![Photo: Bumblebee
pollinating a tomato
blossom. Bumblebees are
considered effective
pollinators of tomatoes
pollinators of tomatoes
because of a technique
unique to bumblebees
known as buzz pollination.
[Photo: David L. Green
from www.pollinator.com]
35](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/islandsinspaceapril52-120925154218-phpapp01/85/Islands-in-space-april5-2-35-320.jpg)
Islands in space april5 2
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- 4. Biological Control Facility East Garden before planting flowering perennials Garden design by Dr Christa Treichel. Initiated by Monika perennials. Garden design by Dr. Christa Treichel Initiated by Monika perennials. Garden design by Dr. Christa Treichel. Initiated by Monika Chandler, MN Dept of Ag Chandler, MN Dept of Ag. 4
- 5. Installing the Biological Control Facility g garden with help from Community Design p y g Center Garden Corps members, Spring 2003. 5
- 6. Spring 2003 Approx. summer 2008 6
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- 8. Bumblebee on creeping charlie. Bumblebee on creeping charlie. Photo: Coleopteraman (2010), from BugGuide. 8
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- 12. Canada anenome, a spring blooming plant Canada anenome, a spring blooming plant.. 12
- 13. Unidentified bee on a Canada anenome Unidentified bee on a Canada anenome flower.. 13
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- 20. Photo: Bumblebees on Photo: Bumblebees on goldenrod growing in front of the former MDA Biological Control g Teaching Greenhouse (2008). 20
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- 22. Adult hoverfly on goldenrod flowers Adult hoverfly on goldenrod flowers Image by Gail Eichelberger www.beautifulwildlife garden.com 22
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- 26. 2. the bees 2 h b 26
- 27. Introducing: Bumblebees Bumblebee life cycle from www.bumblebee.org 27
- 28. Bumblebee life cycle stages Bumblebee life cycle stages • Colony begins: Queens emerge from Co o y beg s: Quee s e e ge o hibernations to forage and seek new nesting places. • Colony develops: The queen lays her eggs. Workers (females) are produced. • Colony reproduces: Toward the end of the growing season, males and queens are produced. • C l Colony disintegrates. Males and new queens di i t t M l d mate. Males die, and new queens forage and seek new overwintering places. seek new overwintering places 28
- 29. Different Bumblebee species Different Bumblebee species Bumblebee queen tricked into visiting a coneflower that grew and B bl b i k di iii fl h d blossomed in a greenhouse and was planted outside. (April 2009) 29
- 30. Landscaping for bumblebees Landscaping for bumblebees • Let alone abandoned mouse burrows or create holes. Do nothing. • Let alone brush piles. Call a friend. • Maintain areas with loose soil. • Cool and dry well‐drained places are preferred by bumblebees. • Do not fill potential entrance holes under tree roots or decomposing logs. Go watch tv instead. • Leave a few leaf piles in the area. Be a little sloppier. • Do not cut tussocky grass areas. Be a little lazier. Sources: Bumblebees.org, Xerces Society, ATTRA 30
- 31. Photo: Ecotorch, Flickr Photo: Dr. David Inouye Photo: Dr. David Inouye 31
- 32. Guidelines for planting for bumblebees Guidelines for planting for bumblebees • Plant flowering perennials so that their bloom times will overlap throughout the entire season. th h t th ti • Flower type, size, and shape and color should be considered. Bees are attracted to Encourage early‐blooming spring plants, such as are attracted to Encourage early blooming spring plants such as creeping charlie, dandelions, American plums, rue anenome, ornamental cherry apples, viburnum and false blue indigo. • Bumblebees have long tongues. Plant mid‐summer flowers with shapes that arfe aligned their mouthparts, such as bee balm, hyssop, cup plant, fireweed, and columbine, et al. • Encourage late‐blooming plants such as goldenrod, sedum, and asters. 32
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- 37. “Flowers visited by bumblebees produced larger and heavier f it th d fruits than non‐visited i it d flowers. Because external maximum diameter, length and weight were highly dependent on l h d i h hi hl d d seed set, the use of pollinators seems to be required to obtain sweet pepper fruits with i d b i f i ih improved quality characteristics.” Source: Serrano, A.R. & Guerra‐Sanz, J.M., 2006 A somewhat random but interesting tidbit on the role of A somewhat random but interesting tidbit on the role of bumblebees and desirable fruit shapes. 37
