JOB SAFETY ANALYSIS MODULE-SECTION 2.ppt

Job Safety Analysis (JSA)
• JSA is a procedure used to review
job methods and uncover hazards
that
– May have been overlooked in the layout of the
facility
– May have developed after production started
– Resulted from changes in work procedures or
personnel.

Job Safety Analysis (JSA)
• Benefits of JSA include :
– Giving individual training in safe, efficient
procedures
– Making employee safety conscious
– Instructing the new person on the job
– Giving pre job instruction on irregular jobs
– Reviewing job procedures after an accident
– Improvements in job methods.

Introduction
Hazard
Hazard
Source or situation with a potential for harm in
Source or situation with a potential for harm in
terms of human injury or ill health, damage to
terms of human injury or ill health, damage to
property, damage to work place environment,
property, damage to work place environment,
or a combination of these.
or a combination of these.
Identifying hazards and eliminating or controlling
Identifying hazards and eliminating or controlling
them as early as possible will help prevent injuries
them as early as possible will help prevent injuries
and illnesses.
and illnesses.

Risk:
Risk:
A combination of the likelihood and
A combination of the likelihood and
consequences of a specified hazardous
consequences of a specified hazardous
event occurring.
event occurring.
Introduction

Four Options Are Available For
Managing Risk
OPTION EXAMPLES
1. REDUCE the risk Alter the design, or impose
engineered safety features or protective systems or warning methods
that suppress severity and/or lessen probability.
2. AVOID the risk Omit the “risky” operation
altogether, or switch to an alternate process, or material, or what-
have-you.
3. TRANSFER the risk Buy insurance, causing others to
accept the risk, or get others to do the job by contracting it out. (Be
sure to tell them what they’re getting into — “failure to warn”
carries heavy liability penalties.)
4. ACCEPT the risk Perform/operate despite the
recognized risk. (Biting the bullet is sometimes the only way to
dispose of the nasty thing! Be sure those who bite the bullet know
its caliber and powder charge!)

Effectiveness of Countermeasures
– DESIGN — Adopt a design that excludes the hazard. If the hazard is FLOODED BASEMENT,
place the basement floor above the water table.
– ENGINEERED SAFETY FEATURES — Use redundant backups, automatic preventers/
correctors, interlocks. (Active Devices) Install a sump, with pumps operated by a float switch.
– SAFETY DEVICES — Use guards, shields, suppressors. (Passive Devices) Waterproof the
basement walls and floor, and use check valves in floor drains.
– WARNING SYSTEMS — Use audible/visual alarms and signals to trigger avoidance reactions
or corrective responses. Use horns, bells, lights operated by a float switch or moisture detector.
– PROCEDURES AND TRAINING — Develop/implement work methods which control risk.
Provide training in them. Formulate inspection procedures and emergency bailing plan; train
personnel in their use.
*Adapted from MIL-STD-882D and MIL-STD 1574
Increasing
Effectiveness

Other Hazard Analysis Methods
• Widely used methods:
– Risk Assessment (RA)
– Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA)
– Hazard and Operability Review (HAZOP)
– Fault Tree Analysis (FTA)

What is a job hazard analysis?
A job hazard analysis is a technique that
focuses on job tasks as a way to identify
hazards before they occur. It focuses on
the relationship between the worker, the
task, the tools, and the work environment.
Ideally, after you identify uncontrolled
hazards, you will take steps to eliminate or
reduce them to an acceptable risk level.

JSA Based on Following Principles
 A job can be analyzed for hazards in a
systematic way
 A specific job can be separated into a series
of relatively simple steps
 Hazards associated with each step can be
identified
 Solutions can be developed to control each
hazard

Change the way We Do Business
 You’ve carefully thought out all the angles.
 You’ve done it a thousand times.
 It comes naturally to you.
 You know what you’re doing is what
you’ve been trained to do your whole life.
 Nothing could possible go wrong right?

