Jatin Sharma lab file.docx
- 1. LAB FILE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY MANAGEMENT CODE: MS 109 MAHARAJA AGRASEN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY: Ms. Gunjan Chug Amit Yadav Assistant Professor Roll No. Section:
- 2. INDEX SNO. PROGRAM NAME DATE SIGNATURE
- 3. Program No. 1 AIM: Study of Windows 10 Operating System. Introduction An operating system (OS) is the software component of a computer system that is responsible for the management and coordination of activities and the sharing of the resources of the computer. The OS acts as a host for application programs that are run on the machine. As a host, one of the purposes of an OS is to handle the details of the operation of the hardware. This relieves application programs from having to manage these details and makes it easier to write applications. Almost all computers use an OS of some type. OS offers a number of services to application programs and users. Applications access these services through application programming interfaces (APIs) or system calls. By using these interfaces, the application can request a service from the OS, pass parameters, and receive the results of the operation. Users may also interact with the OS by typing commands or using a graphical user interface (GUI). Versions of windows Operating System till date ● MS-DOS (1981) -Originally developed by Microsoft for IBM, MS-DOS was thestandard operating system for IBM-compatible personal computers. . ● Windows 1.0 – 2.0(1985-1992) introduced in 1985, Microsoft Windows 1.0 was named due to the computing boxes, or “windows” that represented a fundamental aspect of the operating system. ● Windows 3.0 3.1- (1990 1994)-Windows 3.0 was released in May, 1900 offering better icons, performance and advanced graphics with 16 colors designed for Intel 386 processors. ● Windows 95(August 1995) - It was released in 1995 and was a major upgrade to the Windows operating system. This OS was a significant advancement over its precursor, Windows 3.1. In addition to sporting a new user interface, Windows 95 also includes a number of important internal improvements.
- 4. ● Windows 98 (JUNE 1998)-Windows 98 offers support for a number of new technologies, including FAT32, AGP, MMX, USB, DVD, and ACPI. ● Windows ME – Millennium Edition (SEPTEMBER 2000)-The Windows Millennium Edition, called “Windows Me” was an update to the Windows 98 core and included some features of the Windows 2000 operating system. This version also removed the “boot in DOS” option. ● Windows NT 31. – 4.0 (1993-1996)-A version of the Windows operating system. Windows NT (New Technology) is a 32-bit operating system that supports preemptive multitasking ● Windows 2000 (FEBRUARY 2000)-Often abbreviated as “W2K,” Windows 2000 is an operating system for business desktop and laptop systems to run software applications, connect to Internet and intranet sites, and access files, printers, and network resources ● Windows XP (OCTOBER 2001)-Windows XP was released in 2001. Along with a redesigned look and feel to the user interface, the new operating system is built on the Windows 2000 kernel, giving the user a more stable and reliable environment than previous versions of Windows. ● Windows Vista (NOVEMBER 2006)-Windows Vista offered an advancement in reliability, security, ease of deployment, performance and manageability over Windows XP. New in this version was capabilities to detect hardware problems before they occur, security features to protect against the latest generation of threats, faster start-up time and low power consumption of the new sleep state.
- 5. ● Windows 7 (OCTOBER, 2009)-Windows 7 was released by Microsoft on October 22, 2009 as the latest in the 25-year-old line of Windows operating systems and as the successor to Windows Vista (which itself had followed Windows XP). ● Windows 8 was released on August. 1, 2012 and is a completely redesigned operating system that’s been developed from the ground up with touchscreen use in mind as well as near-instant-on capabilities that enable a Windows 8 PC to load and start up in a matter of seconds rather than in minutes. ● Windows 10 is Microsoft’s Windows successor to Windows 8. Windows 10 debuted on July29, 2015. Microsoft claims Windows 10 features fast start up and resume, built- in security and the return of the Start Menu in an expanded form. ● Windows Server (March 2003) is a series of Microsoft server operating systems. Windows servers are more powerful versions of their desktop operating system counterparts and are designed to more efficiently handle corporate networking, Internet/intranet hosting, databases, enterprise-scale messaging and similar functions. ● Windows Home Server Announced in January 2007, Windows Home Server (WHS) is a “consumer server” designed to use with multiple computers connected in the home. ● Windows CE (NOVEMBER 2006)- A version of the Windows operating system designed for small devices such as personal digital assistants (PDAs) (or Handheld PCs in the Microsoft vernacular) ● Windows Mobile (APRIL 2000) - A mobile operating system for smartphones and mobile devices from Microsoft based on the Windows CE kernel and designed to look and operate similar to desktop versions of Microsoft Windows. ● Windows Phone 7-10 (NOVEMBER 2010)
- 6. A mobile operating system for smart phones and mobile devices that serves as the successor to Microsoft’s initial mobile OS platform system, Windows Mobile. Windows10 Windows 10 is the most recent version of the Microsoft Windows operating system. There have been many different versions of Windows over the years, including Windows 8 (released in 2012), Windows 7 (2009), Windows Vista (2006), and Windows XP (2001). While older versions of Windows mainly ran on desktop and laptop computers, Windows 10 is also designed to run equally well on tablets. How is Windows 10 different from other versions? Many users complained that Windows 8, the previous version of Windows, was confusing and difficult to use. As a result, Windows 10 looks and feels similar to older versions. Still, it includes a lot of new features and improvements. Start menu Whereas Windows 8 uses the Start screen to launch applications, Windows 10 has reintroduced a more traditional Start menu. It's also been expanded to make it easier to find important apps.
