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This document provides an overview of computers and their history. It defines what a computer is and discusses where computers are used. The history of computing is then summarized, beginning with the abacus in 3000 BC and progressing through developments like the Pascaline, Jacquard's loom, Babbage's analytical engine, the first general purpose electronic computer (ENIAC), the development of transistors and integrated circuits, the invention of the microprocessor, and the release of the IBM PC. The document concludes by covering basic computer hardware components, types of computers, and software.
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- 1. Technology for Management Module 1: Introduction to Computers By: Mr. Girish R B.E, MBA, (PhD) Source : Introduction to Computers, Peter Norton, Special Indian Edition, Tata McGraw Hill
- 2. Definition of computer A “computer” is an electronic device that processes data, converting it to an information that is useful to people. In simple words, Computer means the machine used for computing (calculating) Computers do exactly as they are told. Computers Understand only two different states (OFF and ON i.e. 0 and 1).
- 3. Where do we use Computers ? • At Home – Email, Internet shopping, TV programmes, banking transactions, news – Small computers in VCRs, automobiles, air- conditioning systems, washing machines,
- 4. Where do we use Computers ? • At Play – Group chatting, games, songs and movies from Internet • At Work – Mobile worker – Office software, Database, ERP, SCM, CRM • At School or College – Computer-based courses, distance learning
- 5. The History of Computing 3000 B.C.: The Abacus developed first in Egypt. – The original mechanical calculating device. – -
- 6. The History of Computing • 1623-1662: Blaise Pascal – French mathematician and philosopher – Built the Pascaline in 1642
- 7. The History of Computing • 1642: The Pascaline – A counting-wheel design • A single revolution of one wheel would engage gears that turned the wheel one tenth of a revolution to its immediate left
- 8. The History of Computing • 1801: Jacquard’s loom – Frenchman Joseph-Marie Jacquard (1753-1871) – Weaving loom – The first significant use of binary automation
- 9. The History of Computing • 1793-1871: Charles Babbage, Mathematics Professor, Cambridge University – Envisioned a steam-powered difference engine and then an analytical engine • Babbage is credited with inventing the first mechanical computer that eventually led to more complex designs. (1822) • The first difference engine was composed of around 25,000 parts, weighed fifteen tons (13,600 kg), and stood 8 ft (2.4 m) high. Although he received ample funding for the project, it was never completed.
- 10. First Generation – Vacuum Tubes 1930’s – Vacuum tubes were used as electronic circuits or electronic switches. Vacuum tubes: Electronic device consisting of a system of electrodes arranged in an evacuated glass or metal envelope
- 11. 1946 - ENIAC • First large-scale electronic digital computer was ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator) • 30 feet long, 30 tonnes, 8 feet wide, and 8 feet high • 3 additions every second, (incredibly slow by today’s standards).
- 12. Second Generation – Transistors • 1947 - Walter Brittain and Willaim Shockley invented the transistor at Bell Laboratories • Transistor is a semiconductor device capable of amplification • Dissipates less heat than vacuum tubes • Replaced the vacuum tube as an electronic switch
- 13. Third Generation – Integrated Circuits • 1959, Jack Kirby and Robert Noyce (who later became the cofounder of Intel Corp.) developed the first integrated circuit (silicon chip or microchip). • An integrated circuit (IC) is a system of interrelated circuits packaged together on a single sliver of silicon. • It is a way of placing multiple (millions) transistor devices into as single, smaller device, the “microchip.”
- 14. Fourth Generation - Microprocessor • A microprocessor is a Central Processing Unit (CPU) on a single chip. • Thousands of IC were built on a single Silicon chip • 1971, Intel Corp. introduced the first microprocessor chip. – Intel 4004 • 108 kHz and contained (equivalent of) 2300 transistors
- 15. Fifth Generation • Fifth generation computing devices, based on artificial intelligence, are continuing to be in development. • Parallel Processing is coming and showing the possibility that the power of many CPU's can be used side by side, and computers will be more powerful than those under central processing. • The goal of fifth-generation computing is to develop devices that respond to natural language input and are capable of learning and self-organization.