Purpose of Job Hazard Analysis
 A Tool to:
 Establish means for previewing hazards and controlling hazards
and injuries
 Recognized potential hazards
 Classify specific job hazards
 Standardize work practices
 Facilitate job training
 Improve hazard awareness
 Reducing ACCIDENT COST

Benefits of performing JHA
• Studying jobs for possible improvement in job methods
• Identifying what safeguards need to be placed
• Supervisors learn about the job they supervise
• Employees participation in workplace safety
• Lower accident cost
• Positive attitude for safety

OSHA’s Three “Cause” Levels
Management Safety Policy and Decisions
Personal Factors
Environmental Factors
Unplanned
Release of Energy
and/or
Hazardous Material
Unsafe Condition Unsafe Condition
ACCIDENT
Personal injury
Property Damage
Control
• Basic
Causes
• Direct
Cause
(symptoms)
• Direct
Causes
Most accidents are
preventable by eliminating
one or more “basic” causes
Analyze Here

Involve employees
• It is very important to involve employees in the
hazard analysis process.
• They have a unique understanding of the job, and
this knowledge is invaluable for finding hazards.
• Involving employees will help minimize
oversights, ensure a quality analysis, and get
workers to “buy in” to the solutions because they
will share ownership in their safety and health
program.

Review your accident history
Review with your employees your worksite’s
history of accidents and occupational illnesses
that needed treatment, losses that required
repair or replacement, and any “near misses”
—events in which an accident or loss did not
occur, but could have. These events are
indicators that the existing hazard controls (if
any) may not be adequate and deserve more
scrutiny.

Conduct a preliminary job review
• Discuss with your employees the hazards
they know exist in their current work and
surroundings. Brainstorm with them for ideas
to eliminate or control those hazards.
• If any hazards exist that pose an
immediate danger to an employee’s life or
health, take immediate action to protect
the worker.

Conduct a preliminary job review
• Any problems that can be corrected easily should
be corrected as soon as possible. Do not wait to
complete your job hazard analysis. This will
demonstrate your commitment to safety and health
and enable you to focus on the hazards and jobs
that need more study because of their complexity.
• For those hazards determined to present
unacceptable risks, evaluate types of hazard
controls.

List, rank, and set priorities for
hazardous jobs.
• List jobs with hazards that present
unacceptable risks, based on those most
likely to occur and with the most severe
consequences. These jobs should be your
first priority for analysis.

Outline the steps or tasks
• Nearly every job can be broken down into job tasks
or steps. When beginning a job safety analysis, watch
the employee perform the job and list each step as
the worker takes it.
• Be sure to record enough information to describe
each job action without getting overly detailed.
• Avoid making the breakdown of steps so detailed
that it becomes unnecessarily long or so broad that it
does not include basic steps.

• You may find it valuable to get input from
other workers who have performed the same
job.
• Later, review the job steps with the employee
to make sure you have not omitted something.
• Point out that you are evaluating the job itself,
not the employee’s job performance.

• Include the employee in all phases of the
analysis—from reviewing the job steps and
procedures to discussing uncontrolled hazards
and recommended solutions
• Sometimes, in conducting a job safety
analysis, it may be helpful to photograph or
videotape the worker performing the job.
These visual records can be handy references
when doing a more detailed analysis of the
work.

Conducting
Job Hazard Analysis

Eight Steps to a completed JSA
 Job Selection
 Data Collection
 Identify Key People
 Job Task Inventory
 Inventory of Hazards
 Recommend Safe Work Procedures
 Life Cycle-Living Document
 Log for Future Analysis

Job Safety Analysis-#
Hazards Types Job Task Equipment
1. Contact (with/by) 7. Overexertion Plant Location
/Inhalation
Plant/Location department
2. Electrical 8. Inhalation
3. Spil/Splash 9. Thermal PPF required PPE required
4. Caught (in/in-between) 10 Environmental
5. Walking Surface 11. Physical Tools used Tools used:
6. Fall 12. Radiation
Step Potential Hazards HT CTS Recommended Safe
Practices
PPE
1. 1.a 1.a
1.a 1.a
2. 2.a 2.a
3. 3.A 3.A
4. 4.a 4.a
Operator
Operator Signature
Supervisor
Supervisor Signature
Manager
Manager Signature
Differ with organization
JSA Worksheet