- 7. Microsoft Edge This new browser is designed to give Windows users a better experience on the Web. It's faster, more secure, and includes a lot of new features. Microsoft Edge is meant to replace Internet Explorer as your default web browser, but you'll still be able to use another browser if you prefer. Cortana Similar to Siri and Google Now, you can talk to this virtual assistant with your computer's microphone. Cortana can answer questions like What's the weather like today?, perform simple tasks like remind you to take out the trash, and much more. Multiple desktops and Task view Instead of keeping everything open on the same desktop, you can move some of your windows to a virtual desktop to get them out of the way. And the new Task view feature makes it easy to manage all of your open windows. Action Center The new Action Center is pretty different from previous versions of Windows. For example, it's been expanded to let you access frequently used settings, such as Wi-Fi connectivity and tablet mode. It's also where you'll see important notifications, so if your computer receives an update you'll get a notification about it here. Tablet mode Unlike Windows 8, Windows 10 makes a clear distinction between desktops and tablets. If you're using a keyboard and mouse with Windows 10, you'll be in desktop mode by default. If your computer also has a touchscreen, you can go into tablet mode at any time. Tablet users can also switch back to desktop mode if they prefer. Windows functions Rename –This function is used to change the name of a file or group of file. Rename is a term used to describe the process of changing the name of an object. Step 1: Right Click on folder and click on Rename option.
- 8. HOW TO CREATE NEW FOLDER Navigate to the location where you want to place the new folder Right click and select new Select folder The folder will displayed with the default name “NEW FOLDER” To change the name Type the name In the “NEW FOLDER” SHORTCUT:- CLT + SHIFT +N
- 9. HOW TO CUT AND PASTE FOLDER Select the folder you want to Cut Right click on the folder Click on Cut Paste the folder where you want to paste by right click and click on paste SHORTCUT:- CLT + X
- 10. HOW TO COPY AND PASTE FOLDER Select the folder you want to Copy Right click on the folder Click on Copy Paste the folder where you want to paste by right click and click on paste SHORTCUT:-CLT + C
- 11. HOW TO PASTE FOLDER Select the folder you want to Paste Right click on the folder Click on Paste Paste the folder where you want to paste by right click and click on paste SHORTCUT:-CLT + V
- 12. HOW TO SEE YOUR COMPUTER SPECIFICATION Go to Setting Go to System Click on About
- 13. VIVA QUESTIONS 1. Specify features of Windows 10? Ans: Features of Windows 10 are: START MENU: Whereas Windows 8 uses the Start screen to launch applications, Windows 10 has reintroduceda more traditional Start menu. It's also been expanded to make it easier to find important apps. MICROSOFT EDGE: This new browser is designed to give Windows users a better experience on the Web. It's faster,more secure, and includes a lot of new features. Microsoft Edge is meant to replace Internet Explorer as your default web browser, but you'll still be able to use another browser if you prefer. CORTANA: Similar to Siri and Google Now, you can talk to this virtual assistant with your computer's microphone. Cortana can answer questions like What's the weather like today? perform simple tasks like remind you to take out the trash, and much more. MULTIPLE DESKTOPS AND TASK VIEWS: Instead of keeping everything open on the same desktop, you can move some of your windowsto a virtual desktop to get them out of the way. And the new Task view feature makes it easyto manage all of your open windows. ACTION CENTER: The new Action Center is pretty different from previous versions of Windows. For example, it's been expanded to let you access frequently used settings, such as Wi-Fi connectivity and tablet mode. It's also where you'll see important notifications, so if your computer receives anupdate you'll get a notification about it here. TABLET MODE: Unlike Windows 8, Windows 10 makes a clear distinction between desktops and tablets. If you're using a keyboard and mouse with Windows 10, you'll be in desktop mode by default. Ifyour computer also has a touchscreen, you can go into tablet mode at any time. Tablet users can also switch back to desktop mode if they prefer. 2. What are the shortcut keys to cut, copy and paste any documents in Windows 10? Ans: CUT: Ctrl + X COPY: Ctrl + C PASTE: Ctrl + V 3. What are the limitations in Windows 10? Ans: Limitations in Windows 10 are: UPDATES: Most of the PCs are preinstalled with Windows 10. However, they are not with higher version of Windows 10. It is normally the basic or home version. Now these versions are known to contain many bugs which can only be removed by time to time updates. Otherwise, you may need to go for a professional version that can be costly. PRIVACY: Privacy is another concern when using the Windows 10 operating system.
