KEYNOTE - Carter
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The document discusses various approaches to managing water supply services after initial construction. It notes that solely relying on hoping facilities continue working ("build it and leave it") or on community-based management is insufficient to achieve permanent service. Effective management requires real user demand, external support, financing of recurrent costs, skills and tools for maintenance, and an enabling policy environment. There is no single best solution, as different contexts require identifying all tasks and stakeholders best placed to ensure long-term service delivery.
KEYNOTE - Carter
- 1. Richard Carter, Kerstin Danert, Peter Harvey
- 2. The management and maintenance arrangements for a water supply service ... But decisions taken and assumptions made at the design/construction stage matter too ... ... and the policy environment determines what is possible.
- 3. All the post-construction management tasks Getting it going .... .... and keeping it flowing Decisions at the implementation stage Enabling environment
- 4. Population-weighted average 63% - reduces coverage by one third
- 6. Madagascar : 94% are working. Zambia : 23% no longer used and 55% damaged. Why such high functionality in Madagascar? Why the lower performance in Zambia? ... we have the pieces of the jigsaw, but we haven’t yet learned how to put it together.
- 7. Achieving permanent service and beneficial change Functional sustainability (financial, institutional and management systems) Environmental sustainability (monitoring and managing the water resource) Keeping the service working (Ground)water resources mgt
- 8. Build it, leave it, and hope for the best! Community Based O&M CB O&M with external support Commercial models involving the private sector in management and maintenance Self-supply – incremental change paid for by users, self-organised management … and there is often a difference between what is on paper and what is done in practice!
- 9. Government NGOs Community Private sector 1. Build it and hope for the best 5. Self-supply with/without assistance 4. Private sector management 3. Community-based O&M with external support 2. Community-based O&M
- 10. ‘ Build it and hope for the best’ is irresponsible Community-based O&M is insufficient CB O&M with external support can work Private sector approaches have merit Self-supply with external assistance can bring about progressive improvement But ... Case studies
- 11. pre 1980 – implementation by Government alone seen to be insufficient 1980 to early 21 st century – community -based O&M, now seen to be insufficient too 21 st century – increased emphasis on private sector Is there a danger of lurching from one simplistic model to another?
- 12. About community management About changing attitudes and behaviours About supply-driven and demand-driven approaches
- 13. Technology inherently increases dependence ... on spare parts, on skills, on support ... We are actually establishing a two-fold maintenance requirement: Water user committee Water supply technology External intervention External support (to both “hard” and “soft” infrastructure limited ability to maintain
- 14. Giving information is easy – bringing about behaviour change is much harder and more time-consuming. Lessons from sanitation show that drivers are often to do with emotional desires for status, respect, or to avoid shame or embarrassment Relevance to water supply services? payment for water (consumers) professional attitudes (service providers) responsibility (national and local leadership)
- 15. Hygiene behaviours – a hard nut to crack Sanitation adoption – progress is being made Water supply? Is the expressed demand of consumers always as strong as it seems? Is it supported by willingness to pay?
- 16. What’s needed real demand for the service management by users external support to users financing of full recurrent costs the means - skills, tools and spares the enabling environment
- 17. All the main actors may have a role to play but there is not a one-size-fits all solution Government (central and local) Communities and CBOs Private sector providers of goods and services NGOs and faith-based organisations X
- 18. In the specific context, identify all the tasks and enabling conditions needed to make permanent service delivery work identify which entity is best-placed to deliver each, and ensure they have the mandate and resources make contingency plans to deal with failure of key elements Challenges All actors have a part to play – but who should lead? How to take account of differences between user-communities? How to build in the ability to innovate and experiment?
- 19. Newton’s laws of motion (and a bit of relativity) People, politics, money and the second law of thermodynamics
- 20. Success depends on context and the quality of implementation . We already know some generic principles. We must learn how to fit principles to the specific context. We must resist one-size-fits-all solutions!
- 21. Merci Webali Asanti sana Amasagnala Danke Shukria