KTU- EET 332 Renewable Energy Systems - Module 1Module 1

EET 322
RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS

Abstract POs defined by National Board of Accreditation
PO 1 Engineering Knowledge PO 7 Environment and Sustainability
PO 2 Problem Analysis PO 8 Ethics
PO 3 Design/Development of solutions PO 9 Individual and team work
PO 4Conduct investigations of complex problems PO 10 Communication
PO 5 Modern tool usage PO 11 Project Management and Finance
PO 6 The Engineer and Society PO 12 Lifelong learning.

ENERGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT
How Does Energy Consumption Affect the Environment? ??
 Energy security, economic growth, and environment protection are the national energy policy drivers of any
country in the world.
 When the power plants burn their fuel, they release a wide range of gases and toxins, such as carbon dioxide
(CO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), carbon monoxide (CO), chlorofluorocarbons (CFC), and nitrogen oxides
(NOx).
 They also release particulate matter (PM) and heavy metals.
 CO2 is a greenhouse gas that can trap heat, leading to global warming.
 SO2 can lead to acid rain, harming plants and animals.
 Carbon monoxide is harmful because it binds to hemoglobin in the blood, reducing the ability of blood to
carry oxygen. This interferes with oxygen delivery to the body's organs. The most common effects of CO
exposure are fatigue, headaches, confusion, and dizziness due to inadequate oxygen delivery to the brain.

 CFC have the potential to destroy stratospheric ozone.
 Long-term exposure to high levels of nitrogen dioxide can cause chronic lung disease. It may also affect
the senses
 Air quality and water quality is reduced.
 Environmental friendly energy supply have to be developed to meet the energy demands of a country while
considering the environmental aspects.
 This demands the use of renewable sources (water, sun, wind, biomass, geothermal, hydrogen and FCs).

Green House Effect
 The process through which heat is trapped near Earth's surface by substances known as 'greenhouse gases and
warming occur.
 This warming of Earth’s surface and troposphere (the lowest layer of the atmosphere) is caused by the
presence of water vapour, carbon dioxide, methane, and certain other gases in the air.
 Light arriving from our Sun passes through Earth's atmosphere and warms its surface.
 The warmed surface then radiates heat, which is absorbed by greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide.
 Without the natural greenhouse effect, Earth's average temperature would be well below freezing.
 Current human activities caused an increase in greenhouse gases in turn causing the Earth to grow warmer
over time.

Contemporary climate change includes both global warming and its impacts on Earth's weather patterns.
The current changes are distinctly more rapid and not due to natural causes.
Instead, they are caused by the emission of greenhouse gases, mostly carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane.
Burning fossil fuels for energy use creates most of these emissions.
Certain agricultural practices, industrial processes, and forest loss are additional sources
Greenhouse gases are transparent to sunlight, allowing it through to heat the Earth's surface.
When the Earth emits that heat as infrared radiation the gases absorb it, trapping the heat near the Earth's surface.
Global Warming

1. Oxides of Carbon (COx)
Types: Carbon dioxide (CO2), Carbon monoxide (CO)
Sources of Production: Combustion of coal, oil and other fuels for energy production
manufacturing and transport Biomass burning.
Effects on Humans and Environment: C02 has a major role in green-house effect, produces
weak carbonic acid adding to acid rains; CO affects human health by binding to hemoglobin,
which may result in asphyxia; hemoglobin has 250 times more affinity with CO as compared
to that of O2.
Various Pollutants and their Harmful Effects

2. Oxides of sulphur (SOx)
Types: Sulphur dioxide (SO2); Sulphur trioxide (SO3); Sulphate (SO4)
Sources of Production: Combustion of sulphur containing fuel e.g., coal, petroleum
extraction and refining; paper manufacturing; municipal incinerating; ore smelting for
metal extraction.
Effects on Humans and Environment: SO2 has maximum deleterious effects as it
damage to human and other animal lungs and is important cause to acid rain; adverse
effects include corrosion of paint, metals and injury or death to animals and plants.

3. Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx)
Type: Nitrogen oxide (NO); Nitrogen dioxide (N02); Nitrous oxide (N20) ; Nitrate (N03)
Sources of Production: Burning of fuels; biomass burning; by product in the
manufacturing of fertilizers
Effects on Humans and Environment: Form the secondary pollutants: peroxy acetyl
nitrate (PAN) and nitric acid (HNO3); suppression of plant growth and tissue damage;
cause irritation to eyes, viral infections like influenza; nitrate form in atmosphere
impairs the visibility whereas in soil promotes the plant growth.

