SlideShare a Scribd company logo
@kevinduncan
SPEAKING THE
VISUAL LANGUAGE:
USING IMAGES FOR EFFECTIVE
COMMUNICATION
1. TELLING AN INSPIRING STORY
(What are we trying to do here?)
2. INSPIRING PEOPLE FASTER
(Visual ways to shorten training time)
POSSIBLE AUDIENCES
1.You
2. Your boss
3. Your staff
4. Your customers
1. TELLING AN INSPIRING STORY
(What are we trying to do here?)
Why Anyone Bothers To Work
• All three = ideal
• 2 out of 3 = okay
• 1 out of 3 = vulnerable
• 0 = disastrous
• Score and discuss
Explain Your Strategy Visually
• One diagram clearer than
10 pages
• Take 2 most important
variables
• Compare with competitors
• Show direction of travel
• Plot progress over time
Example #1
Use Market Map to
distinguish between
high-end and low price
purchasers of air time
Explain Why It Is What It Is
• Tell an engaging story
• Start broad (10 options)
• Then reduce (3 options)
• Consider, then reject
• One recommendation
• Tell story of your battles
Example #2
Use the Whittling Wedge to narrow down a range
of proposals to one clear recommendation.
The Bow Tie
• Perfect story telling
• Reduce, big reveal,
expand
• Cadence and pace of
a presentation
• “Now for the detail...”
Example #3
Use the Bow Tie to narrow down proposals to
major clients and then expand the detail.
Anchor The Theme
• Explain central thought
clearly – the shorter the
better
• Sub ideas show fertility
• Show how all elements
are interrelated
• “This bit works because
it fits in with this bit…”
Example #4
Use the Central Idea Satellite System
to organise and sell creative ideas.
Pinpoint The Bravery Level
• How brave is the company?
• And the individual?
• What standards expected?
• How brave in the past?
• How brave now?
• Set clear expectations
Knock Down Barriers To Acceptance
• Boss, staff, or customer
• Likely objections?
• How many are there?
• How to address them?
• One at a time?
• All at once?
• In what sequence?
Example #5
Use the Barriers To Purchase Axis to identify
and overcome purchase reservations.
How To Confuse Everybody
• Hubs within hubs
• Double-headed arrows
• Dotted lines
• Understandable?
• Simpler is better
How To Clarify
• Simple and clear
• Nothing dotted, two-
way or sideways
• Everyone knows
where they stand
• Subordinates know
who is in charge
The Rhythm Of The Year
• Full year plans unrealistic
• Decision windows: right
decision makers present?
• Crisis bombs: same time
every year?
• Can always predict when
things will happen
• Realistic forecasting,
fewer surprises
The Motivational Dip
• Honeymoon period fun
• But it never lasts
• Learning & Understanding
phase vital
• Ends in success or tears
• Analyze past relationships
• Predict moment of dip
Anticipating The Dips
• Plot morale for year
• Map out intended
initiatives for year
• Spread evenly to keep
spirits high as possible
• Announce next thing
before the next low point
2. INSPIRING PEOPLE FASTER
(Visual ways to shorten training time)
The New Business Pyramid
• Relevance, not volume
• Populate with names
and numbers
• Don’t waste time on
those who won’t get it
• Three proper projects
a year may be enough
Example #6
Use the New Business
Pyramid to identify
prospective customers
and volume opportunities.
The Long Tail
• Fashion for big hits
• Multiple niches better?
• Less risky/controversial
• Can do lots of them
• 74% songs online sell
less than 10 copies
• 15% revenue from
0.00001% of songs
The Three Buckets
• BB = excellence as
standard
• CD = significantly
better than normal
• CTG = truly
extraordinary
• Put all projects in a
bucket & review
Example #7
Use Three Buckets
to review merits of
research projects.