- 14. Particularly, the problem comes in the form of Cortana: the voice search. Cortana has been integrated inside both the operating system and the Edge browser. There is always a privacy concern in Cortana since it stores each and every search. It provides the opportunity for Microsoft can gather all our private information. So anyone using Cortana is at privacy risk. SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS: Similar to other operating systems, Windows 10 has also set its minimum system requirements. Users need to make sure that their PC meets these requirements to make Windows 10 work properly. Even if your PC fulfills these requirements, the installation is not an easy process. It takes time and effort before you can actually start using this OS. REVERTING OS: Once you upgraded to Windows 10 from Windows 7 or 8 and if you don't like this OS; you cannot revert back to the previous operating system directly. You must reinstall the operating system from the scratch. And there is more cost involved in installing Windows 10. Even a basic home version of Windows 10 costs about $139 and professional version approximately costs $200. TOUCH INTERFACE: Unlike Windows 8 OS, Windows 10 is not touch friendly. Most of the touch inputs are disabled in Windows 10. For an example, you cannot close apps simply just by swiping. And selection of objects cannot be done easily. This makes it not recommended to be used in devices such as Tablets which rely entirely on touch screen technology. 4. How Windows 10 is different from different versions? Ans: START MENU: Whereas Windows 8 uses the Start screen to launch applications, Windows 10 has reintroduceda more traditional Start menu. It's also been expanded to make it easier to find important apps. MICROSOFT EDGE: This new browser is designed to give Windows users a better experience on the Web. It's faster,more secure, and includes a lot of new features. Microsoft Edge is meant to replace Internet Explorer as your default web browser, but you'll still be able to use another browser if you prefer. CORTANA: Similar to Siri and Google Now, you can talk to this virtual assistant with your computer's microphone. Cortana can answer questions like What's the weather like today? perform simple tasks like remind you to take out the trash, and much more. MULTIPLE DESKTOPS AND TASK VIEWS: Instead of keeping everything open on the same desktop, you can move some of your windowsto a virtual desktop to get them out of the way. And the new Task view feature makes it easyto manage all of your open windows. ACTION CENTER: The new Action Center is pretty different from previous versions of Windows. For example, it's been expanded to let you access frequently used settings, such as Wi-Fi connectivity and tablet mode. It's also where you'll see important notifications, so if your computer receives anupdate you'll get a notification about it here. TABLET MODE: Unlike Windows 8, Windows 10 makes a clear distinction between desktops and tablets. If you're using a keyboard and mouse with Windows 10, you'll be
- 15. in desktop mode by default. Ifyour computer also has a touchscreen, you can go into tablet mode at any time. Tablet users can also switch back to desktop mode if they prefer. 5. How can you create a folder in Windows 10? Ans: To create a new folder in Windows 10: Step1: Right Click and then go to option New Step 2: Click on new and then on option folder
- 16. Program 2 AIM: Introduction to HTML and Implementing Basic Tags Introduction HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language. It is a standard markup language for web page creation. It allows the creation and structure of sections, paragraphs, and links using HTML elements (the building blocks of web page) such as tags and attributes. HTML has a lot of use cases, namely: WEB DEVELOPMENT: Developers use HTML code to design how a browser displays web page elements such as texts, hyperlinks and media files. INTERNET NAVIGATION: Users can easily navigate and insert links between related pages and websites as HTML is heavily used to embed hyperlinks. WEB DOCUMENTATION: HTML makes it possible to organize and format documents similarly to Microsoft Word. HTML documents are files that end with a .html extension. A web browser reads the HTML File and renders its content so that internet users can view it.
