Lars Samuelson
- 1. LARS SAMUELSON NanoLund and Solid State Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden Nanotechnology providing efficient lighting & solar energy to the world
- 2. LARS SAMUELSON NanoLund and Solid State Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden also CSO for QuNano AB, Sol Voltaics AB, Glo AB & Hexagem AB Nanotechnology providing efficient lighting & solar energy to the world
- 3. HERE COMES THE SUN - OUR MODEL SYSTEM FOR AN IDEAL LAMP providing us with light of a type that our eyes have gotten accustomed to May I introduce: THE SUN while also providing the earth with its most abundant energy resource
- 4. 500300 700 900 (nm) Text HERE COMES THE SUN - providing us with light of a type that our eyes have gotten accustomed to.. HOW CAN SUCH LIGHT SOURCES BE MADE, MAKING US INDEPENDENT AND NOT LIMITED TO DAY- TIME LIFE? The SUN is extremely hot, over 5500°C (slightly below 6000K), and it is (luckily enough) located 150 million km from us. The SUN provides us with abundant visible light, with the spectral distribution of the light governed by its temperature! Even when the SUN has gone, at night or in dark spaces, we still need light, prefe- rably light that still satisfies our eyes.
- 5. 500300 700 900 (nm) Alternative 1: CHALLENGE: Can we make a nice and efficient light source, here on earth, resembling the solar radiation in terms of spectral distribution & brightness? We could use the radiation from a very hot filament, as in a light- bulb i.e. an incandescent lamp HOWEVER, a light-bulb can only be operated at a temperature of about 2500°C, and then only about 4% of the emitted light falls in the visible range of the spectrum!! This is obviously NOT good from an energy point of view!
- 6. 500300 700 900 (nm) Text Alternative 2: CHALLENGE: Can we make a nice and efficient light source, here on earth, resembling the solar radiation in terms of spectral distribution & brightness? We could make three “lamps”, each producing Red, Green and Blue light each with extremely high efficiency Viewed together, these three colors are perceived as a perfect “white” light source, mimicking the SUN!
- 7. THE SUN, AS WELL AS A LIGHT-BULB, EMITS PHOTONS BECAUSE ELECTRONS ARE THERMALLY EXCITED TO HIGHER ENERGY LEVELS, LATER TO RECOMBINE
- 8. THE SUN, AS WELL AS A LIGHT-BULB, EMITS PHOTONS BECAUSE ELECTRONS ARE THERMALLY EXCITED TO HIGHER ENERGY LEVELS, LATER TO RECOMBINE
- 9. THE SUN, AS WELL AS A LIGHT-BULB, EMITS PHOTONS BECAUSE ELECTRONS ARE THERMALLY EXCITED TO HIGHER ENERGY LEVELS, LATER TO RECOMBINE
- 10. THE SUN, AS WELL AS A LIGHT-BULB, EMITS PHOTONS BECAUSE ELECTRONS ARE THERMALLY EXCITED TO HIGHER ENERGY LEVELS, LATER TO RECOMBINE COULD WE DESIGN A LIGHT-SOURCE THAT IS NOT BASED ON BEING HOT?
- 11. By semiconductor nanotechnology we can build an LED (light-emitting diode), in which we can electrically populate energy states that then will give rise to photon emission! THE SUN, AS WELL AS A LIGHT-BULB, EMITS PHOTONS BECAUSE ELECTRONS ARE THERMALLY EXCITED TO HIGHER ENERGY LEVELS, LATER TO RECOMBINE COULD WE DESIGN A LIGHT-SOURCE THAT IS NOT BASED ON BEING HOT?
- 12. THE SUN, AS WELL AS A LIGHT-BULB, EMITS PHOTONS BECAUSE ELECTRONS ARE THERMALLY EXCITED TO HIGHER ENERGY LEVELS, LATER TO RECOMBINE COULD WE DESIGN A LIGHT-SOURCE THAT IS NOT BASED ON BEING HOT? By semiconductor nanotechnology we can build an LED (light-emitting diode), in which we can electrically populate energy states that then will give rise to photon emission!
- 13. THE SUN, AS WELL AS A LIGHT-BULB, EMITS PHOTONS BECAUSE ELECTRONS ARE THERMALLY EXCITED TO HIGHER ENERGY LEVELS, LATER TO RECOMBINE COULD WE DESIGN A LIGHT-SOURCE THAT IS NOT BASED ON BEING HOT? By semiconductor nanotechnology we can build an LED (light-emitting diode), in which we can electrically populate energy states that then will give rise to photon emission!
