Presentation by manisha

Pollinators are animals that
transfer pollen from the anthers to
the stigma of a flower, enabling
the flower to set seed and fruit
(fertilization) and, through cross-
fertilization, they play an
important role in maintaining plant
diversity.

Many flowering plants rely on
animals for cross-pollination:
Insects – bees, wasps, flies,
butterflies, moths
Birds – hummingbirds, honey
creepers
Mammals – bats, mice, monkeys
Even some reptiles and
amphibians!

World Crop Pollination
73% Bees - 5% beetles
19% flies - 4% birds
6.5 % bats - 5% wasps
4% butterflies and moths

 Apis species- mellifera, cerana, dorsata and florea
 Stingless bees
 Bumble bees
 Alkali bees
 Scolids
 Andrenids
 Xylocopids
 Halictids
 Megachilids
 Anthophorids
 Syrphids- Episyrphus, Eristalis, Ischiodon
 Other dipterans like Musca, midges, calliphorids
 Lepidopterans

 Bees – are the most important group of flower
pollinators
 They live on the nectar and feed
larvae, also eat the pollen.
 Bees are guided by sight and
smell
 See yellow and blue colors,
also ultraviolet light (not red)
 Flowers have
“honey guides”
and bee landing
platforms..

Osmia spp. Megachile spp.
Nomia spp.
Andrena spp.Xylocopa spp.
Non- social bees

 According to estimates the value of additional yields
obtained by pollination service rendered by honey
bees is 15-20 times more than the value of all hive
products put together.
 The value of bee pollination in Western Europe is
estimated to be 30-50 times the value of honey and
wax production in the region.
 It is being increasingly realized that bees could be
less expensive input for promoting sustainable and
eco-friendly agriculture and enhancing crop
productivity.
 Honey Bees play vital role in sustaining plant bio-
diversity with environmental stability.
 Crops/flowers are essentially required for
development of honey bees. In present Indian
agricultural scenario honey bees should be treated
as input for over all development for agriculture.

Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Hymenoptera
Family: Apidae
Subfamily: Apinae

Honey bees
Apis spp. Non-Apis spp.
Apis floreaApis dorsata
Apis
mellifera
Apis cerana
Melipona sp.
Bombus sp.

 Bumble bees are
excellent pollinators,
especially of berry
species. While bumble
bees are generalist
foragers that visit a
diversity of flowers,
a few groups of flowers,
such as willows and
lupines, are particularly
important to them.

 Sweat bee is the
common name for bees
in the Halictidae family,
and they are named for
their attraction to
the salts in human
perspiration. Most sweat
bees are small to medium
in size, 1/8 to 3/8 of
an inch long. They are
generally black or metallic,
and some are brilliant
green or brassy yellow

 These species are beneficial to humans for pest
control and some pollination. In addition,
thousands of small wasp species are parasites of
other insect pests, particularly aphids and
caterpillars. Without parasitic wasps, pests
would overtake most crops. Yellow jackets can
be both beneficial and problematic wasps. They
are important predators and scavengers, helping
to control pests and recycle organic materials,
but can also be a threat to humans due to their
ability to sting repeatedly in defense of their
nests. Yellow jackets are relatively short and
stout, holding their legs close to their body
compared with other wasps. Paper wasps, for
example, are more slender and have long,
dangling legs. All yellow jackets are striped
either black and white or black and yellow.

 Syrphid flies, also known as hover flies for
their ability to hover in flight, are common
predators of aphids and other soft bodied
insects. Because Syrphid flies feed on pollen,
nectar, and aphid honeydew, they can also
act as pollinators. They mimic the
appearance of bees or wasps as a protective
strategy. There are multiple species of
Syrphid flies.

 Butterflies,as well as moths , can serve as
pollinators . There are approximately 170
species of butterflies in Oregon that are
found at sea level, on mountaintops, and
everywhere in between. Some range
throughout North America or even other
continents. Others, like the Oregon
swallowtail, are unique to the Pacific
Northwest.

 TANSY RAGWORT
Biannual or short-lived perennial with a short
tap root. Stems up to 6 feet.
Recommended Insects:
Cinnabar moth.
Very effective

 CANADA THISTLE
Perennial thistle with horizontal and vertical
roots and a stem 1 to 4 feet tall. The
flowers are purple fading to white; often
forms thick patches.
Recommended Insect:
Canada thistle stem weevil.
Somewhat effective.

 PARTHENIUM
Parthenium hysterophorus is a species
of flowering plant in the aster
family, Asteraceae. It is native to
the American tropics. Common names
include Santa-Maria, Santa Maria
feverfew, white top weed, famine
weed, and congress weed. In India, it is
locally known as carrot grass, congress
grass ,Gajar Ghans.
 Recommended insect
 1.Zygogramma bicolorata

 Water hyacinth is a free
floating perennial aquatic plant (or
hydrophyte) native to tropical and sub-
tropical South America. With broad, thick,
glossy, ovate leaves, water hyacinth may rise
above the surface of the water as much as 1
meter in height. Eichhornia crassipes,
commonly known as (common) water
hyacinth, is an aquatic plant native to
the Amazon basin, and is often considered a
highly problematic invasive species outside
its native range.
 Recommended insect
 1.Neochetina bruchi, N. eichhorniae

 Vital components of the nutrient cycle
 An organism, often a bacterium or fungus,
insects,that feeds on and breaks down dead
plant or animal matter, thus making organic
nutrients available to the ecosystem.

 Animals that find dead animals or plants and eat them
 help break down or reduce organic material into smaller
pieces
 Examples:
 Flies
 Wasps
 Cockroaches
 Earthworms(only break down plants)

 Insects which feed on dead and decaying
matter of plants and animals are called as
scavengers. Insects (scavengers and
decomposers) help in the biochemical cycling
of the nutrients. Examples: Bark beetle,
water scavenger beetle, Termites, Ants
etc.
 Among the well-known insect decomposers
are termites (Isoptera) and cockroaches
(Blattodea). The termites possess symbiotic
bacteria and protozoa, and in their absence
wood cannot be assimilated by these insects.
In many ecosystems millipedes (Diplopoda)
have special importance as decomposers

http://www.britannica.com/animal/bark-
beetle

Presentation by manisha

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