Step 1: Job Selection
 Use a Priority Rating System:
 Jobs which have a past history of accidents/injuries
 Jobs with less frequent accidents, but potential or
serious injury
 New Jobs or New Equipment or Machinery installed
 New, non-routine, or changed hobs
 Jobs which have high turnover
 Job with some potential for accidents
 Judgment and experience
 Routine jobs

Step 2: DataCollection
 Maintenance History
 Preventative Maintenance requirements
 Accident, injury, illness history-type and toot
cause classification
 Industrial hygiene data-exposure issues
 Material Safety Data sheets (MSDS)
 Production problems
 Quality problems

Each of these KEY individuals will be a part of the
final JSA review and approval.
Step 3: Identify KeyPeople
 Operators (all shifts)
 Engineer/Designer
 EHS
 Supervisor
 Maintenance

Break job down into key steps AVOID!!
• Making the breakdown so detailed That an
unnecessarily large number of steps results
• Making the job breakdown so general that basic
steps are not recorded
Step 4: Job Task Inventory

Key Steps TOO MUCH
Changing a Flat Tire
 Pull off road
 Put car in “park”
 Set brake
 Activate emergency flashers
 Open door
 Get out of car
 Walk to trunk
 Put key in lock
 Open trunk
 Remove jack
 Remove Spare tire

Key Steps NOT ENOUGH
Changing a Flat Tire
 Park car
 take off flat tire
 put on spare tire
 drive away

Key Job Steps JUST RIGHT
changing a Flat tire
 Park car, set brake
 remove jack & tire from trunk
 loosen log nuts
 jack up car
 remove tire
 set new tire
 jack down car
 tighten lug nuts
 store tire & jack

 Using both personal observation and
discussions:
• List each step of the job or task
• Be as detailed as possible / practicable
• If steps are repetitive - possible ergonomic problem.
• Include regular and emergency maintenance?
• List tools and equipment used by the operator
• List chemicals – dusts, gases, mists, vapors, fumes
• Mix discussion and observation and document each
step

• To do a job breakdown, select right worker to
observe. Select an experienced, capable and
cooperative worker, who is willing to share ideas.
• Observe the employee perform the job and write
down the basic steps
• To determine the basic steps, ask “What step start
the job?” then, “What is the next basic step?” and
so on
• Number the steps consecutively in the first column
of the JHA worksheet,

• Each step should tell what is done, not how it is
done.
• The wording of each step should begin with an
action verb like insert, open or weld.
• The action is completed by naming the item to
which the action is applied, for example “Insert
board”, “Weld joints”.
• Some steps may not be required each time the task
is done, but they need to be included.

 Look at each step and say to yourself “are any of the
hazards present or could they by present?
Prioritize hazards/tasks –critical few?
Ergonomic screen?
Step 5: Inventory Hazards
• 1. Contact (with/by) •7. Overexertion
•2 Electrical •8 Inhalation
•3 Spill/Splash •9 Thermal
•4 Caught (in/on/between) •10 Environmental
•5 Walking Surface •11. Physical
•6 Fall •12. Radiation
 Then:

Chemical
(Toxic)
A chemical that exposes a person by absorption
through the skin, inhalation, or through the blood
stream that causes illness, disease, or death.
The amount of chemical exposure is critical in
determining hazardous effects. Check Material
Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)
Chemical
(Flammable)
A chemical that, when exposed to a heat ignition
source, results in combustion. Typically, the lower
a chemical’s flash point and boiling point, the
more flammable the chemical. Check MSDS for
flammability Information.
Potential Hazards