- 17. All HTML pages have a series of HTML elements, consisting of a set of tags and attributes. HTML elements are the Building Blocks of a Web Page. A tag tells the web browser whether an element begins or ends, whereas an attribute describes the characteristics of an element. The Three main parts of an element: Opening Tag - used to state where an element starts to take effect. The tag is wrapped with opening and closing angle brackets. For example- use the start tag, <p> to create a paragraph. Content – this the output that other users see. Closing Tag - it is used as opening tag, but with a forward slash before the element name. For example- </p> to end a paragraph. The combination of these three parts will create an HTML element: BASIC TAGS USED IN HTML HTML TAG: <html> tag is the root element that defines the whole HTML document. HEAD TAG: <head> tag hold’s Meta information such as title of the page BODY TAG: <body> tag encloses all the content that appears on the page. HEADING TAGS: HTML has six levels of headings which uses the elements <h1>, <h2>, <h3>, <h4>, <h5>, <h6>. While displaying any heading the browser adds one line before and one line after that heading. PARAGRAPH TAG: The <p> tag offers a way to structure your text into different paragraphs. Each paragraph of text should go in between an opening <p> and a closing </p> tag. LINE BREAK TAG: The line break tag <br /> is used for changing the line it means that whenever we use this tag anything following it will start from next line. BOLD TAG: Bold tag <b> is used to define bold text. ITALICS: Italics tag <i> is used to format text in italic form. UNDERLINE: Underline tag <u> is used to underline the text. CENTER TAG: Center tag <center> is used to put any content in the center of the page.
- 18. CODE <html> <center> <b> <big> <head> MEANING OF COMPUTERS </head> </center> </b> <title> KNOWING ABOUT COMPUTERS </title> <br /> <body> A computer is a digital electronic machine that can be programmed to carry out sequences of arithmetic or logical operations. </big> </body> </html>
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- 20. VIVA QUESTIONS 1. What is HTML and why it is used? Ans: HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language. It is a standard markup language for web page creation. It allows the creation and structure of sections, paragraphs, and links using HTML elements (the building blocks of a web page) such as tags and attributes. HTML is used for: Web development. Developers use HTML code to design how a browser displays web page elements, such as text, hyperlinks, and media files. Internet navigation. Users can easily navigate and insert links between related pages and websites as HTML is heavily used to embed hyperlinks. Web documentation. HTML makes it possible to organize and format documents, similarly to Microsoft Word. 2. What are Container Tags? Ans: Container Tags consist of Opening tag, Content and Closing Tags. They are used to enclose texts and images. Container Tags always comes with content. 3. What are Empty Tags? Ans: The Tags that do not contain any Closing Tags are known as Empty Tags. Empty Tags contain only the opening tag but they perform some action in the web page. For eg: <br>, <hr>, <img> etc. 4. What are Meta Tags? Ans: HTML <meta> tag is used to represent the metadata about the HTML document. It specifies page description, keywords, copyright, language, author of the documents, etc. The metadata does not display on the webpage, but it is used by search engines, browsers and other web services which scan the site or webpage to know about the webpage. The <meta> tag is placed within the <head> tag, and it can be used more than one times in a document. 5. Specify the use of <p>, <b>, <h1> tag in HTML? Ans: <p>: Element <p> in HTML defines a Paragraph. <b>: It specifies Bold Text <h1>: It defines HTML headings. <h1> tag is used to mark up a web page title.
- 21. PROGRAM 3 AIM: To implement different types of Lists in HTML INTRODUCTION HTML lists helps to display a list of information semantically. There are three types of lists in HTML: Unordered List or Bulleted List (ul) Ordered List or Numbered List (ol) Definition List (dl) UNORDERED LIST: In HTML unordered list, the list items have no specific order or sequence. An unordered list is also called a Bulleted list, as items are marked with bullets. It begins with <ul> tag and closes with a </ul> tag. The list items begin with <li> tag and ends with </li> tag. CODE <html> <head> <title> HTML UNORDERED LIST </title> </head> <body> <h2> SPECIALIZATIONS OFFERED </h2> <ul> <li> Marketing </li> <li> Finance </li> <li> Human Resource </li> <li> Operations </li> </ul> </body> </html>
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- 23. ORDERED LIST In HTML, all the list items in an ordered list are marked with numbers by default instead of bullets. An HTML ordered list starts with the <ol> tag and ends with the </ol> tag. The list items starts with <li> tag and ends with </li> tag. CODE <html> <head> <title> HTML ORDERED LIST </head> <body bgcolor=”pink”> <h2> SPECIALIZATIONS OFFERED </h2> <ol type=”A”> <li> Marketing </li> <li> Finance </li> <li> Human Resource </li> <li> Operations </li> </ol> </body> </html>
