Lecture 01.pptx introduction about plant

23BBT3CA - Plant BIotechnology - Dr S Aravindh
Plant Biotechnology
23BBT3CA
Course Introduction
Unit I - Lecture 01

Unit I - Lecture 01
Unit I: [12 Hours]
Plant Tissue Culture: Introduction, Plasticity and totipotency, Culture environment, plant cell culture media, growth
regulators. Culture types: Callus, Cell suspension culture, Protoplast, Root culture, Shoot tip and meristem culture,
Embryo culture, Microspore culture. Plant regeneration – Somatic embryogenesis and Organogenesis.
Unit II: [12 Hours]
Techniques for plant transformation: Introduction, Agarobacterium mediated gene transfer, Crown gall disease. Ti
plasmid and T DNA, The process of T DNA transfer and integration. Practical applications of Agrobacterium mediated
plant transformation. Methods of Transformations.
Unit III: [12 Hours]
Vectors for Plant transformation: Introduction, Desirable features of Plasmid vector, Basic features of vector for plant
transformation, promoters and terminators, Selectable Markers, Reporter genes, Arrangement of Gene in vectors.

Unit I - Lecture 01
Unit IV: [12 Hours]
Transgenic Plants: Genetic manipulation of herbicide tolerance – Genetic manipulation of pest resistance – Plant
disease resistant – engineering of stress tolerance – improvement of crop yield and quality – Regulations of GM
crops in India, EU and USA.
Unit V: [12 Hours]
Quality analysis of Plant and Plant Product: Extraction plant product - Phytochemical constituent – Antioxidant
Properties – Antimicrobial Properties.

INTRODUCTION
Tissue Culture
Plant
Tissue Culture
Animal
Tissue Culture

Defination:

Plant-tissue culture is in-vitro cultivation of plant cell or tissue under
aseptic and controlled environment conditions, in liquid or on
semisolid well defined nutrient medium for the production of primary
and secondary metabolites or to regenerate plant.
 In other words it is an experimental technique through which a mass of
cells (callus) is produced from an explant tissue.
 The callus produced through this process can be utilized directly to
regenerate palntlets or to extract or manipulate some primary and
secondary metabolites.
Unit I - Lecture 01

 The plant tissue culture refers to the cultivation of a plant cell
which normally forms a multicellular tissue.
 When grown on agar medium, the tisse forms a callus or a mass
of undifferentiated cells. The technique of cell culture is
convinient for starting and maintaining cell lines, as well as, for
studies pertaining to organogensis and meristem culture.
 The technique of in-vitro cultivation of plant cells or organs is
primarily devoted to solve two basic problems:
1. To keep the plant cells or organs free from microbes
2.To ensure the desired development in cells and organs by
providing suitable nutrient media and other environmental
condition.
Unit I - Lecture 01

Unit I - Lecture 01

Advantages of tissue culture
1. Availability of raw material
Some plants are difficult to cultivate and are also not available
in abundance and tissue culture technique is considered a better
source for regular and uniform supply of raw material for
medicinal plant industry for production of
phytopharmaceuticals.
2. Fluctuation in supplies and quality
The method of production of crude drugs is variable in quality
due to changes in climate, crop diseases and seasons. All these
problems can be overcome by tissue culture.
3. New methods for isolation
It is possible to obtain new methods for isolation and newer
compounds from plant by this technique and for which Patent
rights can be obtained.
Unit I - Lecture 01

4. Biotransformation (Process through which the functional group of
organic compound are modified by living cells) reactions are feasible
using plant-cell cultures.
6. Disease free and desired propagule
Large scale production of plant with disease free and desired
propagule could be stored and maintained without any damage during
transportation for subsequent plantation.
7. Biosynthetic pathway
Tissue culture can be used for tracing the biosynthetic pathways of
secondary metabolites using labelled precursor in the culture medium.
8. Immobilization of cells
Tissue culture can be used for plants preservation by immobilization
(entrapment)of cell further facilitating transportation and
biotransformation.
Unit I - Lecture 01

9 Continuous, uniform biomass is obtained.
10. Medicinally important compound can be synthesized, which can’t
be synthesized chemically.
11.Useful natural compounds can be produced, independent of soil
condition & change in climatic conditions.
12. Improvement of medicinal plant species.
13.Propogation of plant without seeds in defined and
controlled condition.
Unit I - Lecture 01

Disadvantages of tissue culture
1. High level of expertise is required.
2. A small error may lead to complete collapse of product/plant.
3. Lots of chemicals are required for plant tissue culture which must contain
high purity.
4. There is no chance for evaluation of mutation.
5. Culture on artificial medium may lead to the depression of unusual
metabolic pathways, which may not be beneficial to biotechnologist.
6. In majority cases amount of secondary metabolites produced is negligible.
7. The protocols for individual plants differ very widely and Change in the
medium constitution & environmental parameters affect the rate of cell
growth & accumulation of secondary metabolites.
8. To maximize on the cell mass produced the cell suspension culture
dense and these presents problems of
even
eventually becomes
very
aeration.
9. Instability
10. Slow growth
11. Expensive process
12. Aseptic conditions are to be maintained through out the growth of
plant.
Unit I - Lecture 01

Lecture 01.pptx introduction about plant

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