The Priority Matrix
• Urgent + Important =
do now
• Urgent + Not Important
= delegate/do quickly
• Important + Not Urgent
= Think, plan, stick to it
• Neither = Ignore/cancel
The Growing Pane
• Old/good: confirm value
• New/good: inspire more
• Old/bad: ditch now
• New/bad: work out why,
be aware of emotional &
financial commitment
Ditching The Essay Crisis Mentality
• Human nature to delay
• Don’t: it’s a student
hangover
• Convene decision
makers in first 24 hours
• Set direction, brief
experts, course correct
• Increases quality
Example #8
Use the Personal Deadline to prepare a winning pitch
well in advance.
The IF Triangle
• Key to any negotiation
• Can have any two
• Too much pressure on
all three = collapse
• Start all sentences
with “If…”
• “If you require x, we
require y in return...”
Plan Your Negotiations Properly
• Always plan negotiation
• Must limit
• Intend level
• Wish list
• What matters to each
side is usually different
• Trading variables
The F Triangle
• Get them to reconsider
• “I understand you feel x...
• I felt the same but
discovered y...
• I found it was worth it.”
How To Be A Sensitive Boss
• Done it before: direct
• They haven’t: coach
• Once or twice: support
• They’re sick of doing it:
reinvigorate
• Different approach for
every person, every
task, every day
Changing The Language Of Conflict
• When it has all become
too personal…
• Let’s deal with ‘it’
• Not ‘I’, ‘me’, or ‘you’
• “This problem is quite
tricky isn’t it? How can
‘we’ solve ‘it’?”
The Cone of Experience?
• Read > Hear > See > See
& Hear > Say > Say & Do
• Doing active things best
• Do a diagram on the spot
and apply it immediately
• Remote
learning/homework
happens if fun
• Remember 50% of this?
Other uses #1:Presentations
“I love it - It's great - really innovative.
I dip in and out during the day and work out how I can
use this stuff in presentations.”
Simon Redfern, Director of Corporate Affairs
Other uses #2: Communication
"If you process things visually as I do, or if you
deal with people who do, you need to
communicate your ideas
in a simple and effective way."
Chris Carmichael, Media Director, EMEA
Other uses #3: Making a point
“I’m a big fan of visuals to help represent a point,
so it really did the job.”
Mat Sears, Head of PR and Corporate
Communications
Other uses #4: Too many words?
“I'm a very visual person, so the book resonated very
strongly with me. It's a great way to resolve issues
that become bogged down in too many words.”
James Sturrock, Director, Commercial Direct
Other uses #5: Winning respect
“Here is a visual language that can be used to
make one’s case and win respect.”
Will Harris, Business Director
Other uses #6: Adding energy
“I had been coveting a copy for a while,
so I am dead chuffed to get my hands on one.”
Richard Huntington, Director of Planning
“He does for business what Nike does for sport.”
Richard Hytner, Deputy Chairman
Other uses #7: Enjoyment
“Really enjoyed the talk!”
Alison Neil, Learning and Development Manager,
Legal Division
THE INTERACTIVE KIT BOX
• THE BOOK
• STARTER
TEMPLATES
• BLANKS
• SHARPIE PEN
• BE INSPIRED
• DESIGN OWN
• PUZZLE
AND FINALLY, A PUZZLE FOR YOU...
• Draw nine dots on a
blank page like
this…
• Now try to join all the
dots using no more
than four lines, and
without taking the
pen off the paper.
Kevin Duncan - Speaking the visual language using images for effective communication; soapconf 2014
INTERNATIONAL DIAGRAMS
• KOREA
• GERMANY
• JAPAN
• CHINA
• TAIWAN
• THAILAND
• RUSSIA
• BRAZIL
• SPAIN
• USA
thediagramsbook.com
@kevinduncan
expertadviceonline.com
kevinduncanexpertadvice
@gmail.com
+44 (0)7979 808770