4. Hydrocarbons (HCs) also called Volatile organic compounds (VOCs)
Types: Methane (CH4), Butane (C4H10), Ethylene (C2H4), Benzene (C6H6), Propane
(C3H8).
Sources of Production: Evaporation from gasoline tanks, carburettors; burning of fuels;
biomass; municipal lard fills; microbial activity of sewage; industrial process involving
solvents.
Effects on Humans and Environment: Can have carcinogenic effect on humans; higher
concentrations are toxic to plants and animals; can convert into harmful compounds
through complex chemical atmosphere; some are more reactive with sunlight and
produce photochemical smog.

5. Other organic compounds
Types: Chlorofluoro carbon (CFCs), Formaldehyde (CH20), Methylene chloride (CH2Cl2),
Trichloro Ethylene (C2HCl3), Vinyl chloride (C2H3C1), Carbon tetra chloride (CC14),
Ethylene Oxide (C2H40).
Sources of Production: Aerosol sprays; foam and plastics for making disposable fast food
containers; refrigeration.
Effects on Humans and Environment: CFCs cause reduction in stratospheric ozone that
allows greater penetration of ultraviolet light at earth surface; intensified UV radiations cause
skin cancer and can have lethal effects on various; life forms.

6. Metals and other inorganic Compounds
Types: Lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), Hydrogen sulphide (H2S), Hydrogen Fluoride (HF).
Sources of Production: Oil wells and refineries; transport vehicles; municipal
landfills; fertilizer, ceramic, paper, chemical and paint industries pesticides;
fungicides; aluminium production; coal gasification.
Effects on Humans and Environment: Cause respiratory problems, toxicity and
even death to humans and other animals; damage to crops; prove to be carcinogenic.

7. Suspended particulate Matter (SPM-solid Particles)
Types: Dust, soil, sulphate Salts, heavy metal salts, Fire particles of carbon (soot),
silica, asbestos, Liquid sprays, mist etc.
Sources of Production: Fuel combustion; building constructions; mining; thermal
power stations; stone crushing; industrial processes; forest fires; refuse incineration.
Effects on Humans and Environment: Have chronic effects on respiratory system;
deposition on the surface of green leaves thus interfering with absorption of C02 and
release of 02; blocking of sunlight; particles size that range between 0.1 to 10um, cause
greatest lung damage

8. Photochemical oxidants
Types: Ozone (03), Peroxyacly Nitrates (PANs)
Sources of Production: Photochemical reactions in the atmosphere that involve sunlight,
oxides of nitrogen and hydrocarbons.
Effects on Humans and Environment: Produce haze; irritation to eyes, nose and throat;
respiratory problems; blocking of sunlight.

Thermal Pollution
 Steam from the low pressure turbine flows into a condenser and converted to
water at lowest temperature to increase thermodyanamic efficiency.
 Even with the Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) technology, the
steam cycle efficiency obtained is only 40%.
 Unused 60% heat in steam at the cycle end is dissipated to the atmosphere
leading to thermal pollution.

Green power is a subset of renewable energy.
It represents those renewable energy resources and technologies that provide the greatest
environmental benefit.
Electricity produced from solar, wind, geothermal, biogas, eligible biomass, and low-impact
small hydroelectric sources.
Customers often buy green power for its zero-emissions profile and carbon footprint
reduction benefits.
Green Power

The United Nations Framework Convention On Climate Change (UNFCC)
The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)
established an international environmental agreement to combat "dangerous human
interference with the climate system", in part by stabilizing greenhouse gas concentrations
in the atmosphere.
It was signed by 154 states at the United Nations Conference on Environment and
Development (UNCED), informally known as the Earth Summit, held in Rio de
Janeiro from 3 to 14 June 1992.
It established a Secretariat headquartered in Bonn and entered into force on 21 March
1994.

The UNFCCC entered into force on 21 March 1994.
Today, it has near-universal membership.
Preventing “dangerous” human interference with the climate system is the ultimate aim of
the UNFCCC.
The ultimate objective of the Convention is to stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations "at
a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic (human induced) interference with
the climate system."
It states that "such a level should be achieved within a time-frame sufficient to allow
ecosystems to adapt naturally to climate change, to ensure that food production is not
threatened, and to enable economic development to proceed in a sustainable manner."

