![Directed Study 1
(a) Define the terms Data, Information
and Knowledge.
[3]
(b) By using an appropriate example,
explain the relationship between Data,
Information and Knowledge.
[3]
Priestley College
AS ICT Module 1
19](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/l4ict1-140107173512-phpapp01/85/L4-ict1-1-data_information_knowledge-19-320.jpg)
L4 ict1.1 data_information_knowledge
- 1. Data, Information & Knowledge AS I.C.T. Lecture: Syllabus Section: References: Priestley College 4 1.1 Essential ICT for WJEC AS Level Doyle AS ICT Module 1 1
- 2. Research Topics • Definitions of • Data • Information • Knowledge • Relationships between data, information & knowledge and appropriate examples • Encoding information as data • Knowledge-based (expert) systems & their uses + the 3 components of an expert system Priestley College AS ICT Module 1 2
- 3. What is ICT? • Definition of Information and Communications Technology (ICT) • “The use of computer related technology and devices to input and process data in order to output information that can be stored or shared.” Priestley College AS ICT Module 1 3
- 4. Input-Process-Output The main purpose of using a computer is to process data to produce information input Computers read incoming data process output Process it And display or print information - this may be used to influence further input (feedback) What exactly is data? Priestley College AS ICT Module 1 4
- 5. Data - what is it? Data – definition • Data is a set of raw facts or figures • E.g. readings from sensors, or survey facts • Data items on their own have no real meaning - they are a stream of raw values which have not been sorted or structured in any way Priestley College AS ICT Module 1 5
- 6. Data - what is it? • Examples of data 1,12,1.4; 2,12,1.2; 3,16,1.1 Could be: • Swim times in minutes for 3 swimmers in 2 different age groups over 100 metres • Or, height in metres of 3 students in 2 different age groups • Another example of data: 9:00, 135/75, 10:00, 135/75, 11:00, 120/60 Could be: • A patient’s blood pressure reading taken at 3 different times of the day Priestley College AS ICT Module 1 6
- 7. So, what use is data? To reiterate, what is data? Can you remember? • data items are a stream of raw facts which have not been sorted or structured in any way So, what use is data? • When many items of similar data are collected and processed, it becomes useful • It becomes Information! Priestley College AS ICT Module 1 7
- 8. So, what use is data? Data Examples of information that might be obtained from processing many items of similar raw data Priestley College Information the mark achieved by student 0134289 in ICT Paper 1 the percentage of candidates gaining “A” grades in a particular year the time at which I clocked in for work the total number of hours I worked last week the time it took me to swim 100 metres average 100 metre swim times for a swim club AS ICT Module 1 8
- 9. So what is information? • To reiterate, what is Information? • Information is data that has been processed into a useful form • Information is needed in organisations to help support decision making • e.g. “What consumables do we need to order for this term?” Priestley College AS ICT Module 1 9
- 10. What, therefore, is knowledge? Knowledge – definition • Knowledge is derived from information by applying rules to it Priestley College AS ICT Module 1 10
- 11. What, therefore, is Knowledge? Knowledge - examples • Think about the knowledge needed by a doctor to make a diagnosis • A doctor could order various tests for a patient such as blood tests, X-rays and so on. • From the results of the test, he/she would have information about the condition of the patient. • What knowledge would he/she need to be able to make a diagnosis? remember, knowledge applies rules to information to ascertain the likely effects of certain courses of action • Blood Pressure Rules Blood Sugar Levels • What does this have to do with ICT? • Blood pressure graphs What are the • More Blood pressure charts data inputs? • Ideal weight calculator Priestley College AS ICT Module 1 11
- 12. Encoding information as data • Surveys are carried out everyday • They may ask • What product you buy? • How often do you shop? And so on! • To be of use, the information collected needs to be analysed • E.g. 27.5% respondents had blond hair • • Computers are excellent at analysing data So first, the mass of information collected needs to be changed into data that is • Fast & easy to enter into the computer, with no errors • Easy to analyse • Is in a consistent format • So we simplify information received into data by giving it a code Priestley College AS ICT Module 1 12
- 13. Encoding information as data • Encoding information as data • Data Encoding is used to allow some survey results to be entered into a computer for analysis • E.g. there may be a survey outside a hair stylists collecting data on customer’s hair colour • The data may be encoded: A = for Brown Hair C = for Black hair E = for Grey hair B = for Blond hair D = for Red hair F = Bald, no hair • Unfortunately, it is not possible to categorise every hair colour with a code • Researchers will then have to make a value judgement • For instance, they may encode Dark Brown or Light Brown as “A”, thus losing precision Priestley College AS ICT Module 1 13
- 14. Encoding information as data Another example: • College registers could use the following codes: present O absent A authorised absence L late - not required in class • So, how do we record On Holiday? Priestley College AS ICT Module 1 14
- 15. Encoding information as data Advantages Disadvantages • Saves memory • Faster to enter – click not • • • type Less likely to have transcription errors Able to analyse Greater consistency of data Priestley College • Value judgments are fitted into a certain category • Coarsens data by fitting it into groups, leading to loss of precision AS ICT Module 1 15
- 16. Summary Data definition Raw facts and figures – on their own they have no meaning e.g. readings from sensors, survey facts Information definition Data which has been processed by the computer. It has a context which makes it meaningful Knowledge definition Is derived from information by applying rules to it. Using information to make decisions e.g. Data: 1,12,1.4, 2,12,1.2, 3,16,1.1 e.g. Information: Swim times for 100m Swimmer No Age group Times (mins) 1 12 1.4 2 12 1.2 3 16 1.1 e.g. Knowledge: Priestley College Swimmer No 2 is the fastest in the age 12 group. Certificates go to swimmers 2 and 3. AS ICT Module 1 16
- 17. Exercise 1 • Using a table similar to that shown on slide 20 • Measure & record heights & gender of 10 students in your class • What knowledge can you derive from this table of information? • Needs a volunteer to write results on whiteboard! Priestley College AS ICT Module 1 17
- 18. Exercise 2 • Using the following codes • Measure & record hair colour of 10 students in your class • What knowledge can you derive from this table of information? What are the advantages of encoding information as data? What are the disadvantages of using value judgements? Priestley College AS ICT Module 1 Codes: A=Brown hair B=Blonde hair C=Black hair D=Red hair E=Grey hair F=Bald, no hair 18
- 19. Directed Study 1 (a) Define the terms Data, Information and Knowledge. [3] (b) By using an appropriate example, explain the relationship between Data, Information and Knowledge. [3] Priestley College AS ICT Module 1 19