More Related Content

PDF
How to write a killer agency creative brief
PDF
The Diagrams Book
PPTX
How To Have a Point Of View and Develop a Persuasive Line of Argument
PPTX
HOW TO WIN A PITCH WITH DIAGRAMS
PPTX
NEW BUSINESS SKILLS BOOTCAMP
PPT
Dabble.co How To Pitch To Angels Class
PPT
How to operate in a world where prospects dont answer the phone2
How to write a killer agency creative brief
The Diagrams Book
How To Have a Point Of View and Develop a Persuasive Line of Argument
HOW TO WIN A PITCH WITH DIAGRAMS
NEW BUSINESS SKILLS BOOTCAMP
Dabble.co How To Pitch To Angels Class
How to operate in a world where prospects dont answer the phone2

What's hot (20)

PPT
How to Build Rapport, Interest, and Credibility When Prospecting
PDF
On Pitching
PDF
9 Steps to Perfecting the Creative Brief
PDF
How to write a great advertising creative brief.
PPTX
How to Be an Awesome Networker
PPTX
Tips in 10: Creating powerful headlines
PDF
The Geek's Guide to People - GOAT16
PDF
People Stuff for Geeks - Toronto Agile Conference 2016
PPTX
EIA2017Portugal - Jana Kukk - Customer Validation, Feedback Collection & Anal...
PPTX
Tips in 10: Marketing Personas
PDF
This App Won't Work on My O/S - Deliver 2016
PDF
This App Won't Work With My O/S
PPTX
Storyselling
PDF
EIA2017Portugal - Shira Abel - Increasing Market Traction: Understanding Your...
PDF
How to get better client relationships
PDF
How to Evaluate Design & Ad Work
PPTX
The Art of Successful Negotiation
PPT
the elevator pitch
PPTX
EIA2019Portugal - Productive Meetings - Ken Singer
PPTX
Economy ministry briefing notes discussion.
How to Build Rapport, Interest, and Credibility When Prospecting
On Pitching
9 Steps to Perfecting the Creative Brief
How to write a great advertising creative brief.
How to Be an Awesome Networker
Tips in 10: Creating powerful headlines
The Geek's Guide to People - GOAT16
People Stuff for Geeks - Toronto Agile Conference 2016
EIA2017Portugal - Jana Kukk - Customer Validation, Feedback Collection & Anal...
Tips in 10: Marketing Personas
This App Won't Work on My O/S - Deliver 2016
This App Won't Work With My O/S
Storyselling
EIA2017Portugal - Shira Abel - Increasing Market Traction: Understanding Your...
How to get better client relationships
How to Evaluate Design & Ad Work
The Art of Successful Negotiation
the elevator pitch
EIA2019Portugal - Productive Meetings - Ken Singer
Economy ministry briefing notes discussion.
Ad

Viewers also liked (6)

PDF
Global visual language 2.0
PPT
Designing With Visual Language
PPT
Visual Language Presentation
PPTX
Visual language 1eso
PDF
A Business Guide to Visual Communication
PDF
Visual Design with Data
Global visual language 2.0
Designing With Visual Language
Visual Language Presentation
Visual language 1eso
A Business Guide to Visual Communication
Visual Design with Data
Ad

Similar to Kevin Duncan - Speaking the visual language using images for effective communication; soapconf 2014 (20)

PPTX
USING DIAGRAMS TO INSPIRE STAFF AND SHORTEN TRAINING TIME
PDF
The diagrams book: 50 ways to solve any problem visually
PPTX
Leading through Visualization
PDF
visual communication: Communication skills for Architects
PDF
Viz Fac Slide Show 7c Wo Audio
PDF
The thrills and spills of presenting and workshops
PPTX
003 190126 Bookclub - Picture Your Business Strategy_Intro-Chapter 3
PPTX
SWOT Analysis Presentation sample of.pptx
PDF
Visual Tools for Consultants from Eris Weaver
PDF
44.03.ten commandments
PPTX
كيفية عمل سيمنار
PDF
Top 10 Tips for Making Complicated Things Simple
PPTX
SWOT Analysis Presentation Format power point.pptx
PPT
Orbiting The Giant Hairball
PDF
Exercises In Creative Tactical Development
PPT
Vt Overview Iab Cpres 92011
PPTX
How Visual Thinking can help in being more Agile
PDF
Top 100 Diagrams in Editable Powerpoint
PDF
15 minutes guide_to_winning_presentations
PDF
Project portfolio anatomy v1.03
USING DIAGRAMS TO INSPIRE STAFF AND SHORTEN TRAINING TIME
The diagrams book: 50 ways to solve any problem visually
Leading through Visualization
visual communication: Communication skills for Architects
Viz Fac Slide Show 7c Wo Audio
The thrills and spills of presenting and workshops
003 190126 Bookclub - Picture Your Business Strategy_Intro-Chapter 3
SWOT Analysis Presentation sample of.pptx
Visual Tools for Consultants from Eris Weaver
44.03.ten commandments
كيفية عمل سيمنار
Top 10 Tips for Making Complicated Things Simple
SWOT Analysis Presentation Format power point.pptx
Orbiting The Giant Hairball
Exercises In Creative Tactical Development
Vt Overview Iab Cpres 92011
How Visual Thinking can help in being more Agile
Top 100 Diagrams in Editable Powerpoint
15 minutes guide_to_winning_presentations
Project portfolio anatomy v1.03

