Layout
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The document provides an overview of the key components and systems of an automobile, including: - The basic structure or chassis, which includes the frame, suspension system, axles, wheels, and tires. - The power unit, typically an internal combustion engine. - The transmission system, which includes the clutch, gearbox, propeller shaft, and differential. - Auxiliary components like the controls and superstructure that are mounted on the chassis. It also discusses different suspension types, powertrain configurations like front-engine rear-wheel drive, and ways that automobiles can be classified.
Layout
- 1. Introduction to Automobile The Layout
- 2. Components of an Automobile • The basic structure • The power unit • The transmission system • The auxiliaries • The controls • The superstructure
- 3. The Basic Structure (Chassis) • This is the unit on which the other units are mounted. • It consists of:- – Frame – The Suspension system – Axles – Wheels – Tyres
- 4. 1. Frame • There consists of two distinct forms construction in common use: 1. The conventional pressed steel frame to which all units are mounted 2. The integral or frameless construction, in which the body structure is so designed so as to combine the functions of body and frame.
- 5. Frameless - Advantages • Reduced weight and consequent saving in fuel consumption • Lower manufacturing costs • Safety to passengers • Increased stability of the automobile
- 6. Disadvantages • Reduction in strength and durability • Economical only if it is adopted in mass production • Increased cost or repairs • Convertible cars are difficult to design in frameless construction
- 7. 2. Suspension System • The objects of the suspension are: – To prevent the road shocks from being transmitted to the vehicle components – To safeguard the occupants from road shocks – To preserve the stability of the vehicle while in motion
- 8. Suspension system Leaf Springs
- 9. Suspension system • There are two distinct types of suspension systems: – The conventional system, in which the road springs are attached to a rigid beam axle. – The independent system, in which there is no rigid axle beam and each wheel is free to move vertically
- 11. 3. Axles • It is the wait carrying members, may be on the rear or front, are beams supported at ends. • Axles are subjects to different kin of loads: – Vertical load due to self weight – A fore and aft load due to driving and braking – Torque reactions due to drive and brake – Side thrust due to centrifugal force during conference
- 12. Axles • There are three different types live rear axles a) Fully floating type b) Three quarter floating type c) Semi-floating type
- 13. 4. Wheels • Different types of wheels have been used in automobiles over generations according to the requirement Wire-spoked wheels Pressed steel wheels Light alloy wheels
- 14. The Power Plant (Engine) • The engine provides the power to move the vehicle • It generally consists of an IC engine, either SI or CI • Gas turbines also have been used in vehicles • Now, electric batteries for propelling the vehicle
- 15. The Transmission System • The transmission system consists of a – Clutch, – Gear box, – Propeller shaft, and – Differential
- 16. Layout of the transmission system
- 17. The Transmission System • The functions of a transmission system are: – To disconnect the engine from road wheel when desired – To connect the engine to the driving wheels without shock – To vary the leverage between the engine and the driving wheels
- 18. The Transmission System – To reduce the engine speed permanently in a fixed ratio – To turn the drive through a right angle – To make provision for the flexing of the road springs
- 19. The Transmission System • The various components which perform the above mentioned functions are: – Clutch:- To disengage the system from the engine and to engage without shock to road wheels – Gear box:- Provides the necessary leverage variation between the engine and road wheels
- 20. The Transmission System – Bevel pinion and crown wheels:- They turn the drive round through 90° and also provide permanent reduction in speed – Universal joints:- Provide for the relative movement between the engine and the driving wheels due to flexing of road springs. – Differential:- Helps to attain different speeds at different wheels while taking a turn
- 21. Different types of arrangements The different types of the arrangement of transmission could be • Front engine and front wheel drive • Rear engine and rear wheel drive • Front engine and four wheel drive
- 22. Front engine FWD • The power is transmitted to front axles, from the front engine (Front Wheel Drive) • A few advantages are: i. The propeller shaft is eliminated. This permits low chassis height ii. The pulls the car than pushing it, avoiding skidding tendency. iii. Better road adhesion.