The Kyoto Protocol mandated that industrialized nations cut their greenhouse gas emissions at
a time when the threat of global warming was growing rapidly.
The Protocol was linked to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
(UNFCCC).
It was adopted in Kyoto, Japan on December 11, 1997, and signed by 84 countries, It became
international law on February 16, 2005 when Russia accorded the approval.
Countries that ratified the Kyoto Protocol were assigned maximum carbon emission levels for
specific periods.
If a country emitted more than its assigned limit, then it would be penalized by receiving a
lower emissions limit in the following period.
Kyoto Protocol

Developed, industrialized countries made a promise under the Kyoto Protocol to reduce their
annual hydrocarbon emissions by an average of 5.2% by the year 2012.
This number would represent about 29% of the world's total greenhouse gas emissions.
Targets depended on the individual country. As a result, each nation had a different target to
meet by that year.
Members of the European Union (EU) pledged to cut emissions by 8%, while the U.S. and
Canada promised to reduce their emissions by 7% and 6%, respectively, by 2012
The Kyoto Protocol recognized that developed countries are principally responsible for the
current high levels of GHG emissions in the atmosphere as a result of more than 150 years of
industrial activity.

As such, the protocol placed a heavier burden on developed nations than less-developed
nations.
The Kyoto Protocol mandated that 37 industrialized nations plus the EU cut their GHG
emissions.
Developing nations were asked to comply voluntarily, and more than 100 developing
countries, including China and India, were exempted from the Kyoto agreement altogether.
The protocol separated countries into two groups: Annex I contained developed nations,
and Non-Annex I referred to developing countries.
The protocol placed emission limitations on Annex I countries only.
Non-Annex I nations participated by investing in projects designed to lower emissions in
their countries.

For these projects, developing countries earned carbon credits, which they could trade or
sell to developed countries, allowing the developed nations a higher level of maximum
carbon emissions for that period.
The options to earn carbon credit are Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), Joint
Implemeentation (JI) and International Emissions Trading (IET).
CDM provides an opportunity to earn credits by investing in clean energy production or
in emission reducing projects in developing countries.
JI is another approach to earn credit by investing in emission reduction project in
developed countries in agreement with Kyoto protocol.
IET allows buying and selling of emission credits amongst the developed countries which
are members in Kyoto document.
In effect, this function helped the developed countries to continue emitting GHG
vigorously.

Global emissions were still on the rise by 2005, the year the Kyoto Protocol became
international law—even though it was adopted in 1997.
The Kyoto global warming pact went into force in 2005 envisages to achieve the objectives
by improving energy efficiency, maximum use of renewable energy, carbon dioxide
sequestration, phasing out tax exemptions and subcidies on all GHG emitting commercial
energy sources.
Things seemed to go well for many countries, including those in the EU.
They planned to meet or exceed their targets under the agreement by 2011. But others
continued to fall short.

The United States and China—two of the world's biggest emitters—produced enough
greenhouse gases to mitigate any of the progress made by nations who met their targets.
In fact, there was an increase of about 40% in emissions globally between 1990 and
2009.
In December 2012, after the first commitment period of the Protocol ended, parties to
the Kyoto Protocol met in Doha, Qatar, to adopt an amendment to the original Kyoto
agreement.
This so-called Doha Amendment added new emission-reduction targets for the second
commitment period, 2012–2020, for participating countries

Classification of energy resources

Sources of energy are only available in limited amounts and develop over a longer period of
time.
These are also known as “dirty” or “Conventional Source” because they can endanger the
environment or human health and which are being traditionally used for many decades.
These resources are found in specific parts of the world, making them more plentiful in some
nations than others.
The generation of energy from these resources is relatively less expensive.
Examples: Coal, Petroleum, Natural Gases, Oil, Nuclear Energy etc
Non-Renewable/Conventional energy Sources:

Highly polluting.
Available only in few places.
High running cost.
Limited supply and will one day get exhausted.
Fossil Fuels
Depleting levels and create Environmental pollution
Nuclear
Operational safety and post life waste handling of the plant.
Radiation Hazards.
Hydro
Environmental Issues – Submerging surrounding areas, Earth Quakes possibility, Dam safety,
reduction in dam capacity over the period, Need of mass evacuvation for large new projects(Eg:
Sardar Sarovar Project).
Affects Wild life·
Disadvantages