More from soapconf (13)

PDF
Karen Mardahl - Desiring accessibility, soap! 2015
PDF
Emilie Boillat - Whatchamacallit: Controlled Vocabularies for Technical Write...
PDF
Erin Vang - Rockstars, not typists! Expanding your influence in tech organiza...
PPTX
Anton Bollen - What Makes a Video Effective?; soap! 2015
PPTX
Adam Sanyo - Conref, conkeyref, conrefpush: Reuse strategies when working on ...
PDF
Ray Gallon - Complexity, Nemetics, and Wicked Tech Comm; soap! 2015
PPTX
Rick Yagodich - Onramp: Making the case for author experience; soapconf 2014
PDF
Ray Gallon - Your most important business asset - Build a better end-to-end c...
PPTX
Felix Sasaki - Value beyond content creation - Introducing ITS 2.0; soapconf ...
PDF
Kasia Mrowca - How to defeat feature gluttony; soapconf 2014
PDF
Noz Urbina - Messages for your manager about content; soapconf 2014
PDF
Agnieszka Tkaczyk - Using infographics in technical communication; soapconf 2014
PDF
Monika Konieczny - Gamification & storytelling: how to turn boring technical ...
Karen Mardahl - Desiring accessibility, soap! 2015
Emilie Boillat - Whatchamacallit: Controlled Vocabularies for Technical Write...
Erin Vang - Rockstars, not typists! Expanding your influence in tech organiza...
Anton Bollen - What Makes a Video Effective?; soap! 2015
Adam Sanyo - Conref, conkeyref, conrefpush: Reuse strategies when working on ...
Ray Gallon - Complexity, Nemetics, and Wicked Tech Comm; soap! 2015
Rick Yagodich - Onramp: Making the case for author experience; soapconf 2014
Ray Gallon - Your most important business asset - Build a better end-to-end c...
Felix Sasaki - Value beyond content creation - Introducing ITS 2.0; soapconf ...
Kasia Mrowca - How to defeat feature gluttony; soapconf 2014
Noz Urbina - Messages for your manager about content; soapconf 2014
Agnieszka Tkaczyk - Using infographics in technical communication; soapconf 2014
Monika Konieczny - Gamification & storytelling: how to turn boring technical ...

Recently uploaded (20)

PDF
IARG - ICTC ANALOG RESEARCH GROUP - GROUP 1 - CHAPTER 2.pdf
PPTX
UNIT III - GRAPHICS AND AUDIO FOR MOBILE
PPTX
SOBALAJE WORK.pptxe4544556y8878998yy6555y5
PPTX
Bitcoin predictor project presentation
PDF
GSH-Vicky1-Complete-Plans on Housing.pdf
PPTX
ACL English Introductionadsfsfadf 20200612.pptx
PPTX
Presentation.pptx anemia in pregnancy in
PDF
2025_AIFG_Akane_Kikuchi_Empathy_Design.PDF
PPTX
Drafting equipment and its care for interior design
PPTX
Project_Presentation Bitcoin Price Prediction
PPT
Fire_electrical_safety community 08.ppt
PPT
aksharma-dfs.pptgfgfgdfgdgdfgdfgdgdrgdgdgdgdgdgadgdgd
PDF
Designing Through Complexity - Four Perspectives.pdf
PDF
SOUND-NOTE-ARCHITECT-MOHIUDDIN AKHAND SMUCT
PPTX
Evolution_of_Computing_Presentation (1).pptx
PDF
analisis snsistem etnga ahrfahfffffffffffffffffffff
PDF
Architecture Design Portfolio- VICTOR OKUTU
PPTX
Necrosgwjskdnbsjdmdndmkdndndnmdndndkdmdndkdkndmdmis.pptx
PPT
EthicsNotesSTUDENTCOPYfghhnmncssssx sjsjsj
PPTX
PROPOSAL tentang PLN di metode pelaksanaan.pptx
IARG - ICTC ANALOG RESEARCH GROUP - GROUP 1 - CHAPTER 2.pdf
UNIT III - GRAPHICS AND AUDIO FOR MOBILE
SOBALAJE WORK.pptxe4544556y8878998yy6555y5
Bitcoin predictor project presentation
GSH-Vicky1-Complete-Plans on Housing.pdf
ACL English Introductionadsfsfadf 20200612.pptx
Presentation.pptx anemia in pregnancy in
2025_AIFG_Akane_Kikuchi_Empathy_Design.PDF
Drafting equipment and its care for interior design
Project_Presentation Bitcoin Price Prediction
Fire_electrical_safety community 08.ppt
aksharma-dfs.pptgfgfgdfgdgdfgdfgdgdrgdgdgdgdgdgadgdgd
Designing Through Complexity - Four Perspectives.pdf
SOUND-NOTE-ARCHITECT-MOHIUDDIN AKHAND SMUCT
Evolution_of_Computing_Presentation (1).pptx
analisis snsistem etnga ahrfahfffffffffffffffffffff
Architecture Design Portfolio- VICTOR OKUTU
Necrosgwjskdnbsjdmdndmkdndndnmdndndkdmdndkdkndmdmis.pptx
EthicsNotesSTUDENTCOPYfghhnmncssssx sjsjsj
PROPOSAL tentang PLN di metode pelaksanaan.pptx

