Fundamentals of Computer

History of the Computer
Computer Generation
Classification of Computer
Elements of the Computer
Computer Networks
Internet
Exam

Manual – Mechanical
Electromechanical
Electronic

devices powered by hand
and requires physical effort
from the user

the first manual data processing
device
mechanical calculating device first
used around 2200 B.C. to add and
subtract
developed in China in 12th century

invented by John Napier in 1617
a set of rods, made of bone or other material,
each divided into nine spaces
contains the numbers of a column of the
multiplication table
contrivance of Baron Napier, the inventor of
logarithms, for facilitating the operations of
multiplication and division

invented by William Oughtred in 17th century
a rule upon which are marked several graduated
scales that may be moved relative to one
another, so that certain calculations may be
carried out
Depending on the scales so marked, these
calculations may include multiplication, division,
logarithmic and trigonometric functions

invented by Blaise Pascal in
1642
a mechanism to calculate
with 8 figures and carrying of
10's , 100's, and 1000's

invented by Baron Gottfried
Wilhelm Von Leibniz in 1674

utilizes the same techniques for
addition and subtraction as
Pascal’s device but could also
perform multiplication and division
& extract square roots

invented by Charles Babbage in 1822
designed to use two types of cards:
1. operation cards to indicate the
specific functions to be
performed
2. variable cards to specify the
actual data

devices powered by an
electric motor and uses
relays and switches

invented by Herman Hollerith
in 1880
a machine to tabulate census
data more efficiently than by
traditional hand methods

invented by Joseph Marie Jacquard in 1804
used punched cards to create patterns on
fabric woven on a loom
the hole punches directed the threads up or
down, thus producing the patterns
forerunner of the keypunch machine

invented by Howard Aiken in 1943
Mark I could perform the four basic arithmetic
operations
could locate information stored in tabular form
also known as the Mark I digital computer
official name of the Mark I was Automatic Sequence
Controlled Calculator
51 feet long, 8 feet high, and 2 feet thick
had 750,000 parts and 500 miles wire
weighed 5 tons

these are devices which
use only electrical
switches and circuitry
instead of mechanical
relays consists of circuit
boards, transistors or
silicon chips

invented by John Atanasoff
in 1942
the first digital computer that
used binary logic circuitry
and had regenerative
memory

invented by Presper Eckert Jr. and John
Mauchly in 1943 to 1946
the first large-scale vacuum-tube computer
consisted of over 18,000 vacuum tubes and
required the manual setting of switches to
achieve desired results
could perform 300 multiplications per second

a vast improvement upon
ENIAC
Mauchly and Eckert started
working on it two years before
ENIAC even went into operation
Their idea was to have the
program for the computer stored
inside the computer

the first full-scale computer with
electronic stored programs
Maurice V. Wilkes and his team
at the university of Cambridge
constructed the EDSAC
design was based on that of von
Neumann

a computer milestone achieved
by Dr. Presper Eckert and Dr.
John Mauchly, the team that
invented the ENIAC computer
the first commercially available
computer

First Generation - 1940-1956: Vacuum Tubes
Second Generation - 1956-1963: Transistors
Third Generation - 1964-1971: Integrated Circuits
Fourth Generation - 1971-Present: Microprocessors
Fifth Generation - Present and Beyond: Artificial
Intelligence

The first computers used vacuum tubes
for circuitry and magnetic drums for
memory, and were often enormous,
taking up entire rooms
very expensive to operate
use a great deal of electricity
generated a lot of heat, which was often
the cause of malfunctions

UNIVAC and ENIAC computers
are examples of first-generation
computing devices
UNIVAC was the first
commercial computer delivered
to a business client, the U.S.
Census Bureau in 1951

Transistors:
 replaced vacuum tubes and ushered in the
second generation of computers
 invented in 1947 but did not see widespread use
in computers until the late 50s
 far superior to the vacuum tube, allowing
computers to become smaller, faster, cheaper,
more energy-efficient and more reliable than their
first-generation predecessors

2nd generation computers moved from
cryptic binary machine language to symbolic,
or assembly, languages, which allowed
programmers to specify instructions in words
High-level programming languages were also
being developed at this time (e.g. early
versions of COBOL and FORTRAN.
COBOL and FORTRAN - the first computers
that stored their instructions in their memory,
which moved from a magnetic drum to
magnetic core technology

The development of the integrated circuit was the
hallmark of the third generation of computers
Transistors were miniaturized and placed on silicon
chips, called semiconductors, which drastically
increased the speed and efficiency of computers.

