Lab report lipid
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The document summarizes an experiment on determining the saponification number of corn and palm oil. The experiment involves hydrolyzing the oils with potassium hydroxide (KOH) and titrating the leftover KOH with hydrochloric acid (HCl). The saponification number, which indicates the chain length of fatty acids in the oils, is higher for corn oil, meaning it has shorter fatty acid chains than palm oil. However, the results of this experiment showed the opposite trend, likely due to errors in the experimental procedure.
Lab report lipid
- 1. EXPERIMENT OF LIPID Dr. Rosmilah Binti Misnan UMI ABIBAH BT SULAIMAN D20091034811 SITI RAHAYU BT MOHAMED NOOR D20091034855 AZMA AMIRA BT MOHAMAD D20091034859 NUR AFIQAH BT MUHAMAD APANDI D20091034872 AMEERA BT YAHYA D20091034814
- 2. ABSTRACT The saponification number indicate the number of fatty acid chain length of triglycerides. The experiments used two different fat sample which is corn and palm oil. The product of hydrolysis is titrated with HCL to determine the saponification number. Result shown that corn oil is higher in saponification number compared to palm oil. So, the palm oil has longer chain of fatty acid and the amount of KOH needed to break down the hydrolysis process is higher since the triglycerides have long chain of fatty acid. The amount of left KOH used to hydrolysis the fatty acid is titrated with HCL.
- 3. Saponification triglyceride is actually the reaction of triglycerides when they are turned into soap. Soap is produced when triglycerides react with a base like sodium. In technical terms, saponification involves base that is hydrolysis of triglycerides, which are esters of fatty acids, to form the sodium salt of a carboxylate. In addition to soap, such traditional saponification processes produces glycerol. "Saponifiable substances" are those that can be converted into soap. Depending on the nature of the alkali used in their production, soaps have distinct properties. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) gives "hard soap", whereas, when potassium hydroxide (KOH) is used, a soft soap is formed. INTRODUCTION
- 4. PROCEDURE (CONTROL) 25ml of the 0.5M KOH was added into the small beaker Solvent was added to the same level of final volume Placed it in boiling water and bathed for 30 minutes Allowed to cool 3 drops of phenolphtalein was added Titrated with 0.5 HCl
- 5. 25ml of the 0.5M KOH was added into the small beaker 4 ml solvent was added to the same level of final volume Placed it in boiling water and bathed for 30 minutes Allowed to cool 3 drops of phenolphtalein was added Titrated with 0.5 HCl PROCEDURE (SAMPLE) Add 1.0 g palm oil
- 6. RESULT FOR SAPONIFICATION Sampel Vol of HCL (Blank) in liter Vol HCI (sampel) in liter Mol for blank (molarity of KOH X vol HCLblank (L) Mol for sampel (molarity X vol HCL sampel (L) Mol of reacted KOH(blank – sampel) Saponification (mol of reacted KOH X Mw KOH X 103 Palm oil 0.0212 0.0205 0.0106 0.011 3.5 X 10 ^-4. 19.64 Corn oil 0.231 0.0206 0.0116 0.0103 0.0013 72.93
- 7. DISCUSSION • The product of tryglycerides which is fatty acid and glycerol is popular in oleochemical industry and used as raw material in food, cosmetic and pharmaecuticel. • The saponification value gives an indication of the nature of the fatty acids constituent of fat and thus, depends on the average molecular weight of the fatty acids constituent of fat. • The greater the molecular weight (the longer the carbon chain), the smaller the number of fatty acids is liberated per gram of fat hydrolyzed and therefore, the smaller the saponification number and vice versa. • From our result, saponification number of palm oil is lowered than the corn oil. • The result show palm oil have long fatty acid chain compared to corn oil. • The result show is unproportional with literature review which is the palm oil have higher saponification number than corn oil. • From the theory (Chermopharm) Saponification number for palm oil = 196-205 corn oil = 187-193
- 8. • For any chemical reaction to occur, including saponification, it is necessary for the reactants to be in the same phase (in this case, aqueous or organic). • Hydroxide will almost entirely exist in the aqueous phase, and the triglyceride will be almost entirely in the organic phase. • Increasing stirring/agitation will create more interface for the reaction to proceed. And, as the reaction continue, it will producing glycerin and fatty acid salts, which can have appreciable solubility in both phases. • So, the reagents will increase in concentration in the phase most favored by the other as the reaction progresses. The higher the concentration of the reactants, the more opportunity they have to react and the faster the reaction. • According to Bahrami et al. (2001), solubility in NaOH is due to saponification. Saponification is the hydrolysis of an ester under basic conditions to form an alcohol and the salt of a carboxylic acid. Saponification is commonly used to refer to the reaction of a metallic alkali (base) with a fat or oil to form soap. Saponifiable substances are those that can be converted into soap.