Kevin Duncan - Speaking the visual language using images for effective communication; soapconf 2014

  • 2. SPEAKING THE VISUAL LANGUAGE: USING IMAGES FOR EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION
  • 3. 1. TELLING AN INSPIRING STORY (What are we trying to do here?) 2. INSPIRING PEOPLE FASTER (Visual ways to shorten training time)
  • 4. POSSIBLE AUDIENCES 1.You 2. Your boss 3. Your staff 4. Your customers
  • 5. 1. TELLING AN INSPIRING STORY (What are we trying to do here?)
  • 6. Why Anyone Bothers To Work • All three = ideal • 2 out of 3 = okay • 1 out of 3 = vulnerable • 0 = disastrous • Score and discuss
  • 7. Explain Your Strategy Visually • One diagram clearer than 10 pages • Take 2 most important variables • Compare with competitors • Show direction of travel • Plot progress over time
  • 8. Example #1 Use Market Map to distinguish between high-end and low price purchasers of air time
  • 9. Explain Why It Is What It Is • Tell an engaging story • Start broad (10 options) • Then reduce (3 options) • Consider, then reject • One recommendation • Tell story of your battles
  • 10. Example #2 Use the Whittling Wedge to narrow down a range of proposals to one clear recommendation.
  • 11. The Bow Tie • Perfect story telling • Reduce, big reveal, expand • Cadence and pace of a presentation • “Now for the detail...”
  • 12. Example #3 Use the Bow Tie to narrow down proposals to major clients and then expand the detail.
  • 13. Anchor The Theme • Explain central thought clearly – the shorter the better • Sub ideas show fertility • Show how all elements are interrelated • “This bit works because it fits in with this bit…”
  • 14. Example #4 Use the Central Idea Satellite System to organise and sell creative ideas.
  • 15. Pinpoint The Bravery Level • How brave is the company? • And the individual? • What standards expected? • How brave in the past? • How brave now? • Set clear expectations
  • 16. Knock Down Barriers To Acceptance • Boss, staff, or customer • Likely objections? • How many are there? • How to address them? • One at a time? • All at once? • In what sequence?
  • 17. Example #5 Use the Barriers To Purchase Axis to identify and overcome purchase reservations.
  • 18. How To Confuse Everybody • Hubs within hubs • Double-headed arrows • Dotted lines • Understandable? • Simpler is better
  • 19. How To Clarify • Simple and clear • Nothing dotted, two- way or sideways • Everyone knows where they stand • Subordinates know who is in charge
  • 20. The Rhythm Of The Year • Full year plans unrealistic • Decision windows: right decision makers present? • Crisis bombs: same time every year? • Can always predict when things will happen • Realistic forecasting, fewer surprises
  • 21. The Motivational Dip • Honeymoon period fun • But it never lasts • Learning & Understanding phase vital • Ends in success or tears • Analyze past relationships • Predict moment of dip
  • 22. Anticipating The Dips • Plot morale for year • Map out intended initiatives for year • Spread evenly to keep spirits high as possible • Announce next thing before the next low point
  • 23. 2. INSPIRING PEOPLE FASTER (Visual ways to shorten training time)
  • 24. The New Business Pyramid • Relevance, not volume • Populate with names and numbers • Don’t waste time on those who won’t get it • Three proper projects a year may be enough
  • 25. Example #6 Use the New Business Pyramid to identify prospective customers and volume opportunities.
  • 26. The Long Tail • Fashion for big hits • Multiple niches better? • Less risky/controversial • Can do lots of them • 74% songs online sell less than 10 copies • 15% revenue from 0.00001% of songs
