Lect -brainstem
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The document summarizes key structures and functions of the brain stem. It describes three main regions - midbrain, pons, and medulla. Major activities of the brain stem include acting as a conduit for ascending and descending pathways, integrating complex motor patterns, and regulating respiratory, cardiovascular, and arousal functions. It also describes key pathways like the corticospinal tract and important nuclei, including the raphe, locus ceruleus, and substantia nigra that are involved in functions like mood, movement, and stress responses. Disruption of the substantia nigra and nucleus basalis are implicated in Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases respectively.
Lect -brainstem
- 1. Brain StemBrain Stem SMS 1084SMS 1084 Dr. Mohanad R. AlwanDr. Mohanad R. Alwan
- 2. Major Brain Stem ActivitiesMajor Brain Stem Activities ConduitConduit Ascending and descending pathwaysAscending and descending pathways Integrative functionsIntegrative functions Complex motor patternsComplex motor patterns Respiratory and cardiovascular activityRespiratory and cardiovascular activity Regulation of arousal and level ofRegulation of arousal and level of consciousnessconsciousness Cranial Nerve functionsCranial Nerve functions
- 5. MidbrainMidbrain Cerebral PedunclesCerebral Peduncles Interpeduncular cisternInterpeduncular cistern Origin of CN III -- Oculomotor NerveOrigin of CN III -- Oculomotor Nerve Corpora QuadrigeminaCorpora Quadrigemina Superior ColliculiSuperior Colliculi Inferior ColliculiInferior Colliculi
- 6. MidbrainMidbrain Substantia nigraSubstantia nigra Red nucleusRed nucleus
- 8. PonsPons Cerebellar PedunclesCerebellar Peduncles Superior (Dives under the colliculi)Superior (Dives under the colliculi) Middle (Bridge of the pons)Middle (Bridge of the pons) Inferior (inferior/medial to middle)Inferior (inferior/medial to middle) Floor of the 4th VentricleFloor of the 4th Ventricle
- 9. PonsPons 4th ventricle4th ventricle Pontine nucleiPontine nuclei Locus ceruleusLocus ceruleus
- 10. PonsPons
- 12. PonsPons Middle cerebellar peduncle Inferior cerebellar peduncles Superior cerebellar peduncles
- 13. PonsPons 4th Ventricle4th Ventricle Inflow from aqueduct ofInflow from aqueduct of SylviusSylvius Sulcus limitansSulcus limitans
- 14. MedullaMedulla PyramidsPyramids Pyramidal decussationPyramidal decussation Inferior oliveInferior olive Obex (inferiormost point of the 4thObex (inferiormost point of the 4th ventricle)ventricle)
- 17. Caudal MedullaCaudal Medulla Sensory nucleiSensory nuclei Nucleus GracilisNucleus Gracilis Nuclues CuneatusNuclues Cuneatus Pyramidal decussationPyramidal decussation
- 18. Tectum and TegmentumTectum and Tegmentum TectumTectum Area posterior to the ventricular spaceArea posterior to the ventricular space Only prominent in the midbrainOnly prominent in the midbrain Superior and inferior colliculi (“tectal plate”)Superior and inferior colliculi (“tectal plate”)
- 19. Tectum and TegmentumTectum and Tegmentum Tectal Plate
- 20. Tectum and TegmentumTectum and Tegmentum TegmentumTegmentum Area anterior to the ventricular space (but notArea anterior to the ventricular space (but not everything anterior)everything anterior) This is the embryologically oldest areas of theThis is the embryologically oldest areas of the brainstembrainstem
- 21. Big Four PathwaysBig Four Pathways
- 22. Remember the Big Four?Remember the Big Four? Corticospinal tract Dorsal Columns Spinothalamic tract Spinocerebellar tracts