Chemical
(Corrosive)
A chemical that, when it comes into contact with
(Corrosive) skin, metal, or other materials,
damages the materials. Acids and bases are
examples of Corrosives.
Explosion
(Chemical
Reaction)
Self explanatory.
Explosion
(Over
Pressurization)
Sudden and violent release of a large amount of
gas/energy due to a significant pressure
difference such as rupture in a boiler or
compressed gas Cylinder.
Potential Hazards

Electrical
(Shock/short
circuit)
Contact with exposed conductors or a device that is
incorrectly or inadvertently grounded, such as
when a metal ladder comes into contact with power
lines. 60Hz alternating current (common house
current) is very dangerous because it can stop the
heart.
Electrical
(Fire)
Use of electrical power that results in electrical
overheating or arcing to the point of combustion or
ignition of flammables, or electrical component
damage.
Potential Hazards

Electrical
(Static/ESD)
The moving or rubbing of wool, nylon, other
synthetic fibers, and even flowing liquids can
generate static electricity. This creates an excess or
deficiency of electrons on the surface of material
that discharges (spark) to the ground resulting in
the ignition of flammables or damage to
electronics or the body’s nervous system.
Electrical
(Loss of
Power)
Safety-critical equipment failure as a result of loss
of power.
Potential Hazards

Ergonomics
(Strain)
Damage of tissue due to overexertion (strains and
sprains) or repetitive motion.
Ergonomics
(Human
Error)
A system design, procedure, or equipment that is
error-provocative. (A switch goes up to turn
something off).
Evacuation
(Collapse)
Soil collapse in a trench or excavation as a result of
improper or inadequate shoring. Soil type is critical
in determining the hazard likelihood.
Potential Hazards

Fall
(Slip, Trip)
Conditions that result in falls (impacts) from height
or traditional walking surfaces (such as slippery
floors, poor housekeeping, uneven walking
surfaces, exposed ledges, etc.)
Fire / Heat Temperatures that can cause burns to the skin or
damage to other organs. Fires require a heat
source, fuel, and oxygen.
Mechanical /
Vibration
(Chaffing/
Fatigue)
Vibration that can cause damage to nerve endings,
or material fatigue that results in a safety-critical
failure. (Examples are abraded slings and ropes,
weakened hoses and belts.)
Potential Hazards

Mechanical
Failure
Self explanatory; typically occurs when devices
exceed designed capacity or are inadequately
Maintained.
Mechanical Skin, muscle, or body part exposed to crushing,
caught-between, cutting, tearing, shearing items or
equipment.
Noise Noise levels (>85 dBA 8 hr TWA) that result in
hearing damage or inability to communicate
safety-critical information.
Potential Hazards

Radiation
(Ionizing)
Alpha, Beta, Gamma, neutral particles, and X-
rays that cause injury (tissue damage) by
ionization of cellular components.
Radiation
(Non-
Ionizing)
Ultraviolet, visible light, infrared, and
microwaves that cause injury to tissue by thermal
or photochemical means.
Struck by
(Mass
Acceleration)
Accelerated mass that strikes the body causing
injury or death. (Examples are falling objects and
projectiles.)
Potential Hazards

Struck against Injury to a body part as a result of coming
into contact of a surface in which action was
initiated by the person. (An example is when
a screwdriver slips.).
Temperature
(Extreme
Heat/Cold)
Temperatures that result in heat stress,
exhaustion, or metabolic slow down such as
hypothermia.
Visibility Lack of lighting or obstructed vision that
results in an error or other hazard.
Weather
Phenomena
(Snow/Rain/Wind/Ice)
Self Explanatory
Potential Hazards

How to identify workplace hazards
A job safety analysis is an exercise in
detective work. Your goal is to discover the
following:
•What can go wrong?
•What are the consequences?
•How could it arise?
•What are other contributing factors?
•How likely is it that the hazard will occur?

