Part 1. Local Territorial System and Sustainability
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This PhD project examines the spatial expansion of the oil industry in Ecuador and resulting environmental conflicts. The student will analyze the case study of Yasuni National Park in Ecuador using a framework that views territories as complex systems of material and immaterial relationships between societies and the environment. A literature review covers topics like biodiversity conservation, ecosystem services, and integrating environmental sustainability into models of local development.
Part 1. Local Territorial System and Sustainability
- 1. PhD project: Spatial Expansion of the Oil Amazon Frontier and Environmental Conflicts in Ecuador Università degli Studi di Padova Scuola di Dottorato in Scienze Storiche PhD Student: Eugenio Pappalardo Supervisor: Dr. Massimo de Marchi Dipartimento di Geografia “G. Morandini” Indirizzo “Geografia Umana e Geografia Fisica
- 2. seminar structure keywords theoretical and operative framework: SLoT and sustainibility the environmental issues biodiversity conservation and sustainable development introduction to the case study “Yasuni” in Ecuador geographical and territorial framework territorialization processes in Amazon context didactic tools: rainstorming power point videos working group
- 3. LD not just a growth of a productive sector or aggregation of enterprise LD as a process of territorial development based on sustainable use of the material and unmaterial resources It involves the social and cultural sphere and the capacity of self-organization of subjects (Dematteis, Governa, 2005) globalization and post-fordism historic phase between actors, social structures and territory mutual complex relationships and ricursive processes: tendency towards hyper-connection between places (short/long networks), (case study) process of fragmentation: economy, politics, society, natural environment, territory (case study) Territorialist perspective of Local Development: Introduction
- 4. Introduction wider analysis on local territorial systems issue of the territorial and environmental sustainability relationships between local systems and ecosystems Integrating the perspective of the SLoT model on the local complexity environment in its socio-economic components using a complex vision to represent “natural environment” as well. Aim: use of the ecosystem reading key use the territoriality as synthesis category assuming the relationships between society, alterity and externality both at local and at global scale (Dematteis, Governa, 2005)
- 5. Introduction Using this new category allows to combine the global imperative with the local needs proposing a process of territorialization of the sustainable development , combining the interests to development and the priorities of sustainability sustainable territoriality means assuming the awareness of the unmaterial and material relationships linking Society and Environment local to global scale Internationalization of the environmental issue: UNCED Earth Summit, CBD (Rio de Janeiro, 1992) COP and SBSTTA UNFCCC and IPCC (UN)
- 6. social-economical environment passive support complexity environment local territory natural environment green urban areas mine and dump (Sacks, 1998) ecosystems complex network of ecosystems (Dematteis, Governa, 2005) Integrated components trivial machine summary of components operative-analytic perspective functionalist approach political-normative perspective epistemologic perspective territorialist perspective
- 7. The territorialist perspective on LD the territory as epicentre of sustainability concept territory is a set of material and unmaterial complex relationships sustainability is not referred just to the economic-functional space neither to a non-humanized environment sustainability pass through a territory definetely anthropized based on specific and contextualized relationships of coevolution between local socienties and natural environment (Dematteis, Governa, 2005)
- 8. Local Territorial System (SLoT) and sustainability Natural environment the SLoT model refers to the relationships between local network, milieu and ecosystems sustainability as conservation of territorial capital ecosystems as a “black box” ( Dematteis, Governa 2005) A SLoT is able of sustainable self-reproduction if: the collective territorial actor, interacting with other local systems and sovra-local levels, produces value without loosing the territorial capital both the local one and the other territories involved in the process (Dematteis, Governa, 2005) sustainability
- 9. territorial capital and ecosystems Nature is not just an external “re-source” to be exploited as much and as faster as possible for human production and consumption (Pignatti 2002, Rifkin, 2004; Tiezzi 2000) - open system obeying to the thermodinamic principles self-organizing system actions, feedback loops (positive and negative) non-linear relationships between components non-predictable behaviour Nature is a complex system (ecosystem, biosphere): (Bertalanffy, 1968)
- 10. ecosystems properties and territorial complexity spatial configuration – global relationships every ecosystem exchange energy, matter and informations with other ecosystems through a complex network of relationships from local scale to the global one. Appropriate analysis of the environmetal component has to consider local, middle and global scale at global scale emerging effects are not a merely sum of all the ecosystems, but they results complex interactions and sinergic relationships i.e.: - atmosferic oxygen regulation - gas emissions - deforestation In this theoretical framework the environmetal issue takes place
