JazzPresentation
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- Videogames have potential for behavior change technologies due to their pervasive nature and ability to provide long-term enjoyment. - The document discusses theories of behavior change such as the Integrated Behavioral Model and uses them to design two games - City Spirits, aimed at increasing walking, and Magnum Opus, aimed at increasing photography of cities. - City Spirits was designed using participatory methods like interviews and brainstorming to understand player motivations and barriers to walking, and proposes a role-playing game to encourage walking in cities.
JazzPresentation
- 1. Behaviour Change through Videogames Michele Bianchi 07 April 2015 1 / 32
- 2. Michele Bianchi Born 1986/04/29, Trento - Italy Hometown Trento Degrees B.Sc. and M.Sc. in Computer Science - University of Trento Teaching 2 years teaching assistant - Computer Architectures Abroad Copenhagen, Budapest, Istanbul Skills C/C++, OpenGL, Game Design, Real Time Operating Systems, Creative and Technical Writing 2 / 32
- 3. Interests • Videogames • Manga, Anime • Writing • Jazz, Rock, Electronic music • Walking, exploring 3 / 32
- 4. Games for Behavioural Change Videogames are pervasive in the population: • 50% of the Europeans plays regularly videogames, with an even distribution between sexes. • The percentage rises to almost 75% of the people aged 16-34 Videogames may have potential for behaviour changing technologies: • Socially Pervasive • Long Term enjoyment 4 / 32
- 5. Objective Assess the impact that games can have on behaviour change. Applied on walking for the first project, City Spirits, on taking pictures for the second, Magnum Opus Theoretical ground: • Persuasive technologies • Behaviour change • Game Design • Urbanism 5 / 32
- 6. Persuasive Technologies Fogg’s Behavioural Theory: Three factors are needed at the same time to activate a behaviour in a person: • Motivation • Ability • Triggers Ability Easier to do Motivation Highermotivation Activation Threshold Triggers here succeed in activating a behaviour It is not clear how this model can help changing a person’s behaviour. 6 / 32
- 7. Organismic Integration Theory (OIT) Three motivational stages: • Amotivated • Extrinsic Motivation • Intrinsic Motivation Amotivated Intrinsic Motivation Extrinsic Motivation External regulation Introjection Identification Integration Motivation Internalisation In order for a person to gain a specific behaviour she or he has to internalise the motivation to do it. 7 / 32
- 8. Integrated Behavioural Model (IBM) The likelihood of a behaviour is heavily influenced by the intention to do it, based on three elements: • Attitude in engaging in a behaviour • Perceived social norm • Personal agency 8 / 32
- 9. IBM: requirements and evaluation Requirements Assessed using IBM elicitation interviews aimed at discovering outcomes, referents and environmental facilitators and barriers Evaluation Direct and indirect measurement of constructs using Teory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) questionnaires 9 / 32
- 10. Ego Depletion Willpower is not an infinite resource and once it is depleted a person cannot exert self-regulation Self-restoration is facilitated by positive experiences Games can help behaviour change thanks to their entertaining nature 10 / 32
- 11. Theoretical Framework Intention Ego-Depletion Intrinsic Motivation Extrinsic Motivation Attitude Experiential Instrumental Perceived Norm Injunctive Norm Descriptive Norm Perceived Control Self-efficacy Personal Agency Behaviour Knowledge and Skills Salience Environmental Constraints Habit 11 / 32
- 13. Magic Circle Games are normally played in confined spaces: • Locally by limiting the game on a table or in front of a PC • Temporally by limiting the game session to a fixed quantity of time • Socially by giving a clear definition of who is playing and who is not This confined space is called Magic Circle 13 / 32
- 14. Pervasive game Expand the magic circle. It is not required for a game to be pervasive, to expand every space: • Metal Gear Solid - Portable OPs (local) • Animal Crossing (time) • Dance Dance Revolution (social) 14 / 32
- 15. Metal Gear Solid - Portable OPs 15 / 32
- 16. Animal Crossing 16 / 32
- 17. Dance Dance Revolution 17 / 32