Good hazard scenarios describe
• Where it is happening (environment),
• Who or what it is happening to (exposure),
• What precipitates the hazard (trigger),
• The outcome that would occur should it
happen (consequence), and
• Any other contributing factors.

Describing Hazards - Example
In a work shop (environment), while
clearing a pulley (trigger), a worker’s
hand (exposure) comes into contact with
a rotating pulley. It pulls his hand into
the machine and severs his fingers
(consequences) quickly.

To perform a job hazard analysis, you would ask:
• What can go wrong? The worker’s hand could come into
contact with a rotating object that “catches” it and pulls it into
the machine.
• What are the consequences? The worker could receive a
severe injury and lose fingers and hands.
• How could it happen? The accident could happen as a result
of the worker trying to clear a snag during operations or as
part of a maintenance activity while the pulley is operating.
Obviously, this hazard scenario could not occur if the pulley
is not rotating.

• What are other contributing factors? This hazard
occurs very quickly. It does not give the worker much
opportunity to recover or prevent it once his hand
comes into contact with the pulley. This is an important
factor, because it helps you determine the severity and
likelihood of an accident when selecting appropriate
hazard controls. Unfortunately, experience has shown
that training is not very effective in hazard control
when triggering events happen quickly because humans
can react only so quickly.

• How likely is it that the hazard will occur? This
determination requires some judgment. If there
have been “near-misses” or actual cases, then the
likelihood of a recurrence would be considered
high. If the pulley is exposed and easily
accessible, that also is a consideration. In the
example, the likelihood that the hazard will occur
is high because there is no guard preventing
contact, and the operation is performed while the
machine is running.

Who should identify the hazards?
The Team….
…or the Individual?

• Each situation is unique
• Each will require a different approach
• Each is dependant upon process complexity
Increasing Expertise Required
Obvious low hazard
or simple process
Obvious high hazard or
complicated process
Supervisor Expert Team
Who should identify the hazards?

Ask yourself
• Is it possible for a person to come in contact with
any moving piece of machine equipment?
• Are rotating equipment, set screws, projecting
keys, bolt heads, burrs, or other projections
exposed where they can strike at or snag a
workers’ clothing or skin?
• Is it possible to be drawn into the in running nip
point between moving parts, such as a belt and
sheave, chain and sprocket, pressure rolls, rack
and gear, or gear train?

Ask yourself
• Do machines or equipment have reciprocating
movement or motion where workers can be caught on
or between a moving part and a fixed object?
• Is it possible for a worker’s hands or arms to make
contact with moving parts at the point of operation
where work is being performed by the machine?
• Is it possible for material to be kicked back or ejected
from the point of operation, injuring someone nearby?
• Are machine controls located and safeguarded to
prevent unintended and inadvertent operation?

Ask yourself
• Are machine controls located to provide
immediate access in the event of emergency?
• Do machines vibrate, move, or walk during
operation?
• Is it possible for parts to become loose during
operation, injuring operators and others?
• Are guards positioned or adjusted to correspond
with the permissible openings?
• Is it possible for workers to bypass the machine
guard?

Ask yourself
• Do machines, equipment, and tools receive regular
maintenance?
• Do workers have sufficient room to work safely?
• Are all possible hazardous energy sources controlled
during maintenance operations?
• Are energy sources heat controlled for protection?
• Is housekeeping satisfactory with no debris and
tripping hazards?
• Are chemical and product spill cleaned up
immediately?

Ask yourself
• Is the operator properly using personal protective
equipment (PPE)?
• Is ventilation adequate?
• Does the worker have good visibility during
operation of machines or equipment?
• Is the work area well illuminated with specific point
of operation lighting where necessary?
• Is the worker exposed to thermal stress during the
operation?

Ask yourself
• Are all ignition sources (static electricity,
sparks, arcs, open flame, e.t.c) eliminated
before using flammable liquid?
• Are flammable or combustible vapors or
gases present during operation?
• Is the worker exposed to any source of
electric shock or electrocution?