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- 25. DEFINITION LIST A definition list is a list of terms with definition of each term and we can create definition list by using different tags. DEFINITION LIST: Definition List Tag <dl> is the start tag of definition list. DEFINITION TERM: Definition Term Tag <dt> specifies a term (Name) DEFINITION DESCRIPTION: Definition Description tag <dd> specifies the definition of the term. DEFINITION LIST (</dl>): closing tag of the definition list CODE <html> <head> <body bgcolor=”yellow”> <title> TYPES OF COMPUTER LANGUAGE </title> <dl> <dt> HTML </dt> <dd> HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) is the most basic building block of web </dd> <dt> JAVA SCRIPT </dt> <dd> Java Script is a computer programming language </dd> <dt> CSS </dt> <dd> CSS stands for Cascading Style Sheets </dd> </dl> </body> </head> </html>
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- 27. VIVA QUESTIONS 1. How we create list in HTML? Ans: HTML lists helps to display a list of information semantically. There are three types of lists in HTML: Ordered List or Numbered List (ol) Unordered List or Bulleted List (ul) Description List or Definition List (dl) 2. Differentiate <ul>, <ol> and <dl> tag? Ans: <ul>: An Unordered List. It will list the items in Bullets. <ol> : It is called Ordered List. It uses different schemes of numbers to list the items. <dl> : It is called Definition List. This arranges the items in a same way as it is arranged in a dictionary. 3. What is the use of <dt> tag ? Ans: The <dt> tag is used to describe a term / name in a description list. 4. What is the use of <li> tag? Ans: The <li> tag in HTML is used to define the List Item in an HTML Document. 5. Which attribute is used to change style of items in lists? Ans: The <style> attribute specifies an inline style for an element. The style attribute will override any style set globally, e.g. any style specified in the <style> tag or in external style sheet.
- 28. PROGRAM 4 AIM: To create table using HTML INTRODUCTION HTML table tag is used to display data in tabular form. We can create a table to display data in tabular form using <table> element, with the help of <td>, <tr>, and <th> elements. <H1> : Used to show heading. HTML TABLE TAGS <table> : Used to tell system that a table is to be made. Under the table tag few attributes which were used are: i. Align : Used to align date in either left, right or center of the webpage. ii. Bgcolor : Used to give a background colour to webpage. iii. Border : Used to assign a border with a specific width. iv. Cellspacing : It is a command attribute that involves setting a number of pixels between each cell in a table. v. Cellpadding : It specifies the space between the cell content and its borders. <TR> : This tag is used to assign a table row which will include the content of a row. <TH> : This tag is used to assign a table heading which will act as heading of the table. This also includes the attributes: i. Colspan : Used to change the amount of column cells which will be used for a particular cell. ii. Rowspan : Used to change the amount of row cells which will be used for a particular cell. <caption> : This is used to give the main heading of the table & is visible just above the table. <TD> : It defines a cell of a table that contains data, i.e. it is used to show the data inside any cell in a table.
- 29. CODE <html> <head></head> <title> TABLE THING </title> <h1>Program No. 4</h1> <table align="center" bgcolor="gray" border="2" cellspacing="10" cellpadding="8"> <caption> STUDENT TABLE </caption> <tr align="center"><th colspan="2">Student Name</th> <th>Roll No.</th> <th> Marks</th></tr> <tr bgcolor="Red" align="center"><td colspan="2">Nikhil</td> <td>1</td> <td> 99</td></tr> <tr bgcolor="Yellow" align="center"><td colspan="2">Jyoti</td> <td>2</td> <td> 98</td></tr> <tr bgcolor="Aqua" align="center"><td colspan="2">Pari</td> <td>3</td> <td> 97</td></tr> <tr bgcolor="Green" align="center"><td colspan="2">Apurva</td> <td>4</td> <td> 98</td></tr> <tr bgcolor="Orange" align="center"><td colspan="2">Yash</td> <td>5</td> <td> 95</td> </tr></table> </body> </html>
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- 31. VIVA QUESTIONS 1. How we create tables in HTML? Ans: To create tables in HTML we use <table> tag. A Table consists of Rows and Columns which can be set using <tr>, <th>, <td> elements. <tr> tag: It defines a row of a table <th> tag: It is used to set table header <td> tag: It is used for a table cell 2. How to change the Background color of the table? Ans: Background colour is changed by using the attribute bgcolor inside the table tag as shown here: <table bgcolor="red"> 3. What is the use of <th> tag? Ans: This tag is used to display the heading of the cells within the table. 4. What is Rowspan and Colspan? The rowspan attribute in HTML specifies the number of rows a cell should span. The colspan attribute defines the number of columns a cell should span. 5. What is Cell Padding and Cell Spacing? Cellpadding : It specifies the space between the cell content and its borders. Cellspacing : It is a command attribute that involves setting a number of pixels between each cell in a table.