- 14. THE SUN, AS WELL AS A LIGHT-BULB, EMITS PHOTONS BECAUSE ELECTRONS ARE THERMALLY EXCITED TO HIGHER ENERGY LEVELS, LATER TO RECOMBINE COULD WE DESIGN A LIGHT-SOURCE THAT IS NOT BASED ON BEING HOT? By semiconductor nanotechnology we can build an LED (light-emitting diode), in which we can electrically populate energy states that then will give rise to photon emission!
- 15. LET ME TRY TO EXPLAIN HOW THAT IS ACCOMPLISHED By semiconductor nanotechnology we can build an LED (light-emitting diode), in which we can electrically populate energy states that then will give rise to photon emission!
- 16. Semiconductors can be described as having two energy bands, - one with (negative) electrons - and one with (positive) holes By semiconductor nanotechnology we can build an LED (light-emitting diode), in which we can electrically populate energy states that then will give rise to photon emission! LET ME TRY TO EXPLAIN HOW THAT IS ACCOMPLISHED
- 17. Semiconductors can be described as having two energy bands, - one with (negative) electrons - and one with (positive) holes In a DIODE, the electrons are kept on one side (n-side) & the holes on the other (p-side). By semiconductor nanotechnology we can build an LED (light-emitting diode), in which we can electrically populate energy states that then will give rise to photon emission! LET ME TRY TO EXPLAIN HOW THAT IS ACCOMPLISHED
- 18. In a DIODE, the electrons are kept on one side (n-side) & the holes on the other (p-side). If a battery is connected, electrons & holes recombine creating Photons! +- By semiconductor nanotechnology we can build an LED (light-emitting diode), in which we can electrically populate energy states that then will give rise to photon emission! LET ME TRY TO EXPLAIN HOW THAT IS ACCOMPLISHED Semiconductors can be described as having two energy bands, - one with (negative) electrons - and one with (positive) holes
- 19. In a DIODE, the electrons are kept on one side (n-side) & the holes on the other (p-side). If a battery is connected, electrons & holes recombine creating Photons! +- By semiconductor nanotechnology we can build an LED (light-emitting diode), in which we can electrically populate energy states that then will give rise to photon emission! LET ME TRY TO EXPLAIN HOW THAT IS ACCOMPLISHED Semiconductors can be described as having two energy bands, - one with (negative) electrons - and one with (positive) holes
- 20. In a DIODE, the electrons are kept on one side (n-side) & the holes on the other (p-side). If a battery is connected, electrons & holes recombine creating Photons! +- By semiconductor nanotechnology we can build an LED (light-emitting diode), in which we can electrically populate energy states that then will give rise to photon emission! LET ME TRY TO EXPLAIN HOW THAT IS ACCOMPLISHED Semiconductors can be described as having two energy bands, - one with (negative) electrons - and one with (positive) holes
- 21. At least 25% of global electricity is spent for Ligh7ng & Displays
- 22. Le: axis has the units Tlm h/yr (teralumen-hours per year). Consump7on of Ligh7ng from Candles, Gas, Kerosene and Electricity in the United Kingdom 1700–2000 Seven Centuries of Energy Services: The Price and Use of Light in the United Kingdom (1300-2000) Roger Fouquet and Peter J.G. Pearson
- 23. After J. Tsao et al., The Blue LED Nobel Prize: Historical context, current scientific understanding, human benefit , Ann. Phys. (Berlin) 527, No. 5–6, A53–A61 (2015) Evolu7on of light efficiency in the visible
- 24. The field of making pn-junctions out of GaN has enabled the fabrication of white LEDs, today slowly taking over much of the lighting sector, SSL.
- 25. The field of making pn-junctions out of GaN has enabled the fabrication of white LEDs, today slowly taking over much of the lighting sector, SSL. It has also (2014) resulted in a Nobel Prize in Physics for the BLUE LED! ” for the inven7on of efficient blue light emiYng diodes, which has enabled bright and energy saving white light sources” Shuji Nakamura University of California at Santa Barbara, USA Nobelpriset i fysik 2014 Nobelpriset 2014 The Nobel Prize 2014 Isamu Akasaki Meijo University and Nagoya University, Japan Hiroshi Amano Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- 26. The field of making pn-junctions out of GaN has enabled the fabrication of white LEDs, today slowly taking over much of the lighting sector, SSL. It has also (2014) resulted in a Nobel Prize in Physics for the BLUE LED!
- 27. Great, so why isn’t this good enough? This “white” light has low color qualities and is unable to adjust to different lighting needs, for instance in schools. The field of making pn-junctions out of GaN has enabled the fabrication of white LEDs, today slowly taking over much of the lighting sector, SSL.
