IT-Lecture for information comunicazione technology 1.pdf
- 1. Lecture 1 1 IT Essential Introduction to the World of Computers
- 2. About the course Reference: O’Leary, T. J., O’Leary, L. I., and O’Leary D. A. (2021) Computing Essentials Making IT work for you, 28th edition, McGraw-Hill.
- 3. Course Outline 1. Introduction to computer and information systems 2. Introduction to internet 3. Computer software components Application Software System Software 4. Computer hardware components The System Unit Input and Output Secondary Storage 5. Introduction to networking 6. Databases 7. Systems Analysis and Design / Algorithm development
- 4. Course Objectives This course would help you to be a computer savvy; which means, knowing what computers can do and what they can’t knowing how one can benefit or get harmed knowing when one can solve computer problems and when to ask for help Also will help you make better buying decisions by identifying the different computer components, and knowing the quality and usefulness of each component.
- 5. Learning Objectives 5 1. Explain why it is essential to learn about computers today and discuss several ways computers are integrated into our business and personallives. 2. Define a computer and describe its primaryoperations. 3. List some important milestones in computer evolution. 4. Identify the major parts of a personal computer,including input, processing, output, storage, and communications hardware. 5. Define software and understand how it is used to instruct the computer what todo.
- 6. Learning Objectives 6 6. List the six basic types of computers, giving at least one example of each type of computer and stating what that computer might be usedfor. 7. Explain what a network, the Internet, and the World Wide Web are, as well as how computers, people, and Web pages are identified on the Internet. 8. Describe how to access a Web page and navigate through a Website. 9. Discuss the societal impact of computers, including some benefits and risks related to their prominence in our society.
- 7. Overview 7 • This chapter covers: – What computers are, how they work, and how they are used – Computerterminology – An overview of the history ofcomputers – The basic types of computers in usetoday – How to access resources on theInternet – Societal impacts ofcomputers
- 8. Computers in Your Life 8 • Why learn aboutcomputers? – Pervasivecomputing • Also known as ubiquitouscomputing • Computers have become anintegral part of our lives – Basic computerliteracy • Understanding what a computer is and how it works
- 9. Computers in Your Life 9 • Before1980 – Computers were large andexpensive – Very few people had access tothem – Computers were mostly used forhigh-volume processingtasks • Microcomputers in the early 1980s – Inexpensive personalcomputers – Computer use increaseddramatically
- 10. Computers in Your Life 1 0 • Today – Nearly 90% of US households include a computer,and most use computers atwork – Electronic devices are converging into single unitswith multiple capabilities • Check e-mail on livingroom television • View Internet content onmobile devices – Computer literacy is an essential skill for everyone
- 11. Computers in Your Life 1 1
- 12. Computers in the Home 1 2 • Computers used for a variety oftasks: – Looking up information and news – Exchanginge-mail – Shopping and payingbills – Watching TV and videos – Downloading music and movies – Organizing digitalphotographs – Playinggames – Making vacationplans
- 13. Computers in the Home 10 • Used for reference, productivity, and entertainment • Wireless networking – Computers can be used in nearly anylocation • Smart appliances – Traditional appliances with built-in computer or communication technology • Smarthomes – Household tasks are monitored and controlled by a main computer in thehouse
- 14. Computers in Education 14 • Youth today: the computinggeneration • Computer labs andclassrooms – Most students today have access to computers atschool – Some schools integrate e-books into thecurriculum • Wirelesshotspots – Colleges and universities are even more integrated – Some have computer requirements forenrollment • Supplied or Bring Your Own Device (BYOD) • Distancelearning – Students participate from locations other than thetraditional classroom setting using computers and Internetaccess
- 16. Computers on the Job 16 • Computers have become a universal on-the-job toolfor decision-making, productivity, and communication – By all types ofemployees – For access control and other securitymeasures – For service professionaluse – Extensively by the military – Requires continually refreshing computerskills – Commonuses: – Decision making, productivity, off-site communications, and authentication