Energy available in unlimited amount in nature since these can be renewed over
relatively short period of time.
These are also known as “clean” or “Non-conventional” Source because they have very
limited environment impacts
These resources are found in every country like every country has access to sunshine and
wind.
In present time, the generation of renewable energy is often more expensive
The cost of renewable energy is now falling so fast that it should be a consistently cheaper
source of electricity generation than traditional fossil fuels in coming years.
Examples: Solar energy, Wind energy, Hydro power, Ocean thermal energy, Tidal or Wave
energy, geothermal energy etc.
Renewable/Non-conventional energy resources

1. Safe form of energy.
2. Abundant form of energy.
3. Clean form of energy to use.
4. Can be collected in multiple locations simultaneously.
5. Can be generated in multiple formats.
6. Provide nations with energy independence.
7. Stable form of energy.
8. This sector is an economic force.(Provide jobs and opportunities for entrepreneurs)
9. Easy to maintain
10. Improve public health.
11. Profitable in the long run.
Advantages of renewable energy sources

SOLAR ENERGY
1. Need large solar collectors.
2. Large area land required. Land cost in populated areas will be high.
3. Solar Thermal – Use Glycol Nitrates and sulphates as heat transfer fluids. For high
temperature - CFC & Aromatic alcohols. Careless disposal of these chemicals leads to
health hazards.
4. Solar PV – Cells contains arsenic & cadmium. End of life disposal problems.
5. Solar P V – Total system includes batteries and Diesel generators- these systems generate
pollutants
Limitations of Non conventional energy sources

WIND ENERGY
1. Need large area for wind farms. Sites in forest areas need tree cutting.
2. Landscape change and visual intrusion. May give negative public response.
3. Noise pollution.
4. Interference with TV signals.
5. Generator blades pose hazard to birds especially those in migration route.
BIO MASS ENERGY
1. Combustion of bio mass produces air pollution.
2. Large scale production of biomass and its harvesting accelerates soil erosion and
nutrient loss.
3. Energy crop plantation on large scale is water consuming with increased use of
pesticides and fertilizers. This causes water pollution and water scarcity.
4. Rural air pollution – Health hazard to women & children.

GEO THERMAL ENERGY
• Method – Extracting of heat from earth’s interior – obtained as trapped hot water or
steam
1. Water in Geo thermal fields contain CO2 , CH4 , NH3, and H2S. . Also several toxic
chemicals – Pose Environmental concerns.
2. Gas escape to atmosphere – Acid rain.
3. Chemicals like sulphates, chlorides and carbonates of lead, boron and arsenic pollute
soil and water.
4. Noise pollution from Exhausts, blow down, centrifugal separation.
5. Large scale withdrawal of underground fluids trigger ground subsidence.

1. High cost of harnessing energy
2.Uncertainity of availability
3. Difficulty in transporting.
4. Bio gas energy causes green house effect.
5. Tidal energy is difficult to access.
6. Wind energy causes noise pollution.
7. Wind mills are costly to set up.
8. Low efficiency levels.
9.Renewable energy can be unreliable and change with weather.
10. Electricity generation capacity is still in small scale when compared with conventional
sources.
Limitations of Non conventional energy sources

BASIS FOR COMPARISON
CONVENTIONAL SOURCES OF
ENERGY
NON-CONVENTIONAL SOURCES
OF ENERGY
Meaning Conventional sources of energy
are the sources that are
commonly in use since long time.
Non-conventional sources of
energy refers to the sources that
are identified few decades ago.
Exhaustible They can be exhausted due to
over consumption.
They cannot be exhausted.
Pollution They pollute environment, on a
large scale and adds to global
warming.
They are environment friendly
sources, which does not causes
pollution.
Use They are primarily used for
industrial and commercial
purposes.
They are mainly used for
domestic purposes.
Expense Costly. Comparatively less expensive.
Comparison

Renewable electricity capacity additions by technology and segment, 2016-2028

Renewable capacity growth by technology, main and accelerated cases, 2005-2028

Share of renewables
IEA (2024), Renewables 2023, IEA, Paris
https://www.iea.org/reports/renewables-2023, License: CC BY
4.0

Cumulative renewable electricity capacity in the main and accelerated cases and Net Zero Scenario

KTU- EET 332 Renewable Energy Systems - Module 1Module 1

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