- 28. The field of making pn-junctions out of GaN has enabled the fabrication of white LEDs, today slowly taking over much of the lighting sector, SSL. For other applications, such as street-lights, a simple kind of “white” satisfies the needs. Ed Ebrahimian, City of Los Angeles “Changing our Glow for Efficiency” 2013 DOE Solid- State Ligh7ng R&D Workshop This “white” light has low color qualities and is unable to adjust to different lighting needs, for instance in schools. Great, so why isn’t this good enough?
- 29. The field of making pn-junctions out of GaN has enabled the fabrication of white LEDs, today slowly taking over much of the lighting sector, SSL. Human-Centric lighting can offer ideal spectral characteristics with a “blue/cold” character or with a “warm” character - with a dynamic control. This “white” light has low color qualities and is unable to adjust to different lighting needs, for instance in schools. Great, so why isn’t this good enough?
- 30. Great. so why isn’t this good enough? The field of making pn-junctions out of GaN has enabled the fabrication of white LEDs, today slowly taking over much of the lighting sector, SSL. Human-Centric lighting can offer ideal spectral characteristics with a “blue/cold” character or with a “warm” character - with a dynamic control. Human-Centric lighting
- 31. The field of making pn-junctions out of GaN has enabled the fabrication of white LEDs, today slowly taking over much of the lighting sector, SSL. Human-Centric lighting can offer ideal spectral characteristics with a “blue/cold” character or with a “warm” character - with a dynamic control. This “white” light has low color qualities and is unable to adjust to different lighting needs, for instance in schools. Great, so why isn’t this good enough?
- 32. The field of making pn-junctions out of GaN has enabled the fabrication of white LEDs, today slowly taking over much of the lighting sector, SSL. Blue + Phosphors Blue GaN LED Green GaN LED Red GaAs LED White LightHuman-Centric lighting can offer ideal spectral characteristics with a “blue/cold” character or with a “warm” character - with a dynamic control. This “white” light has low color qualities and is unable to adjust to different lighting needs, for instance in schools. Great, so why isn’t this good enough?
- 33. Great, so why isn’t this good enough? Why do we need novel nanotechnology approaches to improve things? We need ultra-bright BLUE, GREEN and RED light to make WHITE
- 34. Great, so why isn’t this good enough? Why do we need novel nanotechnology approaches to improve things? We need ultra-bright BLUE, GREEN and RED light to make WHITE The GREEN valley
- 35. Why do we need novel nanotechnology approaches to improve things? 1) Today’s GaN (still) has very high defect densities, while GaN nanowires can be made virtually dislocation-free GaN nanowires (NWs) Great, so why isn’t this good enough?
- 36. Why do we need novel nanotechnology approaches to improve things? 1) Today’s GaN (still) has very high defect densities, while GaN nanowires can be made virtually dislocation-free 2) Today’s planar GaN cannot reach long wave-length, due to the inability to incorporate sufficient amount of In in the InGaN GaN nanowires (NWs) Great, so why isn’t this good enough?
- 37. Great, so why isn’t this good enough? Why do we need novel nanotechnology approaches to improve things? 1) Today’s GaN (still) has very high defect densities, while GaN nanowires can be made virtually dislocation-free 2) Today’s planar GaN cannot reach long wave-length, due to the inability to incorporate sufficient amount of In in the InGaN 3) Today’s planar GaN LEDs are negatively influenced by built-in piezo-electric fields that separate electrons and holes in the c- direction, but nanowire LEDs can be made on non-polar m-planes GaN nanowires (NWs)
- 38. In our approach we grow ideal, perfect arrays of GaN nano- wires by seeding nucleation in ≈100nm holes in a SiNx mask glō
- 39. NanoLund and its Solid State Lighting Research Center develops, jointly with Glo AB, NW-LEDs for highly efficient illumination with very high quality color characteristics Cathode Anode p-spreading contact glō Monemar, Ohlsson, Gardner and Samuelson,“"Nanowire-based visible light emitters, present status and outlook", REVIEW Article (2016).
- 40. First market applications of nanoLEDs: RGB color addressing of backlit LCD- screens for smart phones, tablets, computers, TV-screens etc glō Television Tablet Desktop PC Notebook PC Monitor Naviga7on Smartphone Digital Signage
- 41. Next Generation LED-based Bulbless Luminaires Bulb-less, free form luminaires Bulb-less, luminous wall coverings Today’s LED bulbs will morph into ... glō
- 42. Nanotechnology is offering highly efficient & affordable solar-cells for renewable energy!
