their surroundings at night
• Helps notice and identify individuals at night
• Increases the effectiveness of guard forces and CCTV
• Reduces the need for security personnel
• Provides real and psychological deterrents against
intruders
• Provides illumination where natural light is insufficient
• Is inexpensive to maintain

Types of Lighting Systems
Lighting Systems
Movable light
Emergency light
Continuous Light
Standby light

Types of Lights
Types of Lights
Fluorescent lights Mercury vapor lights
Sodium vapor
lights
Quartz lamps
Infrared
illuminators

Access Control
• The primary function of an access control system
(ACS) is to allow only authorized personnel inside
a controlled area.
• The goal of an access control program is to limit
the opportunity for a crime to be committed.
• The basic components of an ACS include:
o Card readers
o Electric locks
o Alarms
o Computer systems
Door Contact
To control panel
Electric Strike
Reader (card, keypad
or biometric)
Exit button

Types of Access Control Systems
Access cards
Biometrics
Closed circuit
television
CCTV color
cameras
The different types of access cards are magnetic stripe, proximity card,
and smart card.
The types of biometrics include fingerprint, facial image, hand geometry,
voice recognition, iris patterns, retina scanning, signature dynamics, and
keystroke dynamics.
It is a collection of cameras, recorders, switches, keyboards, and
monitors that allow one to view and record security events.
CCTV color cameras offer additional information, such as the color of a
vehicle or a subject’s clothing.

Types of Access Control Systems
It is used to download camera footage to a hard drive for storage of
historical information.
Security guards or officers patrol and inspect a property to protect it
against fire, theft, vandalism, terrorism, and illegal activity.
Guard dogs are a form of physical control that can serve as detective,
preventive, and deterrent controls.
Digital video
recorder (DVR) and
monitor displays
Guards
Guard dogs

Securing a Building
These are the various means to secure a building:
Doors: Solid core,
hollow core, and glass
Locks: Rim, mortise,
and cipher
Piggybacking: Mantrap
and turnstile
Windows: Bulletproof
and laminated
Interior intrusion detection
systems: Infrared and
ultrasound
Escort and visitor
controls

Address Personnel Safety and Security Concerns

Travel
Information about technical controls along with
personnel training will ensure the safety of employees
when they travel
Employees must understand the dos and don'ts about
using IT systems when they go abroad
Encrypt the devices, use strong passwords, and follow
other due care processes

Security Training and Awareness
The purpose of security training and awareness is to equip the learner with the knowledge, skill, and
competence to recognize security threats and maintain safety practices.
Risks, hazards, and
controls associated with
the workplace
Incident reporting procedures
Emergency procedures

Emergency Management
Emergency management is the organization and management of the resources and responsibilities
needed to withstand, respond to, and recover from all types of emergencies and disasters.
Human safety should be the top priority.
Emergency
Management
Mitigation
Preparedness
Responses
Recovery

Duress
Duress is defined as any unlawful threat or coercion used to induce another to
act [or not act] in a manner they otherwise would not [or would].
These situations can be
life-threatening or deadly.
Employees should undergo
training on how to handle a
stressful situation and what to
do when under duress.

Duress
A duress code (covert signal) should be
used by an individual that is under duress
to convey their state.
Lone workers, security guards, or
healthcare providers may also use duress
or panic alarms if urgent assistance is
needed.
While designing and implementing duress
mitigation controls or training, it is always
advisable to seek the assistance of law
enforcement or other professionals.

Key Takeaways
The three important concepts of the security operations
domain are threats, vulnerabilities, and assets.
Incident response is the practice of detecting, determining,
minimizing, and resolving a problem.
The focus of the recovery process should be on
responding to the disaster, recovering critical and
noncritical functions, salvaging and repairing hardware
and software, and returning to the primary site of
operations.
Intrusion detection and prevention, security information,
event management, continuous monitoring, and egress
monitoring can be used to log and monitor activities.

CISSP® is a registered trademark of (ISC)²®
This concludes Security Operations.
The next domain is Software Development Security.

isc2 CISSP Domain 07 Security Operations.pdf

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isc2 CISSP Domain 07 Security Operations.pdf