- 38. www.b bumblebee.or rg 38
- 39. www w.bumblebee.o org 39
- 40. www.bumblebee.org g 40
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- 42. Introducing: solitary bees Photo: Marlin, from cirrusimages.,com 42
- 43. Solitary bees Solitary bees • 20,000 bee species worldwide. 3,500 species in North America. (Batra, 1997; Xerces Society; Pacific Horticulture) Society; Pacific Horticulture) • About 85% of bees are solitary. (Batra, 1997) • About 70% of solitary bees nest in the ground. About 30% nest in wood or stems. (ATTRA, 2010) • Because many solitary bees are foraging for pollen and nectar, they are considered Because many solitary bees are foraging for pollen and nectar they are considered highly efficient pollinators. (NBII, n.d.) • Many are able to sting, but they are much less aggressive than social bees, and because their stings don t have barbs, their stings are reported to be much less because their stings don’t have barbs their stings are reported to be much less painful. • Some solitary bees are raised commercially, like the orchard mason bee (Osmia lignaria). lignaria) 43
- 44. Families and common names of common solitary bees l b • Apidae – p ‐ Anthophoridae (digger bees) ‐ Xylocopidae (carpenter bees & small carpenter bees) • Halictidae (sweat bees) • Andrenidae (mining bees) • Colletidae ( (plasterer, masked, yellow‐faced and sometimes cellophane bees) • Megachilidae (leafcutter or mason bees) (leafcutter or mason bees) • Melittidae (includes oil‐collecting bees) 44
- 45. Bees Short‐tongued bees ‐ Family Anthophoridae (digger bees and carpenter bees) Family Anthophoridae (digger bees and carpenter bees) ‐ Family Andrenidae (small digger bees & ground nesters) ‐ Family Halictidae (green metallic bees or sweat bees, mining or y (g , g burrowing bees) Long‐tongued bees ‐ Family Megachilidae (leaf cutter bees, stem nesters) y g ( , ) ‐ Family Apidae (honeybees, bumblebees, social bees) 45
- 46. “Finally, far fewer blue orchard bees than honey bees y, y (Apis mellifera) are needed to provide pollination services ‐ depending on the crop, about 250‐300 nesting blue orchard bee females per acre are required nesting blue orchard bee females per acre are required whereas one strong hive, between 25,000 and 30,000, of honey bees per acre are required.” Source: National Biological Information Infrastructure, Blue Orchard Bees: Important Commercial Blue Orchard Bees Important Commercial Pollinators of Orchard Crops. 46
- 47. • Illustration of different Illustration of different solitary bee nesting behaviors by Celeste Green and Phyllis Thompson. Illustration from the book Bumblebee Economics bl b by Bernd Heinrich. 47
- 48. • Anthophoridae (now Apidae) Habropoda laboriosa Melissodes spp. y Southeastern blueberry bee Photo: Jerry A. Payne, www.insectimages.org Long‐horned bee Photo:Whitney Cranshaw, forestryimages.org 48
- 49. • Xylocopidae ( now Apidae) ‐ Carpenter bee ‐ Small carpenter bees Small carpenter bees ‐ Can be considered a pest. ‐ Males don’t sting Males don t sting. 49
- 50. • Halictidae ‐ Usually do not fly more than 200‐ 300 feet from nesting area (ATTRA, 2010. Agapostemon virescens Photo: Beatriz Moisset Bugguide.net ‐ Some Halictid species show intermediate social behavior. intermediate social behavior ‐ Can be misidentified as hover flies. Agapostemon spp. Photo: Hartmut Wisch, Bugguide.net 50
- 51. • Andrenidae Andrenids, or digger bees, Andrena spp. are able to excavate dirt bl t t di t Photo: Cheryl Moorehead, Forestry Images.org from loose soil to construct underground construct underground burrows they use to lay their eggs. Andrena wollastoni Photo: Peter Wirtz, Forestry Images.org 51
- 52. • Andrenidae Nest diagram featuring tunnels Andrenid mining tunnels Andrenid mining bees by Christopher O’Toole and Anthony Raw s book Bees of the Raw’s book “Bees of the World. Image taken from pencil and leaf website by Valerie Littlewood. 52
- 53. • Collettidae Yellow‐faced bee Hylaeus spp. Photo: Forest & Kim Colletids secrete a Starr, Forestry Images.org Images org plastic‐like substance they use to waterproof p their brood cells to protect them from being from being damaged by Yellow‐faced bee Water (ATTRA, 2010). Hylaeus spp. y pp Photo: David Cappaert, Forestry Images.org 53