- 43. So - “HERE COMES THE SUN” - AGAIN Nanotechnology is offering highly efficient & affordable solar-cells for renewable energy!
- 44. So - “HERE COMES THE SUN” - AGAIN TO SAVE THE EARTH AND OFFER THE IDEAL & ABUNDANT RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCE! Nanotechnology is offering highly efficient & affordable solar-cells for renewable energy!
- 45. THE 1 000 000 000 000 000 photons/mm2 & sec corresponds to about 1 kW per m2, which in turn means that the earth every hour receives as much solar energy flux as the earth consumes in a year! So - “HERE COMES THE SUN” - AGAIN TO SAVE THE EARTH AND OFFER THE IDEAL & ABUNDANT RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCE! Nanotechnology is offering highly efficient & affordable solar-cells for renewable energy!
- 46. Annual energy from the sun Solar is the only solution Coal EquivalentStockofEnergySource Annual energy use OilNat. gasUran
- 47. The red squares represent the area that would be enough for solar power plants to produce a quantity of electricity consumed by the world today, in Europe (EU-25) and Germany (De). (Data provided by the German Aerospace Centre (DLR), 2005) THE 1 000 000 000 000 000 photons/mm2 & sec corresponds to about 1 kW per m2, which in turn means that the earth every hour receives as much solar energy flux as the earth consumes in a year!
- 48. SO - HOW CAN WE USE NANOTECHNOLOGY TO HARVEST ENERGY FROM THE SUN AND MAKE IT AVAILABLE TO US?
- 49. SO - HOW CAN WE USE NANOTECHNOLOGY TO HARVEST ENERGY FROM THE SUN AND MAKE IT AVAILABLE TO US? How does Mother nature harvest sun- light?
- 50. How does Mother nature harvest sun- light? Chlorophyll molecules absorb photons from the sun, SO - HOW CAN WE USE NANOTECHNOLOGY TO HARVEST ENERGY FROM THE SUN AND MAKE IT AVAILABLE TO US?
- 51. SO - HOW CAN WE USE NANOTECHNOLOGY TO HARVEST ENERGY FROM THE SUN AND MAKE IT AVAILABLE TO US? How does Mother nature harvest sun- light? Chlorophyll molecules absorb photons from the sun, creating electron-hole pairs that very quickly are separated, giving rise to creation of biomaterial.
- 52. SO - HOW CAN WE USE NANOTECHNOLOGY TO HARVEST ENERGY FROM THE SUN AND MAKE IT AVAILABLE TO US? How does Mother nature harvest sun- light? Chlorophyll molecules absorb photons from the sun, creating electron-hole pairs that very quickly are separated, giving rise to creation of biomaterial.
- 53. In a photovoltaic (PV) solar-cell, absorption of photons from the sun leads to creation of electron- hole pairs that very quickly are separated by the electric field, generating electrical power. SO - HOW CAN WE USE NANOTECHNOLOGY TO HARVEST ENERGY FROM THE SUN AND MAKE IT AVAILABLE TO US? How does Mother nature harvest sun- light? Chlorophyll molecules absorb photons from the sun, creating electron-hole pairs that very quickly are separated, giving rise to creation of biomaterial.
- 54. In a photovoltaic (PV) solar-cell, absorption of photons from the sun leads to creation of electron- hole pairs that very quickly are separated by the electric field, generating electrical power. SO - HOW CAN WE USE NANOTECHNOLOGY TO HARVEST ENERGY FROM THE SUN AND MAKE IT AVAILABLE TO US? How does Mother nature harvest sun- light? Chlorophyll molecules absorb photons from the sun, creating electron-hole pairs that very quickly are separated, giving rise to creation of biomaterial.
- 55. In a photovoltaic (PV) solar-cell, absorption of photons from the sun leads to creation of electron- hole pairs that very quickly are separated by the electric field, generating electrical power. SO - HOW CAN WE USE NANOTECHNOLOGY TO HARVEST ENERGY FROM THE SUN AND MAKE IT AVAILABLE TO US? How does Mother nature harvest sun- light? Chlorophyll molecules absorb photons from the sun, creating electron-hole pairs that very quickly are separated, giving rise to creation of biomaterial.
- 56. In a photovoltaic (PV) solar-cell, absorption of photons from the sun leads to creation of electron- hole pairs that very quickly are separated by the electric field, generating electrical power. SO - HOW CAN WE USE NANOTECHNOLOGY TO HARVEST ENERGY FROM THE SUN AND MAKE IT AVAILABLE TO US? How does Mother nature harvest sun- light? Chlorophyll molecules absorb photons from the sun, creating electron-hole pairs that very quickly are separated, giving rise to creation of biomaterial.