- 23. Big Four PathwaysBig Four Pathways Corticospinal tractCorticospinal tract Descending motorDescending motor Spinothalamic tractSpinothalamic tract Ascending pain/temperatureAscending pain/temperature Dorsal columns/Medial lemniscusDorsal columns/Medial lemniscus Ascending somatosensory and consciousAscending somatosensory and conscious proprioceptionproprioception Spinocerebellar tractsSpinocerebellar tracts Ascending unconscious proprioceptionAscending unconscious proprioception
- 24. The Big Four -- Caudal MedullaThe Big Four -- Caudal Medulla Corticospinal tract Medial Lemniscus Spinothalamic tract Spinocerebellar tracts Lateral Cuneate Nucleus
- 25. The Big Four…err…three -- PonsThe Big Four…err…three -- Pons Corticospinal tract Medial Lemniscus Spinothalamic tract
- 26. The Big Three -- MidbrainThe Big Three -- Midbrain Corticospinal tract Medial Lemniscus Spinothalamic tract
- 27. Brain Stem NucleiBrain Stem Nuclei
- 28. Brain Stem NucleiBrain Stem Nuclei Major neurotransmitter nucleiMajor neurotransmitter nuclei Reticular formation (not really a “nucleus”Reticular formation (not really a “nucleus” but acts like a group of nuclei)but acts like a group of nuclei) Nuclei associated with cranial nervesNuclei associated with cranial nerves
- 29. Raphe NucleiRaphe Nuclei Ridge of cells along the midline in theRidge of cells along the midline in the center of the brainstemcenter of the brainstem Multiple nucleiMultiple nuclei CaudalCaudal projections to the spinal cord and other partsprojections to the spinal cord and other parts of the brainstemof the brainstem RostralRostral projections to multiple cortical areasprojections to multiple cortical areas
- 30. Raphe NucleiRaphe Nuclei Major serotonin nucleiMajor serotonin nuclei Technically part of theTechnically part of the reticular formationreticular formation Complex reciprocal relationships with multipleComplex reciprocal relationships with multiple areasareas Ascending pathways involved in manyAscending pathways involved in many neurobehavioral phenomenaneurobehavioral phenomena MoodMood SleepSleep Feeding/satietyFeeding/satiety Descending pathways modulate spinal cordDescending pathways modulate spinal cord functionfunction PainPain
- 31. Locus CeruleusLocus Ceruleus Major norepinephrine nucleusMajor norepinephrine nucleus Dorsal wall of the rostral ponsDorsal wall of the rostral pons Projects toProjects to Spinal cordSpinal cord Brain StemBrain Stem CortexCortex
- 32. Locus CeruleusLocus Ceruleus FunctionFunction ArousalArousal Modulation of stress responsesModulation of stress responses Linked toLinked to DepressionDepression AnxietyAnxiety Post-traumatic stress disorderPost-traumatic stress disorder Accounts for some of the psychiatricAccounts for some of the psychiatric symptoms in Parkinson’s Diseasesymptoms in Parkinson’s Disease
- 33. Locus CeruleusLocus Ceruleus Normal Parkinson’s Disease
- 34. Substantia NigraSubstantia Nigra One of a few major dopamine centerOne of a few major dopamine center Projects to the basal gangilaProjects to the basal gangila FunctionFunction Modulation of movementsModulation of movements Major role in Parkinson’s DiseaseMajor role in Parkinson’s Disease NOT involved in psychiatric symptomsNOT involved in psychiatric symptoms
- 35. Nucleus Basalis of MeynertNucleus Basalis of Meynert NOT in the brainstem, but importantNOT in the brainstem, but important Located in the basal forebrainLocated in the basal forebrain Major acetylcholine nucleus in the brainMajor acetylcholine nucleus in the brain Provides tonic stimulation to theProvides tonic stimulation to the hippocampushippocampus
- 36. Nucleus Basalis of MeynertNucleus Basalis of Meynert Major neurotransmitter associated withMajor neurotransmitter associated with Alzheimer’s DiseaseAlzheimer’s Disease Major medications for Alzheimer’s areMajor medications for Alzheimer’s are cholinesterase inhibitorscholinesterase inhibitors
- 37. Coming Up…Coming Up… Spinal cordSpinal cord