- 23. FWD
- 24. Layout of FWD
- 25. FWD • A few disadvantages are: i. The whole arrangement over front wheels is complicated. ii. Constant velocity joints have to be used instead of universal joints iii. Decrease of tractive forces when the vehicle is up the grade.
- 26. Rear engine RWD • The engine is placed at the rear and the rear wheels are the driven wheels • Advantages are: i. Better tractive forces up the grade ii. Front axle construction is simplified iii. Absence of propeller shaft allows decrease in chassis height
- 27. RWD • The disadvantages are: i. May lose balance at high speeds. ii. Complicated linkage is required between the engine, clutch and gearbox. iii. Rear position of engine, cooling effect is reduced.
- 28. Front engine four wheel drive • Vehicles which operate on rough roads and unexpected road profiles, all the four wheels are the driving wheels • It has got an extra transfer box, which divides the torque between front and rear wheels. • Also there is a provision for disengaging the front wheels when not required.
- 29. 4WD
- 30. 4WD Transfer Box in 4WD
- 31. 4WD • The main advantage of the 4WD is that when any wheels fall into a ditch or a hole, they can be driven out with the help of other wheels or power being delivered to the same wheel • But this advantage can only at the cost of extra fuel consumption.
- 32. Classification Automobiles can be classified in different in ways according to:- 1.Use i. Mopeds ii. Motor cycles, scooters iii. Cars, jeeps iv. Buses and trucks
- 33. Classifications 2. Capacity i. Heavy transport ii. Light weight transport 2. Make and model i. Honda, Bajaj, TVS, etc. ii. Maruti Suzuki, Tata, Mahindra etc. iii. BMW, Audi, Ford, Mitsubishi etc.
- 34. Classifications 4. Fuel Used i. Petrol vehicles ii. Diesel vehicles 4. Body style i. Closed cars e.g., sedan, coupe etc. ii. Open cars e.g., convertible iii. Special styles e.g., estate cars, station wagons etc.
- 35. Classifications 6. Transmission i. Manual ii. Semi-automatic iii. Fully-automatic iv. Continuously variable transmission v. Automated manual
- 36. Car Body Styles I. Closed cars: a. Sedan – has two or four doors, single compartment with two rows of seats. b. Hatchback – A sedan with a door at the back c. Coupe – only one row of seats for two persons. Only two doors are provided.
- 37. Different Closed Cars Honda Sedan
- 38. Different Closed Cars Suzuki SX4
- 39. Different Closed Cars Ford Fiesta 5 door hatchback
- 40. Different Closed Cars Honda Civic Hatchback
- 41. Different Closed Cars Honda Genesis Coupe
- 42. Different Closed Cars Honda Accord Coupe
- 43. Different Closed Cars BMW X Coupe
- 44. Car Body Styles II. Open cars a) Sports – Has two doors or less, provided with a collapsible hood, a fold-flat windscreen and removable side-screen. b) Convertible – Roof in this is of folding type. So the car roof can be closed or opened.
- 45. Different Open Cars Peugeot 9009 Sports Car
- 46. Different Open Cars Dodge Viper Sports Car
- 47. Different Open Cars Audi Sports Car
- 48. Different Open Cars Ford Mustang Convertible
- 49. Different Open Cars BMW M3 Convertible
- 50. Different Open Cars BMW M6 Convertible
- 51. Different Open Cars Chevrolet Camaro Convertible
- 52. Car Body Styles III. Special styles a) Estate car – A sedan with the passenger roof extended up to rear end. Rear seats are usually collapsible for loading. b) Station wagon – Rear doors and four or five person seating capacity.
- 53. Special Style Cars Mercedes AMG Estate
- 54. Special Style Cars Audi RS 6 Estate Car
- 55. Special Style Cars Renault Clio Estate
- 56. Special Style Cars Ford Mustang Station Wagon
- 57. Special Style Cars Station Wagon
- 58. Special Style Cars Station Wagon
- 59. Thank You