The document discusses the Java Development Kit (JDK), Java Runtime Environment (JRE), and Java Virtual Machine (JVM). The JDK contains tools needed to develop Java programs like compilers and allows programs to run. The JRE includes the JVM and Java class libraries, and is needed to run Java programs. The JVM interprets Java bytecode from compiled .class files into machine code that can be executed by different operating systems and hardware. It loads classes and interfaces, executes methods, and manages a method area for class data and heap area for objects using shared memory across threads.