first generation filled an entire room 4 th
generation could now fit in the palm of the
hand
The Intel 4004 chip, developed in 1971,
located all the components of the computer -
from the central processing unit and memory
to input/output controls on a single chip

in 1981 IBM introduced its first computer for
the home user
in 1984 Apple introduced the Macintosh
Microprocessors also moved out of the realm
of desktop computers and into many areas of
life as more and more everyday products
began to use microprocessors.

still in development, though
there are some applications,
such as voice recognition, that
are being used today
the use of parallel processing
and superconductors is helping
to make artificial intelligence a
reality

5th

4th
3rd
2nd
1st

According to Purpose

General Purpose Computer
Special Purpose Computer

are designed to handle a variety of
tasks. This is possible by utilizing
the stored-program concept. That
is, a program or series of
instructions is prepared for each
application and input to and
temporarily stored in the
computer

Special-Purpose Computer

also known as dedicated
computers, are designed
around a specific application
or type of application

According to Data Handled

Analog Computer
Digital Computer
Hybrid Computer

operates in a completely opposite way to
the digital computer.
all operations in an analog computer are
performed in parallel.
data are represented in an analog
computer as voltages, a very compact but
not necessarily robust form of storage
(prone to noise corruption).
A single capacitor (equivalent to the
digital's computer use of a transistor) in an
analog computer can represent one
continuous variable

 a machine that specialize in counting of items
that are distinct from one another. e.g. text,
integers

in which a digital computer is
used to control and organize
inputs and outputs to and
from attached analogue
devices; for instance
analogue devices might be
used to help generate initial
values for iterations

According to Capacity

Microcomputer
Minicomputer
Mainframe Computer
Super Computer

is generally synonymous with
personal computer (PC), or a
computer that depends on a
microprocessor. Microcomputers
are designed to be used by
individuals, whether in the form
of PCs, workstations or notebook
computers

a midsized computer. In size
and power, minicomputers
lie between workstations and
mainframes

a very large and expensive
computer capable of supporting
hundreds, or even thousands, of
users simultaneously. The
distinction between small
mainframes and minicomputers
is vague, depending really on
how the manufacturer wants to
market its machines

the fastest type of computer.
Supercomputers are very
expensive and are employed
for specialized applications
that require immense
amounts of mathematical
calculations

a complete, working computer.
The computer system includes
not only the computer, but
also any software and
peripheral devices that are
necessary to make the
computer function

It refers to the physical
equipment or components of
an electronic data processing.

It gives information to the
computer system so that it
can perform its tasks

is similar to that of a standard
typewriter, but it includes
extra keys such as function
keys and the numeric pad

a device that controls the
movement of the cursor or
pointer on a display
screen; originally
designed by Xerox

which performs the same
tasks as the mouse,
operates with a rotating
metal ball inset in a small,
boxlike device and does
not require a desktop

is a pressure-sensitive pad
that is smaller, more
accurate, thinner, and less
expensive to build than
the trackball

was designed initially to
read penciled or graphic
information on exam
answer sheets.

a device that can read text or
illustrations printed on paper and
translate the information into a
form the computer can use. A
scanner works by digitizing an
image -- dividing it into a grid of
boxes and representing each box
with either a zero or a one,
depending on whether the box is
filled in

record images in digital
form

are small mobile computers
that accept input through a
penlike instrument called a
stylus that you use to write
on the computer’s screen

device for converting sound
waves into electrical
energy

is a camera that is in some
way connected to the World
Wide Web, or Internet

a small, touch-sensitive pad,
usually a couple of inches
square, which acts as an
alternative to a mouse on some
notebook/palmtop computers. It
works by sensing fingertip
pressure

a manual control consisting of
a vertical handle that can
move freely in two
directions; used as an input
device to computers or to
devices controlled by
computers

a type of display screen that has
a touch-sensitive transparent
panel covering the screen.
Instead of using a pointing
device such as a mouse or light
pen, you can use your finger to
point directly to objects on the
screen

An input device that utilizes a
light-sensitive detector to select
objects on a display screen. A
light pen is similar to a mouse,
except that with a light pen you
can move the pointer and select
objects on the display screen by
directly pointing to the objects
with the pen

an input device that enables you to enter
drawings and sketches into a computer.
A digitizing tablet consists of an
electronic tablet and a cursor or pen. A
cursor (also called a puck) is similar to a
mouse, except that it has a window with
cross hairs for pinpoint placement, and it
can have as many as 16 buttons.