- 16. IBM Personal Computer • On August 12, 1981, IBM released their new computer, named the IBM PC • 2004 – IBM sells PC business to Lenovo
- 17. Apple Computers • 1975 – Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak starts Apple Computer • 1984 – Apple Macintosh with Graphical User Interface (GUI)
- 18. Laptops • 1981 - Adam Osborne, produced the Osborne 1 • 1988 - Compaq laptop with color screen • 2008 – Macbook Air – thinnest laptop • 2011 – Dell XPS 15Z – thinnest Windows laptop
- 19. Trends from 1990 to today… • Microsoft continues to update Windows with latest version Windows called “Windows 8” • LINUX operating system, an open source version of UNIX, is taking on MS Windows and gaining in popularity • IBM has stopped making small computers; sold their business to Lenovo • HP, the largest maker of PC is planning to sell their PC division • Apple continues to be a major player in personal computers, especially for the “creative market”, iPods, iPads, iPhones, etc. • Google has become a major player in the Internet solutions
- 20. Computer Basics
- 21. 21 21 Traditional Types of Computers • General purpose computers –Super computer –Mainframe –Personal Computer
- 22. Traditional types of computers: • Super computers – fast processing power – used by NASA and similar organizations – Example: CRAY supercomputers 22
- 23. 23 23 Traditional Types of Computers: • First computers, introduced in 1950s • Used by large businesses • Typically supported thousands of users • Very expensive • Used for very large processing tasks • IBM’s new Mainframe • Mainframe Computers
- 24. 24 24 Traditional Types of Computers: Personal Computers • Small, self-contained computers with their own CPUs • Uses a microprocessor, a CPU (Central Processing Unit) on a single chip.
- 25. 25 25 Personal Computers • Desktop computers • Laptop computers • Tablets
- 26. 26 26 Hardware versus Software • Hardware = The physical components that make up a computer system.
- 27. 27 27 Hardware versus Software • Software = The programs (instructions) that tell the computer what to do. – System Software – Application Software – Stored on a storage media such as hard disk, CD-ROM, floppy disk, tape, etc.
- 28. 28 28 Hardware Components SYSTEM UNITINPUT OUTPUT PERMANENT STORAGE Know these! PROCESS
- 29. 29 29 Input and Output Devices SYSTEM UNITINPUT OUTPUT PERMANENT STORAGE
- 30. 30 30 The Processor circuit board = a board with integrated circuits (microchips) • system board or motherboard • interface boards or expansion boards system board or motherboard = a single circuit board with the components which make up the computer’s processor for a microcomputer, including the: • CPU (Central Processing Unit) • Memory – RAM – ROM or ROM BIOS • expansion slots
- 31. 31 31
- 32. 32 Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu 32 The Processor: The CPU CPU (Central Processing Unit) = A complex collection of electronic circuits on one or more integrated circuits (chips) which: 1. executes the instructions in a software program 2. communicates with other parts of the computer system, especially RAM and input devices The CPU is the computer!
- 33. 33 33 RAM RAM is TEMPORARY memory RAM is volatile • stores ON and OFF bits (software and data) electrically • when power goes off, everything in RAM is lost
- 34. 34 34 ROM (Read Only Memory) ROM (Read Only Memory) = integrated circuits (microchips) that are used to permanently store start-up (boot) instructions and other critical information Read Only = information which: • Cannot be changed • Cannot be removed • Fixed by manufacturer
- 35. 35 35 ROM (Read Only Memory) ROM is sometimes known as ROM BIOS (Basic Input Output System software) ROM contains: • start-up (boot) instructions • instructions to do “low level” processing of input and output devices, such as the communications with the keyboard and the monitor
- 36. 36 36 Computer Performance: • CPU speed (and type) • Amount of RAM (and speed) • Hard disk capacity
- 37. 37 37 Software • System Software • Application Software
- 38. 38 38 Application Software • Performs specific tasks: – Word processing – Calculations – Information storage and retrieval – Accounting – Games • Cannot function without the OS (Operating System) • Written for a specific operating system and computer hardware.
- 39. 39 39 Operating System Software • Loads automatically when you switch on a computer • Main roles: – Controls hardware and software – Permits you to manage files – Acts as intermediary between user and applications
- 40. 40 40 GUI – Graphical User Interface Windows 3.1 Windows 95/98/XP
- 41. 41 41 CLI – Command Line Interface • No GUI • MS DOS / Command Prompt • Linux / Unix
- 42. To be continued on Friday,13th march 2015 THANK YOU!