- 11. the environmental issue Tra il 12% ed il 52% dei taxa attualmente conosciuti sono al momento minacciati di estinzione (IUCN Red List, 2001) Anthropogenic direct drivers cambiamento d’uso dei suoli ( land use ) sovrasfruttamento delle risorse naturali introduzione di specie alloctone invasive ( alien species ) diffusione di agenti patogeni e contaminanti cambiamenti climatici globali - Frammentazione - Perdita e/o degradazione degli habitat (Primack, 2004)
- 12. ECOSYSTEMS – PRODUCTION SYSTEMS – ECONOMICAL SYSTEMS ECOSYSTEMS (Tiezzi, 2005) PRODUCTION SYSTEM natural resources ECONOMIC SYSTEM goods and services capital pollution ecological crisis energetic crisis economic crisis
- 13. An ecosystem is a dynamic complex of plant, animal, and microorganism communities and the nonliving environment, interacting as a functional unit. Ecosystems Humans are an integral part of ecosystems. ECOSYSTEM APPROCH CBD (UNCED, Rio de Janeiro, 1992) COP, SBSTTA (Montreal, 2000)
- 14. The Ecosystem Approach: a bridge between the environment and human well-being a strategy for the integrated management of land, water and living resources that promotes conservation and sustainable use in an equitable way. reach the 3 objectives of CBD : conservation; sustainable use; and the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of the utilization of genetic resources. it is based on the application of appropriate scientific methodologies focused on levels of biological organization, which encompass the essential structure, processes, functions and interactions among organisms and their environment. It recognizes that humans, with their cultural diversity, are an integral component of many ecosystems.
- 15. Ecosystems services ecosystems are not just a passive support, they are active agents that permanently play crucial roles in functions and services Ecosystem Services: the benefits people obtain from ecosystems Ecosystem services are the conditions and processes through which natural ecosystems, and the species that make them up, sustain and fulfill human life. They maintain biodiversity and the production of ecosystem goods, such as seafood, forage timber, biomass fuels, natural fiber, and many pharmaceuticals, industrial products, and their precursors (MA, 2005).
- 16. what is biodiversity? multiscalar concept of biological diversity genes, species, community, ecosystem, meta-ecosystems At every geographical scale: local, regional and global scale biodiversity
- 17. Ecosystems services E.S. include provisioning, regulating, and cultural services that directly affect people and supporting services needed to maintain the other services. E.S. is a multiscale concept: from local scale to the global one E.S. include both natural and human-modified ecosystems as sources of ecosystem services (i.e. agrosystems). E.S. encompass both the tangible and the intangible benefits humans obtain from ecosystems, which are sometimes separated into “goods” and “services” respectively. (MA, 2005)
- 18. Ecosystems services provisioning services (products obtained from ecosystems) regulating services (benefits obtained from regulation of ecosystem processes) cultural services (nonmaterial services) Food Freshwater Fuelwood Fibers Biochemicals Genetic resources climate regulation diseases regulation water regulation water purification pollination spiritual and religious recreational and ecoturism sense of place educational cultural heritage
- 19. Ecosystems services supporting services services necessary for the production of all the ecosystem services soil formation nutrient cycling primary production They differ from provisioning, regulating, and cultural services in that their impacts on people are either indirect or occur over a very long time, whereas changes in the other categories have relatively direct and short-term impacts on people.
- 20. Ecosystems services supporting provisioning regulating cultural
- 21. Ecosystems and evolution of the SLoT Model representing the “natural component” means taking in account: existence of ecosystems complexity plots between ecosystems at local scale network of relationships, feedback loops between local and global scale
- 23. Ecosystems and evolution of the SLoT Model At local scale: what does the SLoT model see as “local natural component”? What does “local ecosystem” means? presence of different ecosystems mutual relationships between ecosystems spatial overlap and contacts with systems regulated by societies (agrosystems or part of it, antropized areas, urban areas, etc) in the SLoT there are local network of “ecological agents” wich interact between them (ecosystem or part of it, wetlands, woodlands, grasslands, Biotopes)
- 24. Ecosystems and evolution of the SLoT Model At global scale: a global network connecting different local ecosystems, different local networks of “ecological agents” It is the same role of the long mesh network extending at global scale, connecting different anthropic actor considered by the SLoT. Representation of the “natural component” assumed as the socio-economic components having global and local networks of social and economical actors demandin, supplying and exchanging economic and social services. How does this parralelism sound? Is that comparable?
- 25. Towards an environmental sustanability ecosystem services do not dipend by static conditions E.S. are results of permanent complex processes with they own rithms and velocity Sustainability is not just a matter of quantity, but it refers to time-scales, rithms and carrying capacity of ecosystems. one action is environmetally sustainable if the use of E.S. has a rate lower (or equal) to whom produced by ecosystem its own.