a pointing and drawing
device shaped like a pen.
You use a stylus with a
digitizing tablet or touch
screen

is an input device used to scan
a pattern of lines using
optical sensing techniques.
The line attern is coded
information about the item
to which it relates (e.g. the
price and description of an
item of merchandise)

is a device, which responds
to an input quantity by
generating a functionally
related output usually in
the form of an electrical or
optical signal

permits users to input
printed or typewritten
documents with a scanner

involves the use of a special pen
on a monitor surface, as with a
personal digital assistant

activated by user’s voice after
voice has been programmed
into the computer; currently
accepts limited number of
vocal commands

these devices display
information that has been
held or generated within a
computer

peripheral that uses ink or
toner to output
documents, images, and
plain text files onto paper

display consisting of a device
that takes signals from a
computer and displays
them on a CRT screen

a device that draws pictures on paper based
on commands from a computer. Plotters
differ from printers in that they draw
lines using a pen. As a result, they can
produce continuous lines, whereas
printers can only simulate lines by
printing a closely spaced series of dots.
Multicolor plotters use different-colored
pens to draw different colors.

a device used to produce sound

increase a message as
temporary output that
computer users hear

are reduced sized photographic
reproductions of printed
information on film cards. The
cards can be read using
microfiche readers and
printed using microfiche
printers

a piece of hardware that is
used for both providing
information to the computer
and receiving information

the modem modulates the
computer output to an
acceptable signal for
transmission and then
demodulates the signal
back for computer input

computer hardware that
holds and spins a magnetic
or optical disk and reads
and writes information on it

a rigid magnetic disk
mounted permanently
in a drive unit

a direct-access disk, has
information recorded on it
with a laser beam that
burns pits into its surface

the main part of a personal
computer. The system unit
includes the chassis,
microprocessor, main
memory, bus, and ports, but
does not include the keyboard
or monitor, or any peripheral
devices

MOTHERBOARD

CD-ROM
POWER SUPPLY

HARD DRIVE
CPU

FAN POWER
CORDS
HEAT SINK FLOPPY DRIVE

VIDEO CARD
ZIP DRIVE
MODEM

EXTRA CASE
SOUND CARD
FAN

RIBBON CABLE

is the brains of the computer.
Sometimes referred to
simply as the processor or
central processor, the CPU is
where most calculations take
place

supervises or monitors the
functions performed by the
entire computer system
according to conditions set
forth by the stored program

the part of a computer that
performs all arithmetic
computations, such as
addition and multiplication,
and all comparison
operations. The ALU is one
component of the CPU
(central processing unit).

is somewhat like an
electronic filing cabinet
capable of holding data
or instructions

 ROM(Read  RAM(Random Access)
Only)

contains the pre-programmed
computer instructions such
as the Basic Input Output
System (BIOS) and special is used to store the programs
data that the computer uses and data that you will run.
throughout its processing.

the main circuit board of a microcomputer. The
motherboard contains the connectors for
attaching additional boards. Typically, the
motherboard contains the CPU, BIOS,
memory, mass storage interfaces, serial and
parallel ports, expansion slots, and all the
controllers required to control standard
peripheral devices, such as the display screen,
keyboard, and disk drive. Collectively, all
these chips that reside on the motherboard are
known as the motherboard's chipset

an interface on a computer to which you can
connect a device. Personal computers
have various types of ports. Internally,
there are several ports for connecting disk
drives, display screens, and keyboards.
Externally, personal computers have
ports for connecting modems, printers,
mice, and other peripheral devices

a connector in a computer into
which an expansion card can
be plugged. The connector
supplies power to the card
and connects it to the data
bus, address bus and control
signals of the motherboard

A collection of wires
through which data is
transmitted from one part
of a computer to another

computer instruction or data.
Anything that can be stored
electronically is software

 System Software
 Application
Software

consist of programs designed to
facilitate the use of the
computer by the user. Any
software required to support
the production or execution of
application programs but
which is not specific to any
particular application

a set of program designed
to efficiently manage the
resources of the computer
system.

is a system program that
converts the English-like
instructions used by
computer programmers
into the machine-readable
code used by the
hardware

perform such standard tasks as
organizing and maintaining
data files, translating
programs written in various
languages to a language
acceptable to the computer

is a type of program that solves
specific user-oriented
processing problems

program accepts words typed
into a computer and
processes them to produce
edited text

system allows you to use different
typefaces, specify various margins and
justifications, and embed illustrations
and graphs directly into the text. The
most powerful desktop publishing
systems enable you to create
illustrations, while less powerful
systems let you insert illustrations
created by other programs

are computer programs that let
people electronically create and
manipulate spreadsheets (tables of
values arranged in rows and
columns with predefined to
relationships to each other).
Spreadsheets are used for
mathematical calculations such as
accounts, budgets, statistics and so

a set of programs is necessary to
facilitate adding new data as
well as modifying and
retrieving of existing data
within a database

interactive hardware or
software played for
entertainment, challenge,
or educational purposes

