It professional assignment
- 1. ADIGRAT UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Course Title: IT social, professional and ethical issues Course Code: ITec4142 Group Leader: Bereket Tesfaw Group-3 Assignment I Members Name ID No 1. Bereket Tesfaw 00547/08 2. Samson Tizazu 00625/08 3. Abrhaley Tsegay 00529/08 4. Sisaynew Gobeze 00640/08 5. Nabyom Adisu 00619/08 Submitted to Inst. Tesfaye T. Submission Date 20/04/2011 E.C 04/06/191
- 2. ABSTRACT This slide gives a review of fiber optic communication system, including architectural methodologies, key features, applications and furthermore talks about their future activities towards the next generation. Advantages and disadvantages of fiber optic communication systems are explained. Fiber optic systems are vital media transmission foundation for overall broadband systems. Wide data transfer capacity (bandwidth) signal transmission with low delay is a key prerequisite in present day applications. 04/06/192
- 4. Introduction Optical communication system consists of transmitter, channel and receiver. Transmitter consists of amplifier, modulator and a light emitting semi- conductor device, whereas receiver contains photo detecting devices. Optic Fiber communication offers extremely high bandwidth, immunity to electromagnetic interference, non-existent delays and immunity from interception by external means. Optical fibers are widely used in Fiber-optic communications, which permits transmission over longer. 04/06/194
- 5. History The world's first wireless telephone transmission between two buildings, some 213 meters apart. Due to its use of an atmospheric transmission medium, the Photo phone would not prove practical until advances in laser and optical fiber technologies permitted the secure transport of light. The Photo phone's first practical use came in military communication systems many decades later. 04/06/195
- 6. CONT… First generation (Graded-index fibers) Year implemented: 1980 Bit rate: 45 Mb/s Repeater spacing: 10 km Operating wavelength: 0.8 um Semiconductor: GaAs (gallium arsenide phosphide) 04/06/196
- 7. CONT… Second generation (Single-mode fibers) Year implemented: 1985 Bit rate: 100 Mb/s to 1.7 Gb/s Repeater spacing: 50 km Operating wavelength: 1.3 um Semiconductor: In GaAsP 04/06/197
- 8. CONT… Third generation (Single-mode lasers) Year implemented: 1990 Bit rate: 10 Gb/s Repeater spacing: 100 km Operating wavelength: 1.55 um 04/06/198
- 9. CONT… Fourth generation (Optical amplifiers) Year implemented: 1996 Bit rate: 10 Tb/s Repeater spacing: > 10,000 km Operating wavelength: 1.45 um to 1.62 um 04/06/199
- 10. CONT… Fifth generation (Raman amplification) Year implemented: 2002 Bit rate: 40 Gb/s to 160 Gb/s Repeater spacing: 24,000 km to 35,000 km Operating wavelength: 1.53 um to 1.57 um 04/06/1910
- 11. Motivation/Push Factors To meet demand of increase in the telecommunication data transmission. To increase as light guides, imaging tools and as lasers for medical surgeries help to increase the speed and accuracy of data transmission in networking To develop broadcast/cable companies and wiring in aircraft of the military defense 04/06/1911
- 12. Meaning of Fiber Optic Communication What does fiber optic communication mean? Fiber-optic communication is a method of transmitting information from one place to another by sending pulses of light through an optical fiber. The light forms an electromagnetic carrier wave that is modulated to carry information. 04/06/1912
- 13. How It Works? The transmission entirely depends on electrical signals passing through the cable, the fiber optics transmission involves transmission of signals in the form of light from one point to the other. Furthermore, a fiber optic communication network consists of transmitting and receiving circuitry, a light source and detector devices. When the input data, in the form of electrical signals, is given to the transmitter circuitry, it converts them into light signal with the help of a light source. 04/06/1913
- 14. Architectures and Development Methodology Fiber-optic communication systems can be classified into three broad categories - point-to-point links, distribution networks, and local-area networks. Point-to-Point Links Point-to-point links is the simplest form in fiber-optic communication systems. The main role is to transport information, in the form of digital bit stream, from one place to another with high accuracy. 04/06/1914