- 54. • Megachilidae Leafcutting bee Osmia lribifloris Photo: Jack Dykinga, Ph t J k D ki Forestry Images.org 54
- 55. • Megachilidae leafcutter damage leafcutter damage Typical leafcutter damage Photo: Whitney Cranshaw, Forestry Images.org 55
- 56. • Orchard mason bee Orchard mason bee One of the most One of the most popular of the commercialized solitary y bees. Orchard mason bee larval cells in a wood chamber. Photo: Dave M. Ph t D M Photo from: BeeDiverse.com 56
- 57. 3. habitat Notable Quote Found on the Xerces Society website y About a Melittid bee “Macropis steironema opaca is a very rare endemic and may be extinct . . . endemic and may be extinct ‘This subspecies probably should be listed under the Endangered Species Act if it still exists.’” 57
- 60. Osmia spp. Blue orchard mason bee Photo: Hartmut Wisch Osmia lignaria Photo: n/a 60
- 61. Orchard mason bee pupae in a wood chamber. p p Photo: Dave M. Photo from: BeeDiverse.com 61
- 62. Top: Leafcutter bee pupae. Middle: Resin bee larvae. Bottom row: Orchard mason bee pupae. B tt O h d b Photo: Mike N. Photo from: BeeDiverse.com 62
- 66. habitat Biodiversity corridor concept map. Image from: Asian Development Bank 66
- 69. Prairie area near Lake Elmo park reserve. Parking lot planting by Patrick’s Cabaret, Minneapolis. (off Lake Street and Minnehaha Avenue.) 69
- 73. What can we do 1) create/preserve habitat Preserve brush piles. Preserve dead trees. 73
- 75. See the beauty in mud. See the beauty in mud. 75
- 76. Holes from digger bees (University of Holes from digger bees (University of Georgia Photo). g ) Colorado Photo). Colorado Photo). Photo taken by Diane Stephens, Photo taken by Howard Ensign Evans, Houston County (Georgia) Master Colorado State University Gardener 76
- 77. What can we do What can we do 2. Reduce or eliminate the use of pesticides. th f ti id Photo: Green Noise *Inclusion does not mean or imply an endorsement 77
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- 81. what can we do 3) Plant the margins of existing 3) Plant the margins of existing garden plots or other natural areas. Concept image: Dr. Ayanava Majumdar, Louisiana Gardener, 2/28/11 81
- 82. solitary bees and urban agriculture Kremen et al. (2004) found that farms that were within a 2.4 km radius of areas with forty percent or more natural habitat were able to rely solely on native bee communities for pollination native bee communities for pollination. Additionally, Ricketts et al. (2008) found strong evidence that increased isolation from natural habitat results in a decline of native bee visitation rates. t There are many studies showing the p p g , relationship between distance and pollination in commercial agriculture, but not in urban agriculture. Ultimately, there is the potential for native pollinators to play a large role in urban agriculture, but we don’t know how effective they will be in this very different landscape – one with presumably less native habitat nearby. Source: Pollination by Native Bee Communities in Berkeley, California Spring 2010 by Source: “Pollination by Native Bee Communities in Berkeley California Spring 2010” by Kevin Welzel. 82
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- 86. Biocontrol, Conservation Biocontrol, Conservation If organic practices in general promote an increased If organic practices in general promote an increased diversity of potential beneficial insects and alternative prey, they should also be more alternative prey they should also be more sustainable in terms of ecological resilience in the face of environmental changes in agricultural in the face of environmental changes in agricultural landscapes (Duelli, Obrist & Schmatz 1999). Source: Letourneau & Goldstein, University of California 86
- 87. Acknowledgements & Sources Acknowledgements & Sources • Minnesota Department of Agriculture IPM & Biocontrol p g Programs • Dr. John Luhman, U of MN Dept of Entomology • Cornell University Department of Entomology • University of California IPM Program • University of Minnesota Extension University of Minnesota Extension • Green Methods • Association of Natural Biocontrol Producers Association of Natural Biocontrol • Organic Materials Research Institute • Xerces Society 87