 Public Domain Software
 Freeware
 Shareware
 Commercial Software

 Has no copy right
 Free to use or make copy of
 Can be copied, used in other programs, or
charged by anyone

 Has a copyright
 Can only give away exact copies of the
software
 Can not be changed or used in another
program without the copyright holder’s
permission

 Has a copyright
 Allowed to use software paying for it
1. can be a demo
2. can set an amount of time you can use
the software
3. Can trust that you will pay for it if you
like the software

 Has the most resistive copyright
 Have to buy the software before you can use it.
 Can usually make one copy of the software as a
backup copy
 Can not copy, look at the program’s code,
change, or use the software in another
program.

1. MANAGEMENT
used in school management such as budget,
inventory, student records, etc.
1. LEARNING INSTRUCTION
teacher-centered instruction
student-centered learning
1. EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH
for gathering and processing

a group of computers and
other devices connected
together.

is a group of computers and
associated devices that share a
common communications line
and typically share the
resources of a single processor
or server within a small
geographic area (for example,
within an office building)

a data network designed for a
town or city. (MAN) A data
network intended to serve an
area the size of a large city.
Such networks are being
implemented by innovative
techniques, such as running
optical fibre through subway
tunnels.

are built to provide
communication solutions for
organizations or people who
need to exchange digital
information between two
distant places (in one country or
in two different countries)

the computers are within a
limited geographic area,
such as a campus or military
base

a network contained within
a user's home that connects a
person's digital devices

All devices are connected to
a central cable, called the bus
or backbone. Bus networks
are relatively inexpensive
and easy to install for small
networks. Ethernet systems
use a bus topology

All devices are connected to one
another in the shape of a closed loop, so
that each device is connected directly to
two other devices, one on either side of
it. Ring topologies are relatively
expensive and difficult to install, but
they offer high bandwidth and can span
large distances

All devices are connected to
a central hub. Star networks
are relatively easy to install
and manage, but bottlenecks
can occur because all data
must pass through the hub

A tree topology combines
characteristics of linear bus
and star topologies. It
consists of groups of star-
configured workstations
connected to a linear bus
backbone cable

Types of Cables Used in Networks

 Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)
Cable
 Shielded Twisted Pair (STP)
Cable
 Microwave
 Coaxial Cable
 Fiber Optic Cable

Unshielded twisted pair (UTP) is the most
popular and is generally the best option for
school networks. The quality of UTP may
vary from telephone-grade wire to extremely
high-speed cable. The cable has four pairs of
wires inside the jacket. Each pair is twisted
with a different number of twists per inch to
help eliminate interference from adjacent
pairs and other electrical devices. The tighter
the twisting, the higher the supported
transmission rate and the greater the cost per
foot.

A disadvantage of UTP is that it may be
susceptible to radio and electrical
frequency interference. Shielded twisted
pair (STP) is suitable for environments
with electrical interference; however, the
extra shielding can using Token Ring
topology. make the cables quite bulky.
Shielded twisted pair is often used on
networks

are very high-frequency
radio signals that are
transmitted through open
space.

Coaxial cabling has a single copper conductor at
its center. A plastic layer provides insulation
between the center conductor and a braided
metal shield. The metal shield helps to block any
outside interference from fluorescent lights,
motors, and other computers. Although coaxial
cabling is difficult to install, it is highly resistant
to signal interference. In addition, it can support
greater cable lengths between network devices
than twisted pair cable.

Fiber optic cable has the ability to transmit
signals over much longer distances than coaxial
and twisted pair. It also has the capability to
carry information at vastly greater speeds. This
capacity broadens communication possibilities
to include services such as video conferencing
and interactive services. The cost of fiber optic
cabling is comparable to copper cabling;
however, it is more difficult to install and
modify.

provide a special form of
microwave transmission. It
requires earth stations, or
“dishes,” that transmit and
receive signals to and from
the orbited satellite

A wide collection of computer networks

The software program you use to access the
World Wide Web

Uses the text in a web site to index so that
search engine users can find it by typing
it by selecting the appropriate category.

Uses human editors to place the site into
a hierarchy or outline of topics so that
users can find it by selecting the
appropriate category.

A method of naming documents or
places on the internet

it refers to all of the publicly accessible
web sites in the world

in an electronic message sent from one
computer to another.

Fundamentals of Computer

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Fundamentals of Computer