- 18. Pervasive Games and the City A pervasive game to help people move should take the city into account in the design. Some examples are: • City map • City as a practical experience • Urban layout • City culture • City events and flux 18 / 32
- 19. City Spirits Understanding intention determinants • Open-ended elicitation interviews (following IBM constructs) • 12 participants: 6 males, 6 females, age 26-46 • Interviews transcribed and thematically analised • Codes extracted placed in IBM constructs 19 / 32
- 20. Interview Results • Experiential attitude and normative influence have almost no negative impact • Weather and time are the most frequent obstacles • Along with good weather, walking as a collateral activity, the location and the social dimension are the most frequent facilitators 20 / 32
- 21. Participatory game ideas • Two Brainstorming sessions to generate more gameplay ideas • Use of Code Cards designed to present elicitation results If you walk not for walking then going out is easier Walk to the supermarket Walking not as a workout If the place where you walk is nice then you are happier to go walking Flat tracks Nice environments Walking in short intervals (10 minutes at least) can help people in walking more Walking together with someone makes walking easier Walking alone gives you time to be alone Having more free time helps people in walking more Walking is easier if you are already out of home A bad place to walk into makes walking harder Bad, ugly neighbourhood Too many vehicles Bad weather can be an obstacle to walking Both rain or hot weather make you want to stay at home Example of Code Cards 21 / 32
- 22. Brainstorming Results • Use minigames to fight enemies • Leave persistant messages in AR space • Use comparative data to inform the gamer • Show players and NPC proximity through AR • Zone exploration opens up new quests • Guilds, players associations • Writing a story that appeals both sexes • Use real elements into quests • Greater in-game effects during the first 30 minutes of walking 22 / 32
- 23. Game Jams • Focused workshop • Aims at creating a game in two days • Participants receive a theme and then propose game ideas 23 / 32
- 24. DAT Game Jam - October 2014 • Participants select themselves • Enlarge the game developer community • Impossible to test interventions without developing games • Proposing the right theme results in prototypal games based on a single intervention 24 / 32
- 25. DAT Game Jam - Results Ubiquitous tower defense • Players have to move fast • Aligned to streets • Designed to gradually train players Location-based investigation game • Investigation makes use of the city • Engages the players with a story • Episodic story 25 / 32
- 26. Proposed Game mechanics Story-Driven Role-Playing Game (RPG) • Division of the urban tissue in in-game zones • Time-based zone change • Weather influenced quests • Zones change based on answers by players • No levelling up • Automatic in-game party forming • Context-based quest generation • No explicit behaviour intervention 26 / 32
- 27. OHR & Radiant2 • Tangible Game • Controller created with low-cost components and materials • Fully hand drawn • No explicit tutorial • Story-based mechanics • Game Designed in parallel with the tangible controller • Won Jury Prize at CHIPlay 2014 Student Game Design Competition 27 / 32
- 28. OHR & Radiant2 - Responsibilities • Lead Game Designer • Level Designer • Narrative Designer • Technical Writer • Driver Developer 28 / 32
- 29. Magnum Opus - GraphiTech • Game to push people into taking pictures of cities • Taking pictures become a secondary mechanic • Uses narrative and F2P mechanics • Split cities into small zones and pit players on the control of zones • Use picture density and direction in order to spread out pictures in an even way a b c d ID Counter a 0 b 0 c 1 d 2 29 / 32
- 30. OHR, City Spirits and Magnum Opus The three games have required a different approach in their design. This might lead to hints on how games are designed for a purely entertaining aim and how they are designed for a specific, additional, purpose. 30 / 32
- 31. Future work • Evaluation of creature generation formula • Implementation of the game in Cocos2dx (Or another game engine specific for Android) • Comparative evaluation (e.g. Magnum Opus vs. Pointification) 31 / 32