Lec 3 socio
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The document discusses the key topics in paleontology and human evolution. It describes several important early human ancestors discovered in Africa such as Proconsul, Ramapithecus, and Australopithecus that showed increasingly human-like traits. It also outlines the evolution of Homo species including Pithecanthropines, Neanderthals, and Homo sapiens. The document traces human taxonomy and compares primate tendencies to the unique behaviors that distinguish humans.
Lec 3 socio
- 1. Lecture 3 Sociology with Anthropology 1 st Quarter –1 st Semester SY 2011-2012
- 2. Is a science concerned with the study of man Main focus: the feature that is unique to humans – the cultural behavior.
- 3. Political Economics Education Science Man’s production, Man’s distribution, & Man’s formal government consumption of training goods Sociology Medicine Man’s society Man’s health
- 4. Paleontology – the study of extinct animals. - the study of remains of ancient organisms that are occasionally preserved in earth layers of different age. Fossils – remains of the past organisms
- 5. Fossils: Skeleton Imprints of body structures Frozen animals Preserved animals found in logs
- 6. Fossil record Adds time depth to the biological picture Yields actual ancestral types from which relatively similar living forms of organisms could have been derived Provides diachronic proof of common ancestry
- 7. Methods: Relative Dating Method Is used if the concern evolutionary sequences makes important to know which forms of life came after which. Object/specimen can be arranged in chronological order but the exact age may not be known. Ex: flourine, uranium, & nitrogen tests
- 8. Absolute Method Can determine the exact or approximately exact ages. Determines the evolutionary sequences of two crucial fossils or cultural deposits Ex: (a) Physico chemical dating (uses uranium & thorium); (b) Potassium argon dating (used to determine the age of rocks in deposits, not the fossil)
- 9. Carbon 14 (C14) dating ◦ Used with organic materials like wood, bone seeds, & other organic materials. Biological Analysis (a) Pollen Analysis or Polynology – analyzes the relative frequencies of different kinds of pollen in reconstructing local climatic conditions in recent deposits. (b) Dendrochronology (tree-ring dating) – it uses the fact that tree grows faster in wet years than in dry years, shown on the annual growth rings.
- 10. How do species originate? Has it undergone the gradual process of evolution over a number of generations?
- 11. Natural Selection (Charles Darwin, 1882 & Alfred Wallace) They demonstrated that inheritable variations are differentially affected by the environment. They asserted that those who possess adaptively valuable qualities in their environment will be at an advantage in comparison with those who do not possess such qualities
- 12. Genetics (Gregor Mendel) Genes – carry hereditary traits - subject to occasional unpredictable alterations (mutations)
- 13. Evolutionary theories say that man evolved from apes The Bible says that God created man
- 15. Proconsul Discovered by Leakey in Rusinga Island 3 species: Proconsul Africanus (gibbon-sized type) Proconsul Nyanzae (chimpanzee- sized type) Proconsul Major (gorilla-sized type)
- 16. Ramapithecus brevirostis Emerged from dyopithecines Discovered where lateral incisors, premolars and the first 2 molars showed that the upper jaw was more manlike. Its dental structures points squarely in the direction of man.
- 17. Australopithecines Extinct ape men of early Pleistocene Africa Feet and legs were thoroughly man-like Skulls were more ape-like Teeth, bones of lower extremities and the hips are more human- like
- 18. Pithecanthropines East Asian Apes of the middle Pleistocene period Small frontal lobe of the brain Walked erect Culture consisted of quartize pebble tools Used fire for cooking and warmth Occasionally cannibalism
- 19. Pithecanthropus erectus – Javanese variety; discovered by Eugene Dubois at Trimil Central Java. Upright ape-man.
- 20. Pithecanthropus pekinensis – Chinese variety; discovered by Dr. Von Koenigswald. Peking man cranial capacity averaging about 1,000 cubic cm Flat skull Small forehead limb bones are indistinguishable from those of modern humans. Teeth are essentially modern
- 21. Pithecanthropines Pithecanthropus robustus - Teeth were essentially human Brain volume is 770- 1000 cubic cm Discovered by Davidson Black in a cave of Peking (Cheukouten)
- 22. Neanderthal Man Discovered during the middle Palaeolithic era Has flat, heavy skull & slant forehead Large brow ridges Broad flat nose Heavy jutting jaw Was replaced by the Homo sapiens
- 23. Homo sapiens (modern man) Varieties of modern man: Cro-magnon of France Slightly taller and more ruggedly built man than the contemporary European man White-skinned
- 24. Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Class Mammalia Infraclass Eutheria Order Primata Suborder Anthropoidea Infraorder Catarrhini Superfamiliy Hominoidea Family Hominidae Tribe Hominini Genus Homo Species Homo sapiens Subspecies Homo sapiens sapiens
- 25. Primate Tendencies (Anthropoid Primates): Grasping Smell to Sight Nose to Hand Brain Complexity Parental Investment Sociality Primates Common Behavior: Learning Tool Predation and Hunting Human vs. Other Primates: Sharing and Cooperation Mating and Kinship