Step 6: Recommend Safe Work
Practices/Controls
• After reviewing your list of
hazards with the employee,
consider what control methods
will eliminate or reduce them.
• The most effective controls are
engineering controls that
physically change a machine or
work environment to prevent
employee exposure to the hazard.

Practices/Controls
• The more reliable or less likely a hazard control can
be circumvented, the better. If this is not feasible,
administrative controls may be appropriate. This may
involve changing how employees do their jobs.
• Discuss your recommendations with all employees
who perform the job and consider their responses
carefully.
• If you plan to introduce new or modified job
procedures, be sure they understand what they are
required to do and the reasons for the changes.

Practices/Controls
The order of precedence and effectiveness
of hazard control is the following:
 Engineering controls.
 Administrative controls.
 Personal protective equipment.

Practices/controls
Engineering controls include the following:
• Elimination/minimization of the hazard—Designing the
facility, equipment, or process to remove the hazard, or
substituting processes, equipment, materials, or other factors to
lessen the hazard;
• Enclosure of the hazard using enclosed cabs, enclosures for
noisy equipment, or other means;
• Isolation of the hazard with interlocks, machine guards, blast
shields, welding curtains, or other means; and
• Removal or redirection of the hazard such as with local and
exhaust ventilation.

Practices/controls
Administrative controls include the following:
• Written operating procedures, work permits, and safe
work practices;
• Exposure time limitations (used most commonly to
control temperature extremes and ergonomic hazards);
• Monitoring the use of highly hazardous materials;
• Alarms, signs, and warnings;
• Buddy system; and
• Training.

Practices/controls
Personal Protective Equipment —such as respirators,
hearing protection, protective clothing, safety glasses,
and hardhats—is acceptable as a control method in the
following circumstances:
• When engineering controls are not feasible or do not totally
eliminate the hazard;
• While engineering controls are being developed;
• When safe work practices do not provide sufficient additional
protection; and
• During emergencies when engineering controls may not be
feasible.

Practices/Controls
 Engineer out –redesign or guard, especially for
Critical To Safety (CTS) tasks.
 Record administrative procedures
 Identify Preventative Maintenance
 Add CTS controls or procedures to your
Inspection Checklist
 Inventory employee education/training

Practices/controls
Clearly communicate what you want people to do.
Poor Better
Ensure catwalk is clear of
clutter.
Clear catwalk of clutter before use.
Use extreme caution. Maintain guards in place.
Use lifting procedures. Keep box at waist height, close to
the body.
Ensure proper grip. Grab box on the outside forward
corners, fingers under the box.
Use hand tool. Use pliers.

Step 7: The JSA as a Living Document
• Periodically reviewing your job hazard analysis
ensures that it remains current and continues to help
reduce workplace accidents and injuries. Even if the
job has not changed, it is possible that during the
review process you will identify hazards that were not
identified in the initial analysis.
• It is particularly important to review your job hazard
analysis if an illness or injury occurs on a specific
job.

Hazards come from two
Hazards come from two
basic factors:
basic factors:
 Unsafe Acts
Unsafe Acts
 Unsafe Conditions
Unsafe Conditions

Unsafe Acts
Unsafe Acts
• Failure to follow established standards and
procedures for the task or activity, such as
not meeting the require qualifications and
training and not implementing safe work
practices.

Unsafe Conditions
Unsafe Conditions
• Failure to recognize key elements in your
work environment, such as:
Environmental (air, light, temperature, or
humidity);
Biological (diseases or viruses);
Chemical (toxicity, flammability); and
Physical (walking or work surfaces, falling
objects, sharp objects).

08/06/2004
Improvement made after JSA

JOB SAFETY ANALYSIS REPORT
Plant :
Date :
Activity :
Analysed by :
SN
O
Job Description Potential Hazards/problems Recommended action
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Signature
Name

JOB SAFETY ANALYSIS MODULE-SECTION 2.ppt

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