- 57. LOAD In a photovoltaic (PV) solar-cell, absorption of photons from the sun leads to creation of electron- hole pairs that very quickly are separated by the electric field, generating electrical power. “BASICALLY SAME MECHANISMS: NOTHING NEW UNDER THE SUN!” SO - HOW CAN WE USE NANOTECHNOLOGY TO HARVEST ENERGY FROM THE SUN AND MAKE IT AVAILABLE TO US? How does Mother nature harvest sun- light? Chlorophyll molecules absorb photons from the sun, creating electron-hole pairs that very quickly are separated, giving rise to creation of biomaterial.
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- 60. Gen 3.5 (Lund Univ.) Gen 4+ (Sol Voltaics) 23/11/14 Aerotaxy)Gen)4 • Sol)Voltaics’)lab)in)Lund) • Pre9pilot)produc;on) • Up)to)six)growth)stages) • Started)in)October914 Images by Luke Hankin, Sol Voltaics AB 1"µm" 0.5"µm" “K A Wallenberg Foundation”: “Aerotaxy: a revolutionary new way to grow semiconductor nanowires”
- 61. By semiconductor device technology - and Materials Science for Nanowires we can now offer: Nanotechnology providing efficient lighting & solar energy to the world
- 62. I: efficient and “cold” light as energy-saving ideal lamps: Light-emitting diodes, LEDs +- By semiconductor device technology - and Materials Science for Nanowires we can now offer: Nanotechnology providing efficient lighting & solar energy to the world glō
- 63. II: efficient harvesting of the energy from the sun, in: I: efficient and “cold” light as energy-saving ideal lamps: Light-emitting diodes, LEDs Photovoltaic (PV) Solar Cells +- LOAD By semiconductor device technology - and Materials Science for Nanowires we can now offer: Nanotechnology providing efficient lighting & solar energy to the world glō
- 64. Outlook: “NANOSCIENCE FOR THE BENEFIT OF THE DEVELOPING WORLD”
- 65. NANOWIRE technology offers unique opportunities for: Outlook: “NANOSCIENCE FOR THE BENEFIT OF THE DEVELOPING WORLD”
- 66. NANOWIRE technology offers unique opportunities for: Distributed Energy supply via Solar Cells Outlook: “NANOSCIENCE FOR THE BENEFIT OF THE DEVELOPING WORLD”
- 67. NANOWIRE technology offers unique opportunities for: Distributed Energy supply via Solar Cells Outlook: “NANOSCIENCE FOR THE BENEFIT OF THE DEVELOPING WORLD”
- 68. Distributed Energy supply via Solar Cells Efficient low-voltage lighting via LEDs NANOWIRE technology offers unique opportunities for: Outlook: “NANOSCIENCE FOR THE BENEFIT OF THE DEVELOPING WORLD”
- 69. Distributed Energy supply via Solar Cells Efficient low-voltage lighting via LEDs Supply of drinkable water via UV-LEDs NANOWIRE technology offers unique opportunities for: Outlook: “NANOSCIENCE FOR THE BENEFIT OF THE DEVELOPING WORLD”
- 70. Distributed Energy supply via Solar Cells Efficient low-voltage lighting via LEDs Supply of drinkable water via UV-LEDs Health monitoring via Nano-fluidic lab-on-chip NANOWIRE technology offers unique opportunities for: PI Jonas Tegenfeldt Outlook: “NANOSCIENCE FOR THE BENEFIT OF THE DEVELOPING WORLD”
- 71. Distributed Energy supply via Solar Cells Efficient low-voltage lighting via LEDs Supply of drinkable water via UV-LEDs Health monitoring via Nano-fluidic lab-on-chip NANOWIRE technology offers unique opportunities for: PI Jonas Tegenfeldt Outlook: “NANOSCIENCE FOR THE BENEFIT OF THE DEVELOPING WORLD” Northern Europe’s Materials Science and Nano-Innova7on Center Science Village Scandinavia ProNano Fab Materials Business Center Presently is being planned how to optimally transform Key Enabling Technologies from basic research into Sustainable Business, via the creation of ProNano as a nanotechnology pilot plant facility for start-ups and established companies.
- 72. LET THERE BE LIGHT EMITTING DIODES and INEXPENSIVE & EFFICIENT SOLAR CELLS In 10 years: ≈ 1BSEK for R&D in Glo & Sol Voltaics In 15 years: ≈ 1BSEK for Nanoscience at Lund Univ. THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION! - with special thanks to George Harrison (Mysty Music) for the music and to Markus Samuelson for guitar picking!