- 15. Distribution Networks In the case of distribution networks, information is not only transmitted, but is also distributed to a group of subscribers. Examples include local-loop distribution of telephone services and Broadcast of multiple video channels over cable television. Such networks have the ability to distribute a wide range of services, including telephone, computer data, and video broadcasts. 04/06/1915
- 16. CONT… Such networks are called metropolitan-area networks (MANs) as hubs are typically located in major cities. For bus topology, a single fiber cable carries the multichannel optical signal throughout the area of service. An example is the common-antenna television (CATV) application of bus topology consists of distributing multiple video channels within a city. 04/06/1916
- 17. Local Area Networks Local-area networks, also known as LANs, refers to networks in which a large number of users within a local area are interconnected in such a way that any user can access the network randomly to transmit data to any other user. Optical-access networks used in a local subscriber loop also fall in this category For such networks, transmission distance are relative short (<10 km). 04/06/1917
- 18. CONT… 04/06/1918
- 19. CONT… The figure about shows the structure of (a) ring topology and (b) star topology for local-area networks. In the case of the ring topology, consecutive nodes are connected by point-to-point links to form a closed ring. Each node can transmit and receive the data by using a transmitter– receiver pair, which also acts as a repeater. In the case of the star topology, all nodes are connected through point- to-point links to a central node called a hub, or simply a star. 04/06/1919
- 20. Key Features Low attenuation Large bandwidth Small diameter Transmission security Thinner and Immunity Light weight Long distance signal transmission 04/06/1920
- 21. Areas of Application Telecommunications Local Area Networks Cable TV Bio-medical Military Automotive and many other industrial sectors 04/06/1921
- 22. Advantages Thinner and small in size Less Expensive Higher Carrying Capacity Less Signal Degradation& Digital Signals Non-Flammable Light Weight 04/06/1922
- 23. CONT... Greater capacity (bandwidth up to 2 Gbps, or more) Lower attenuation Immunity to environmental interference Highly secure due to tap difficulty and lack of signal radiation 04/06/19
- 24. Disadvantages Difficult to Splice. Fibers can be broken or have transmission loses when wrapped around curves of only a few centimeters radius. Highly Susceptible It is highly susceptible to becoming cut or damaged during installation or construction activities. 04/06/1924
- 25. CONT… Expensive to install The optical fibers are more expensive to install, and they have to be installed by the specialists. They are not as robust as the wires. Expensive over short distance Requires highly skilled installers Adding additional nodes is difficult 04/06/19
- 26. Future Activities The evolution of fiber optic communication has been driven by advancement in technology and increased demand for fiber optic communication. It is expected to continue into the future, with the development of new and more advanced communication technology. All Optical Communication Network Intelligent Optical Transmission Network Improvements in Laser Technology Laser Neural Network Nodes 04/06/1926
- 27. Conclusion Fiber optics provides many advantages over copper conductors including higher bandwidth, transmission of signals over longer distances, lower weight and cost and immunity from electromagnetic interference. The fiber optics communications industry is an ever evolving one, the growth experienced by the industry has been enormous this past decade. There is still much work to be done to support the need for faster data rates, advanced switching techniques and more intelligent network architectures. 04/06/1927
- 28. References Govind P. Agrawal. (2002). Fiber-optic communications systems (Third Edition). Rochester, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. V.S.Bagad. (2009). Optical fiber communication (First Edition). Pune, India: Technical Publications Pune. Raman Amplification in Fiber Optical Communication Systems (Editors - Clifford Headley, Govind P. Agrawal) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_fiber 04/06/1928
- 29. THANK YOU! ANY QUESTION ? 04/06/1929