Lecture 1 AICT FIRST LECTURE IN CUI.pptx

Application of Information and
Communication Technologies
M. Ali Shahid
Department of Computer Science
The slides are adapted from the publisher’s material
Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow (Ch1, Ch4)
Lecture 1

What is a computer?
 An electronic device for storing and processing data, typically in binary form,
according to instructions given to it in a variable program.
 Computer: A programmable, electronic device that accepts data, performs
operations on that data, and stores the data or results as needed
 Computers follow instructions, called programs, which determine the tasks
the computer will perform
 Basic operations
 Input: Entering data into the computer
 Processing: Performing operations on the data
 Output: Presenting the results
 Storage: Saving data, programs, or output for future use
 Communications: Sending or receiving data

Data vs Information
Data
 Data is raw, unorganized facts that need to be processed. Can be
in the form of text, graphics, audio, or video
Information
 When data is processed, organized, structured or presented in a
given context so as to make it useful, it is called information.

Information Technology?
Technology
 Technology is humans using objects (tools, machines, systems,
and materials) to change the natural and human-made
environment.
 Technology is developed by people to modify their environment.
Information Technology
 Information technology is “ anything related to computing
technology, such as networking, hardware, software, the
Internet, or the people that work with these technologies”.

Computer Technology
 Hardware: This includes physical components of a computer such as
the CPU, memory (RAM), storage devices (HDDs, SSDs),
motherboards, and peripherals (keyboards, mice, printers).
Advances in hardware technology have led to increasingly powerful
and compact devices.
 Software: This encompasses the operating systems (e.g., Windows,
macOS, Linux), application software (e.g., word processors, web
browsers), and programming languages (e.g., Python, Java, C++).
Software development involves creating and maintaining these
programs to perform various tasks.
 Networking: This involves connecting computers to share resources
and information. Local Area Networks (LANs) and Wide Area
Networks (WANs) are key components, with protocols like TCP/IP
enabling communication between devices.

Communication Technology
 Telecommunications: This includes technologies for
transmitting information over distances, such as
telephones, satellites, and radio. It encompasses both wired
and wireless communication systems.
 Internet and Web Technologies: The internet is a global
network of interconnected computers that use protocols
like HTTP/HTTPS to communicate. Web technologies involve
the development of websites and web applications using
languages like HTML, CSS, and JavaScript.
 Mobile Communication: This involves technologies used in
mobile phones and other wireless devices. Key components
include cellular networks (3G, 4G, 5G), Wi-Fi, and Bluetooth.

9
Computers and Society
The vast improvements in technology over the past decade
have had a distinct impact on daily life, both at home and at
work
Many benefits of a computer-oriented society:
 Ability to design products before construction leads to safer
products
 Earlier medical diagnoses
 Devices that allow challenged people to perform job tasks
 Documents e-mailed or faxed in moments
 Download information, music, programs, movies, and more on
demand

 Computer-oriented society also has risks
 Computer viruses and malware
 Identity theft and phishing
 Privacy issues
 Differences in online communications
 Less formal than traditional
 Netiquette
 Emoticons
 Information Integrity
 Check your source, not all information on the Internet is
accurate.
Computers and Society

Computing Models
 Computing models are frameworks or abstractions used to
describe how computers and systems process information,
perform calculations, and solve problems.
1. Von Neumann Model
2. Turing Model

Von Neumann Model
 Von-Neumann proposed his computer architecture design
in 1945 which was later known as Von-Neumann
Architecture. It consisted of a Control Unit, Arithmetic, and
Logical Memory Unit (ALU), Registers and Inputs/Outputs
 Von Neumann architecture is based on the stored-program
computer concept, where instruction data and program
data are stored in the same memory. This design is still
used in most computers produced today.

MEMORY
CONTROL UNIT
MAR MDR
IR
PROCESSING UNIT
ALU TEMP
PC
OUTPUT
M onitor
Printer
LED
Disk
INPUT
Keyboard
Mouse
Scanner
Disk
Von Neumann Model

Turing Model
 The Turing model, named after the British mathematician
and logician Alan Turing, is a foundational concept in the
theory of computation. It provides a formal framework for
understanding what can be computed and how.
 A Turing machine is a theoretical construct that defines a
simple abstract device capable of performing computations.
It provides a formal model of computation that can simulate
any algorithmic process.

