IST16-01 - Introduction to Interoperability and Semantic Technologies

E. Della Valle – http://emanueledellavalle.org - @manudellavalle
Interoperability and Semantic Technologies 2015-16
Introduction
Emanuele Della Valle
DEIB - Politecnico di Milano
http://emanueledellavalle.org - @manudellavalle

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2

Definitions of Interoperability
• Interoperability
• the ability of information and communication technology (ICT) systems
to exchange data and to enable sharing of information and knowledge
• Functional interoperability
• Information has to be transmitted reliably between heterogeneous
applications
• Semantic interoperability
• Transmission must occur without loss of meaning, and thus without
loss of computability
• E.g., Semantic Interoperability in healthcare information systems
• It is the ability to share information without loss of computable
meaning, across multiple applications concerned with
clinical (primary use) and related administrative, financial, and
research domains (secondary uses).
3

Once upon a time …
4
…, in an happy organization, users
were happy of the application the IT
department prepared for them, but …
application
[…]
… the organization was not alone.
Another organization developed a
complementary application …
complementary application
[…]
… so, one day, the two organizations
decided to integrate the two
applications.
Organizational
boundaries
application
[…]
[…]
Organizational
boundaries
application
[…]
?
Having much to gain the happy
organization decided to invest in a
bi-lateral solution
[…]
Organizational
boundaries
application
[…]
adapter
!

… this went on for a while, but …
5
[…]
!
… the more bi-lateral integrations, the sadder the organizations
became.
[…]
[…]
[…]
[…]
[…]
[…]
!
!
!!
!!
!!
!?!
!!!
!
!!
!?!?!?
?!?
?!? ! OK
!! Good
!!! Very Good
!?! Very Good …
?!? Have I done the
right thing?
??? Does it make
sence?
?#@ Why am I
doying it!!!
Legend

… So, they standardized and …
6
[…]
[…]
[…]
[…]
[…]
[…]
[…]
standard
… and they lived happily ever after!

Well, not really :-( Actually …
7
[…]
[…]
[…]
[…]
[…]
[…]
[…]
??? KEEP
CALM
AND
WAIT FOR
1 YEARS10100

Why? The Standardization dilemma!
Comprehensive
Handles all use cases
Good
High quality
Timely
Completed quickly
Pick two!
Pick two!
8

There are a variety of them
9
Standards are like plumbs

Over 100 in the Healthcare domain!
AIR ALT AOD AOT BI CCC CCPSS CCS CDT CHV COSTAR CPM CPT
CPTSP CSP CST DDB DMDICD10 DMDUMD DSM3R DSM4 DXP FMA
HCDT HCPCS HCPT HL7V2.5 HL7V3.0 HLREL ICD10 ICD10AE ICD10AM
ICD10AMAE ICD10CM ICD10DUT ICD10PCS ICD9CM ICF ICF-CY ICPC
ICPC2EDUT ICPC2EENG ICPC2ICD10DUT ICPC2ICD10ENG ICPC2P
ICPCBAQ ICPCDAN ICPCDUT ICPCFIN ICPCFRE ICPCGER ICPCHEB
ICPCHUN ICPCITA ICPCNOR ICPCPOR ICPCSPA ICPCSWE JABL KCD5
LCH LNC_AD8 LNC_MDS30 MCM MEDLINEPLUS MSHCZE MSHDUT
MSHFIN MSHFRE MSHGER MSHITA MSHJPN MSHLAV MSHNOR
MSHPOL MSHPOR MSHRUS MSHSCR MSHSPA MSHSWE MTH MTHCH
MTHHH MTHICD9 MTHICPC2EAE MTHICPC2ICD10AE MTHMST
MTHMSTFRE MTHMSTITA NAN NCISEER NIC NOC OMS PCDS PDQ
PNDS PPAC PSY QMR RAM RCD RCDAE RCDSA RCDSY SNM SNMI
SOP SPN SRC TKMT ULT UMD USPMG UWDA WHO WHOFRE WHOGER
WHOPOR WHOSPA
10
[source: dbooth.org/2014/yosemite/yosemite-project-slides.pdf]

And they keep changing :-(
11
[Credits: Rafael Richards]

Why?
12
[source http://xkcd.com/927/ ]

… sometime the variety is required
13
standards are like plumbs

Why variety is required
14
[Source: http://www.slideshare.net/HINZ/hl7-whats-hot-and-whats-not ]

One standard does not fit all
Different use cases need need different data, granularity and representations
15
[source: dbooth.org/2014/yosemite/yosemite-project-slides.pdf]

… thus translation is needed
16

And counting on translation between standards is even convenient while
working on increasing the comprehensiveness of a standard over time
17
Translation is unavoidable!
Comprehensive
0%
100%
Time
Translation
Standard

But be aware of the cost of ad hoc translation!
18

…in healthcare costs $30000 Million per year in USA
[source: http://www.calgaryscientific.com/blog/bid/284224/Interoperability-Could-
Reduce-U-S-Healthcare-Costs-by-Thirty-Billion]
19
The luck of interoperability …

So What?!?
“It is not necessarily
the strongest of the
species that survives
nor the most intelligent,
but the one that is
most responsive to change.”
--- Charles Darwin
“The Origin of Species”
20

Embrace change!
21

Semantic Technologies embrace change
22
subject objectobject
property
Proposing a simple data model: RDF
E.g.,
Flexible enough to represent:
Tables
Amoxi-
cillin
bacterial
disease
bacterial
disease
treats
Trees Graphs

Providing a powerful query language: SPARQL
E.g., what does Amoxicillin treat?
?x={Bacterial disease, Urinary tract infection, Sinus infection, …}
Flexible enough to query RDF data even without knowing the schema
E.g., can you describe Amoxicillin ?
?p={treats} ?x={Bacterial disease, Urinary tract infection, Sinus infection, …}
?p={hasSideEffects} ?x={Diarrhoea}
?p={belongsTo} ?x={β-Lactam antibiotic, Penicillin-class Antibacterial}
…
23
Amoxi-
cillin
?x?x
treats
Amoxi-
cillin
?x?x
?p

Providing a formal language for conceptual modelling: OWL
E.g., Heart
Heart is a muscular
organ that is part of
the circulatory system
∀x.[ Heart(x)→
MuscolarOrgan(x)∧
∃y.[isPartOf(x,y )∧
CirculatorySystem(y)]]
OWL is a modular standard that offers different trade-offs
OWL-QL OWL-RL OWL-EL
24
TermsData
Terms
Data Terms
Data

25
Standard in OWL
[…]
Ontology Based Data Access as a prototypical solution to interoperability
problems
<XML><XML>
Translator Translator Translator

26
Standard in OWL
[…]
SPARQL Queries
problems
RDBMS <XML><XML>

27
Standard in OWL
Results
{ , , }
problems
[…]
RDBMS <XML><XML>

Those ideas at work at scale
28
Google for "amoxicillin"
Model: Google knowledge graph
A variety of sources:
•http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/
•http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/umls/
•http://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/
•http://micromedex.com/

IST16-01 - Introduction to Interoperability and Semantic Technologies

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