  • 27. The Three Buckets • BB = excellence as standard • CD = significantly better than normal • CTG = truly extraordinary • Put all projects in a bucket & review
  • 28. Example #7 Use Three Buckets to review merits of research projects.
  • 29. The Priority Matrix • Urgent + Important = do now • Urgent + Not Important = delegate/do quickly • Important + Not Urgent = Think, plan, stick to it • Neither = Ignore/cancel
  • 30. The Growing Pane • Old/good: confirm value • New/good: inspire more • Old/bad: ditch now • New/bad: work out why, be aware of emotional & financial commitment
  • 31. Ditching The Essay Crisis Mentality • Human nature to delay • Don’t: it’s a student hangover • Convene decision makers in first 24 hours • Set direction, brief experts, course correct • Increases quality
  • 32. Example #8 Use the Personal Deadline to prepare a winning pitch well in advance.
  • 33. The IF Triangle • Key to any negotiation • Can have any two • Too much pressure on all three = collapse • Start all sentences with “If…” • “If you require x, we require y in return...”
  • 34. Plan Your Negotiations Properly • Always plan negotiation • Must limit • Intend level • Wish list • What matters to each side is usually different • Trading variables
  • 35. The F Triangle • Get them to reconsider • “I understand you feel x... • I felt the same but discovered y... • I found it was worth it.”
  • 36. How To Be A Sensitive Boss • Done it before: direct • They haven’t: coach • Once or twice: support • They’re sick of doing it: reinvigorate • Different approach for every person, every task, every day
  • 37. Changing The Language Of Conflict • When it has all become too personal… • Let’s deal with ‘it’ • Not ‘I’, ‘me’, or ‘you’ • “This problem is quite tricky isn’t it? How can ‘we’ solve ‘it’?”
  • 38. The Cone of Experience? • Read > Hear > See > See & Hear > Say > Say & Do • Doing active things best • Do a diagram on the spot and apply it immediately • Remote learning/homework happens if fun • Remember 50% of this?
  • 39. Other uses #1:Presentations “I love it - It's great - really innovative. I dip in and out during the day and work out how I can use this stuff in presentations.” Simon Redfern, Director of Corporate Affairs
  • 40. Other uses #2: Communication "If you process things visually as I do, or if you deal with people who do, you need to communicate your ideas in a simple and effective way." Chris Carmichael, Media Director, EMEA
  • 41. Other uses #3: Making a point “I’m a big fan of visuals to help represent a point, so it really did the job.” Mat Sears, Head of PR and Corporate Communications
  • 42. Other uses #4: Too many words? “I'm a very visual person, so the book resonated very strongly with me. It's a great way to resolve issues that become bogged down in too many words.” James Sturrock, Director, Commercial Direct
  • 43. Other uses #5: Winning respect “Here is a visual language that can be used to make one’s case and win respect.” Will Harris, Business Director
  • 44. Other uses #6: Adding energy “I had been coveting a copy for a while, so I am dead chuffed to get my hands on one.” Richard Huntington, Director of Planning “He does for business what Nike does for sport.” Richard Hytner, Deputy Chairman
  • 45. Other uses #7: Enjoyment “Really enjoyed the talk!” Alison Neil, Learning and Development Manager, Legal Division
  • 46. THE INTERACTIVE KIT BOX • THE BOOK • STARTER TEMPLATES • BLANKS • SHARPIE PEN • BE INSPIRED • DESIGN OWN • PUZZLE
  • 47. AND FINALLY, A PUZZLE FOR YOU... • Draw nine dots on a blank page like this… • Now try to join all the dots using no more than four lines, and without taking the pen off the paper.
  • 49. INTERNATIONAL DIAGRAMS • KOREA • GERMANY • JAPAN • CHINA • TAIWAN • THAILAND • RUSSIA • BRAZIL • SPAIN • USA