- 17. Computers on the Job 17
- 18. Computers on the Go 18 • Computersare encountered in nearly every aspect of daily life – Consumerkiosks – ATMtransactions – POS systems at retailstores – Self-checkout systems – Consumer authenticationsystems – Portable computers or mobiledevices – GPS systems
- 19. Technology and You Box Restaurant iPad OrderingSystems – Used in conjunction with e-menus – Customers can place and pay fororders – Can provide more resources tocustomers 19
- 20. What Is a Computer and What Does It Do? 20 • Computer – A programmable, electronic device that accepts data, performs operations on that data, and stores the data – Follows instructions, called programs, which determine the tasks the computer willperform • Basic Operations – Input: Entering data into thecomputer – Processing: Performing operations on thedata – Output: Presenting theresults – Storage: Saving data, programs, or output for future use – Communications: Sending or receiving data
- 21. What Is a Computer and What Does It Do? 21
- 22. Data vs. Information 22 • Data – Raw, unorganizedfacts – Can be in the form of text, graphics, audio, or video • Information – Data that has been processed into a meaningful form • Information Processing – Converting data intoinformation
- 23. Computers Then and Now • The computer as we know it is a fairly recent invention • The history of computers isoften referred to in terms ofgenerations • Each new generation is characterized by a major technologicaldevelopment • Precomputers and early computers (before approx.1946) – Abacus, slide rule, mechanical calculator – Punch Card Tabulating Machine and Sorter 20
- 24. Computers Then and Now • First-generation computers (1946-1957) – Enormous and powered by vacuumtubes – Used a great deal of electricityand generated a lot ofheat – ENIAC and UNIVAC 21
- 25. Computers Then and Now 22 • Second-generation computers(1958-1963) – Used transistors – Computers were smaller, more powerful, cheaper, moreenergy- efficient, and morereliable – Punch cards and magnetic tapewere used to input and storedata
- 26. Computers Then and Now • Third-Generation Computers (approximately 1964–1970) – Integrated circuits incorporate many transistors and electronic circuits on a single tiny silicon chip. – Computers became even smaller and more reliable. – Instead of punch cards and paper printouts, keyboards and monitors were introduced for input and output; hard drives were typically used for storage. 26
- 27. Computers Then and Now computer on one single chip. • Fourth-Generation Computers (approximately 1971–present) – A technological breakthrough in the early 1970s made it possible to place an increasing number of transistors on a single chip. – The invention of the microprocessor in 1971, which ushered in the fourth generation of computers. – A microprocessor contains the core processing capabilities of an entire 27
- 28. Computers Then and Now 28 • Fifth-generation (now and the future) – Infancystage – May be based on artificial intelligence(AI) – Will likely use voice and touchinput – May be based on optical computers andutilize nanotechnology
- 29. Computers Then and Now 29
- 30. Hardware 30 • Hardware: The physical parts of acomputer – Internal hardware • Located inside the main box (system unit) of the computer – External hardware • Located outside the systemunit • Connect to the computer via a wired orwireless connection – Hardware devices are associated with all fivecomputer operations
- 31. Hardware 31 • Input Devices – Used to input data into thecomputer – Keyboards, mice, scanners, cameras,microphones, touch pads, touch screens, fingerprint readers,etc. • ProcessingDevices – Perform calculations and control computer’s operation – Central processing unit (CPU) andmemory • Output Devices – Present results to theuser – Monitors, printers, speakers, projectors,etc.
- 32. Hardware 32 • StorageDevices – Used to store data on or access data from storagemedia – Hard drives, CD/DVD discs anddrives, USB flash drives,etc. • Communications Devices – Allow users to communicate with others andto electronically access remoteinformation – Modems, network adapters, routers,etc.
- 33. Hardware 30
- 34. Software 34 • Software – The programs or instructions used to tell thecomputer hardware what todo • SystemSoftware – Operating system starts up the computer and controls its operation – Without OS, computer cannotfunction – Boots the computer and launches programs at the user’s direction – Most use a GUI to interact with the user via icons, buttons, tiles, etc. – Windows, Mac OS, Linux, Android,etc.
- 35. Software • Windows 8 interface – Start button, Start screen, tiles, charms, etc. 35