LALIT NFC
- 1. SUBMITTED TO: VLSI DEPARTMENT SUBMITTED BY: LALIT KUMAR MVLSI-749-2K15 1
- 2. Designed for short distance communication (up to 10 cm) NFC or Near Field Communication is a short range high frequency wireless communication technology It’s a contactless card and a contactless reader in one chip It operates at 13.56 MHz It’s designed for low bandwidth (max speed is 424 kBaud) Applications aimed for are Ticketing Payment Device Pairing 2 Short Range 13.56MHz RF Link
- 3. NFC is mainly aimed for mobile or handheld devices. NFC is an extension of Radio frequency identification or RFID technology RFID is mainly used for tracking and identification by sending radio waves
- 4. In 2004,NFC Forum was formed by Nokia, Philips, Sony, to set standards for NFC. Every NFC enabled device will have “N-Mark” trade mark, developed by NFC forum. N-Mark Trade mark
- 5. In 2006 First mobile phone (nokia 6131) with NFC released by NOKIA.
- 6. In 2010 First android phone SAMSUNG NEXUS S with NFC support released
- 7. Near Field Communication is based on inductive coupling. NFC works using magnetic induction between two loop antennas located within each other’s ‘near field’.
- 8. Operating frequency 13.56 Mhz. Data rate 106 kbit/s to 424 kbit/s NFC use an initiator and a target. Initiator actively generates an RF field that can power a passive target. WPAN (wireless personal area network)is used in this technology
- 10. In active mode, both devices with NFC chip generates an electromagnetic field and exchange data. In passive mode, there is only one active device and other uses that field to exchange information.
- 11. NFC application can be split into three basic categories: a. Touch and Go---ticketing b. Touch and Confirm---mobile payment c. Touch and Connect---to enable peer to peer transfer of data
- 12. Nexus S Google Nexus S 4G Samsung Galaxy S II Samsung Galaxy Note Galaxy Nexus Nokia 6212 Classic Nokia 6131 NFC
- 13. 1) Coil in the first smart phone sets up a current that is picked up a second smart phone or reader. 2) The second smart phone receives the “induced current” from the first, recognizes it as a valid signal and offers a connection. 3) The first cell phone accepts the connection and begins the transaction.
- 14. 1) Coil in the smart phone sets up a current that is picked up by the smart tag 2) The smart tag receives the “induced current” from the cell phone, recognizes it as a valid signal and offers a connection to the cell phone. 3) The cell phone accepts the connection and begins the transaction
- 15. Advantage of NFC 1. Two-way data communication 2. Security level is high due to encoding system 3. High recognition speed, and low recognition error
- 16. Make payments or use coupons via devices, instead of credit or debit cards Transfer files and share documents Download information about objects, services or places from “smart posters” Display electronic identity documents, like air travel boarding passes
- 17. There are dedicated roles Initiator and Target Any data transfer is a message and reply pair. 17 Initiator Target Message Reply • There are dedicated modes of operation – Active and Passive – Active means the device generates an RF field – Passive means the device uses the RF field generated by the other device
- 18. The VCO produce frequency modulated signal at the transmitter and phase locked loop demodulated the signal at receiver.
- 19. 19 Active Passive 106 kBaud Modified Miller, 100% ASK Manchester, 10% ASK 212 kBaud Manchester, 10% ASK Manchester, 10% ASK 424 kBaud Manchester, 10% ASK Manchester, 10% ASK Active Passive Initiator Possible Not Possible Target Possible Possible
- 20. I am sorry, but NFC is not secure against eavesdropping . From how far away is it possible to eavesdrop? Depends…. RF field of sender Equipment of attacker …. Does Active versus Passive mode matter? Yes In active mode the modulation is stronger (in particular at 106 kBaud) In passive mode eavesdropping is harder. Countermeasure Secure Channel 20
- 21. Eavesdropping:- NFC by itself can not protect against eavesdropping. An attacker can use an antenna to also receive the transmitted signals. Data Corruption:- Data corruption can be achieved by transmitting valid frequencies of the data spectrum at a correct time. The correct time can be calculated if attacker has a good understanding of the used modulation scheme and coding.
- 22. Data modification and Insertion :- An attacker can insert massage into the data exchange between two devices. But this is possible only in case the answering device needs a very long time to answer. For the modified miller encoding with 100% ASK this attack is feasible for certain bits and impossible for other bits. But for Manchester coding with 10% ASK this attack is feasible on all bits.
- 23. Eavesdropping:- Data transmitted in possible mode is significantly harder to be eavesdropping on, but just using the passive mode is probably not sufficient for most applications which transmit sensitive data. Only real solution is to establish a secure channel between the two devices.
- 24. Data corruption:- NFC devices can count this attack because they can check the RF field while they are transmitting data . If an NFC device does this, it will be able to detect the attack. The power which is needed to corrupt the data is significantly bigger, than the power which can be detected by the device. This every such attack should be detectable.
- 25. Data modification and Insertion:- By using 100k baud in active mode it gets impossible for an attacker to modify the data transmitted. NFC device should check the RF field while sending which means the sending device could continuously check for such an attack and could stop the data transmission when an attack is detected. Establishing an secure channel between in two devices.
- 26. 26 1 Bit 1. Half-Bit 2. Half-Bit 100 0 Coded “0” Coded “1” Modified Miller Coding, 100% ASK Manchester Coding, 10% ASK 1 Bit 1. Half-Bit 2. Half-Bit 100 0 1 Bit 1. Half-Bit 2. Half-Bit 100 0 1 Bit 1. Half-Bit 2. Half-Bit 100 0
- 27. 27 Alice Bob Eve
- 31. 31 Alice Bob Message Eve EavesdroppingDisturb Alice detects the disturbance and stops the protocol • Check for active disturbances !
- 33. 33 Alice Bob Eve Message Eve cannot send to Bob, while RF field of Alice is on! • Use Active – Passive connection ! • Use 106 kBaud !
- 34. Eavesdropping No protection Use a Secure Channel Data Modification No protection Use Secure Channel Man in the Middle Attack Very good protection if Alice uses 106 kBaud Alice uses Active – Passive mode Alice checks for disturbance Alice checks for suspicious answers from Bob 34 NFC Intro Eaves- dropping Conclusion Data Modification Man-in-the- Middle Contents
- 35. Speed of various technologies used for data transfer
- 36. QR (Quick Response) code VS NFC (Near Field Communication) ALTERNATIVES
- 37. RFID Difference Barcode $0.5/1 unit. Price $0.005/1 unit. More than 216 . High capacity Storage capacity 27 . Low capacity(about 20 letter) Radio frequency. How to use Visible light(infrared ray) Possible.(by using satellite or mobile radio communication network) Information understanding in real time Impossible. Long distance. Distance with reader Close distance. Read + write. Read/write capacity Only read. Virtually none. Once up and running, the system is completely automated. Human Capital Large requirements. Laborers must scan each tags. High. Durability Low. High. Security Low.
- 39. APPLICATION
- 40. Before & After Previously Used Methods Current & Future Methods IN HOTELS