It's a presentation of data in Statistics.
- 1. Module 2: Presentation of Data
- 2. Objectives At the end of this module, you should be able to: Familiarize with the different methods of data presentation Organize data by constructing a frequency distribution table Draw the appropriate graph for a given set of data
- 3. Methods of Presenting Data Textual Form where the data are presented in paragraph form or in sentence form Tabular Form where the data are presented in row and columns Graphical Form where the data are presented in pictorial of visual form
- 4. Textual Method In this method of data presentation, the researcher uses the sentences to convey the information contained in the data, emphasis are only on important figures of the relevance of the other figures.
- 5. Tabular Method This method of data presentation makes use of the table where data are arranged systematically into rows and columns. This systematic arrangement of data is called statistical table. Through this process data can be readily understood and comparisons are more easily be made.
- 6. A good statistical table has four essential parts: 1. Table heading includes the table number and table title. The title should briefly explain the contents of the table 2. Stub items or classification written on the first column and identifies what are written on the rows 3. Caption or box head includes the items or classifications written on the first row and identifies what are contained in the columns. 4. Body the main part of the table and its contains the substance of the figures of one’s data
- 7. In the construction of a table, the following guidelines should prove helpful. Every table must be self-explanatory The title should be clear and descriptive The title gives information about what, where, how and when the data were taken.
- 8. Table 1. Distribution of Population according to year and average annual rate of increase (%) Year Population Average Annual Rate of Increase (%) 1877 5567685 2.41 1887 5984727 0.72 1896 6261339 0.5 1903 7635462 2.87 1913 10314310 1.89 1939 16000303 2.22 1948 19234182 1.91 1960 27087685 3.06 1970 36684486 3.01 1975 41831045 2.66 1980 48098000 2.40 Source of Data: National Statistics Office
- 9. Frequency Distribution A frequency distribution is an arrangement of data that shows the frequency of occurrence of the different values of the variables. In constructing a qualitative frequency distribution, the following steps are considered: a. Enumerate the categories or classifications and define these as your classes. b. Count the number of observations falling under each category. These are the frequencies of the different classes.
- 10. Example of a qualitative frequency (according to particular category) Year level Number of student FirstYear 694 SecondYear 339 ThirdYear 214 FourthYear 111
- 11. Graphical Method This method of data presentation makes use of graphs or charts. A graph is a pictorial representation of a set of data showing relationships. Some of the most common type of graphs are the bar graph, line graph, pie graph and pictograph.
- 12. Types of Graph Line graph The line graph shows the relationship between to or more sets of quantities. This type of graph is appropriate for a variable that varies with time. Population (in millions) (Sub)continent 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 Africa 228 254 285 322 366 417 479 The Americas 331 370 416 464 511 561 613 Europe 543 574 605 634 657 677 694
- 14. Line Graph Name of Newspaper Friday Saturday Sunday Los Angeles Times 55 58 60 NewYork Times 62 63 67 Chicago Sun 47 49 49 Orange County Register 39 41 42 San Francisco Chronicle 51 53 55
- 15. Bar graph The bar graph consists of vertical or horizontal bars of equal widths. The length of the bars represent the magnitudes of the quantities being compared. This type of graph is most appropriate for comparing data at a particular time.
- 16. Example Imagine you just did a survey of your friends to find which kind of movie they liked best: Table: Favorite Type of Movie Comedy Action Romance Drama SciFi 4 5 6 1 4
- 18. Pie chart or pie graph The pie chart or pie graph is appropriate in comparing the parts with the whole
- 19. Pictograph Another way of representing numerical values is though the use of pictographs or picture graphs. In this type of chart, actual pictures of facsimiles of the objects under study are used the represent values. Each figure is considered a unit representing a definite number.
- 20. Information about 300 children of a school who come to school by different modes of transportation. 10 per children
- 21. Graphical Representation of a Frequency There are two graphical methods in the presentation of frequency distribution Histogram Versus Frequency Polygon Both provide a quick picture of the main characteristics of the data (highs, lows, points of concentration, etc.) The histogram has the advantage of depicting each class as a rectangle, with the height of the rectangular bar representing the number in each class. The frequency polygon has an advantage over the histogram. It allows us to compare directly two or more frequency distributions.
- 27. Class Interval F Class Boundaries Class Mark rf% <CF >CF 27 - 38 1 26.5 – 38.5 32.5 2.27% 1 44 39 - 50 6 38.5 – 50.5 44.5 13.64% 7 43 51 - 62 11 50.5 – 62.5 56.5 25% 18 37 63 - 74 17 62.5 – 74.5 68.5 38.64% 35 26 75 - 86 7 74.5 – 86.5 80.5 15.91% 42 9 87 - 98 2 86.5 – 98.5 92.5 4.54% 44 2 Total…. 44 100%
- 28. 49 38 11 37 50 38 27 31 26 40 26 37 21 36 30 36 17 40 25 20 45 46 50 14 19 24 35 30 24 18 13 35 49 23 17 23 44 29 33 26 31 33 38 22 35 41 23 27 11 45 29 32 17 21 14 39 31 37 20 21