- 9. The result show the error in handling experiment. This maybe due to the a) The amount of KOH added is unsufficient for the hyrolisis process. b) The temperature of water bath provided for hydrolisis is adjusted by the handling error. c) The titration process which is the process for determine the reacted KOH that hydrolysis the triglycerides. The hydrolysis of triglycerides basicly involved two stage which is 1. Formation of glycerol through the steam hydrolysis 2. Fatty acid is neutralized in KOH to form the soap. As the increasing need of hydrolysis product from triglycerides which is fatty acid and glycerol lead to the alteration and improvement of method in yield a good quality of fatty acid and glycerol. 1. Various concentration of KOH prepared 2. Temperature 3. Enzyme
- 10. • The triglycerides with longer fatty acid have lower saponification because the amount of KOH needed to break down the hydrolysis process is higher since the triglycerides have long chain of fatty acid. • So, the titration shown the lower amount of KOH that react with HCL. The KOH left is unreacted KOH from the hydrolisis process. • The different of molar amount of HCI to neutralize the control and the amount of HCI needed to neutralize the sample (the amount of KOH left) = amount of reacted KOH to breakdown the ester bond of triglycerides in the sample. • So, this differences is equivalent with the amount of KOH used to saponify the test sample.
- 11. CONCLUSION • The soponification number of palm oil is lower than corn oil. This result is indirectly proportional with the fact that palm oil is higher in saponification number compared to corn oil. • Higher the saponification number, lower the carbon chain in fatty acid. • The difference between the blank and the test reading gives the number of milliliters of KOH required to saponify 1g fat.
- 12. APPENDIX After the hydrolysis process of fat sample and control Palm oilcontrol
- 14. REFERENCES Salimon, J., Abdullah, B. M. and Salih, N. (2011).Hydrolisis optimization and characteristion study of preparing fatty acid from Jatropha curcas seed oil. Journal of Chemistry Centre 5, 67. Obtained on May 20, 2013 from http://www.chempro.in/fattyacid.htm obtained at May 20, 2013 Copyright © www.realhandmadesoap.com 2006 info@realhandmadesoap.com Last updated: 11/02/06 .
- 16. INTRODUCTION Soap is a mixture of sodium salts of various naturally occurring fatty acids. Air bubbles added to a molten soap will decrease the density of the soap and thus it will float on water. If the fatty acid salt has potassium rather than sodium, a softer lather is the result. Soap is produced by a saponification or basic hydrolysis reaction of a fat or oil. Currently, sodium carbonate or sodium hydroxide is used to neutralize the fatty acid and convert it to the salt.
- 17. OBSERVATION Sample Qualitative measurement Palm oil -rough -Brittle -Dustly and sandly. -slippery -Dry
- 18. Soap (Palm oil) • quite hard and dry • not easy to shape it and quit slippery when touch. • odour produced more stronger • Palm oil is a saturated oil • contain high percentage of free fatty acid.
- 19. Figure 1: Steps involve in soap making
- 20. Figure 2: Colouring the soap
- 21. DISCUSSION • Soap was made from the reaction between triglyceride with strong base which is 6M NaOH. • The saponification equation as shown below:
- 22. • Soaps are amphiphiles, which means the soap molecules have both: polar end non-polar end. • One part of the soap is soluble with grease and part of it is soluble with water. • Soap combines with both grease and water and washes away in a shower.
- 23. • Hydroxide exist in the aqueous phase, and the triglyceride exist in the organic phase. • In order to mixed it together, increasing will create more interfaces for the reaction to proceed. • As the reaction goes, it will be producing glycerol and fatty acid (salts). • The higher the concentration of the reactants, the more opportunity they have to react and the faster the reaction will go.
- 24. • When grease are mixed with a soap, the soap molecules work as a bridge between polar water molecules and non-polar oil molecules. • Since soap molecules have both properties of non-polar and polar molecules the soap can act as an emulsifier. An emulsifier is capable of dispersing one liquid into another immiscible liquid. • This means that while oil (which attracts dirt) doesn't naturally mix with water, soap can suspend oil in such a way that it can be removed. The soap will form micelles and trap the fats within the micelle. Since the micelle is soluble in water, it can easily be washed away.
- 25. REFERENCES Obtained on May 20, 2013 from http://www.elmhurst.edu/ ~chm/vchembook/554soap.html. LIPIDS: SAPONIFICATION (THE PROPERTIES AND SYNTHESIS OF SOAP). Obtained on May 20, 2013 from http://www.ipfw.edu/chem/112/kimble/9-Lipids%20- %20Saponification.pdf.