Input Devices
In computing, an input device is a piece of equipment
used to provide data and control signals to processing
system
Examples
• Keyboards
• Mouse
• Scanners
• Cameras
• joysticks
• Microphones

16
Input Devices (Keyboards)
 Keyboard: An input device used to enter characters at the
location marked by the insertion point or cursor
 Can be wired or wireless
 Most computers today are designed to be used with a
keyboard
 Typically contains:
 Standard alphanumeric keys
 Numeric keypad
 Function keys
 Delete and Backspace keys
 Control and Alternate keys
 Arrow directional keys and special keys

17
17

18
 Portable computers and mobile devices often use:
 Built in or slide-out keyboard
 Pen or touch input (on-screen keyboard)

19
Input Devices (Pointing Devices)
 Pointing devices: Used to select and manipulate
objects
 Used to input data
 Used to issue commands to the computer
 Common types of pointing devices:
 Mouse
 Pen/stylus
 Touch screen

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Mice
 Mouse: A common pointing device that the user
slides along a flat surface to move a pointer around
the screen and clicks its buttons to make selections
 Older mechanical mice use a ball
 Optical or laser mice track with light
 3D mice
 Can be wireless

21
Pens/Styluses
 Stylus: Pen-like device used to draw or write electronically on the screen
 Also called digital pen, electronic pen, tablet pen
 Commonly used with pen-based computers
 Used to issue commands and input data
 If handwriting recognition is used, written text can be converted to editable
typed text

22
Handwriting Recognition
• Digital form
Used to input
handwritten data into
the computer and
then convert it to
editable text

23
Pens/Styluses
 Other uses for pens/styluses:
 Digital writing systems
 Graphics tablets
 Signature capture devices

24
Touch Screens
 Touch screen: Display device that is touched with the finger to
select commands or otherwise provide input to the computer
 Used with:
 Desktop and portable computers
 Mobile phones and mobile devices
 Consumer kiosks
 Can be multi-touch

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Other Pointing Devices
 Other pointing devices:
 Joysticks, gamepads,
and other gaming
devices
 Trackballs
 Buttons and wheels
 Touch pads

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Quick Quiz
1. An optical mouse is ____________.
a. the same as a wireless mouse
b. a mouse that tracks movements with light instead of a ball
c. a mouse that contains a scroll wheel on the top
2. True or False: With handwriting recognition, text is input
as a graphical image so the text cannot later be edited as
text.
3. An input device that looks like an upside-down mouse with
the ball on top is a(n) ____________.
Answers:
1) b; 2) False; 3) trackball

27
Scanners, Readers, and Digital Cameras
 Source documents: Documents
containing data that already
exists in physical form (order
form, photograph, invoice,
check, or price label)
 Source data automation:
Capturing data directly from a
source document
 Saves time
 Increases accuracy
 Scanning or reading devices

28
Scanners
 Scanner (optical scanner): Input device that captures an
image of an object and transfers them to a computer in
digital form
 Can scan photos, documents, drawings, (flat objects)
 Data is typically input as a single image
 If optical character recognition (OCR) is used, text is input as
individual text characters
 Types of scanners
 Flatbed
 Portable
 Integrated (ATMs, etc.)

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Barcode Readers
 Barcode readers: Input devices that read
barcodes
 Barcode: Machine-readable code that
represents data as
a set of bars
 Common types
 Universal Product Code (UPC)
 ISBN
 Code 39
 Intelligent mail code
 2D (QR) – hold more data

31
Biometric Readers
 Biometric data: Based on unique physiological
characteristics or personal trait
 Fingerprint
 Hand or face geometry
 Iris of the eye
 Voice or signature
 Biometric readers: Used to input biometric data
 Can be stand-alone or built into another piece of hardware
 Used to allow access only by authorized individuals
 Most often used for access control and to verify transactions

33
Audio Input
 Audio input: The process of entering audio data into the
computer
 Voice input: Inputting spoken words and converting them
to digital form
 Via microphone or headset
 Recorded for narrations, podcasts, etc.
 VoIP (Voice over IP systems) applications
 To provide spoken instructions to computer (speech recognition
systems)
 Music input systems are used to input music
 Microphones, keyboard controllers, etc.

34
Output Devices
An output device is any piece of computer
hardware equipment which converts information
into a human-perceptible form or, historically, into
a physical machine-readable form for use with
other non-computerized equipment. It can be text,
graphics, tactile, audio, or video.

35
Display Devices
Display device: Presents output visually
Monitor: Display device for a desktop computer
Display screen: Screen built into a variety of
devices
 Notebook and other portable computers
 Mobile phones and mobile devices
 Handheld gaming devices, home entertainment
devices, kitchen appliances
 Digital photo frames, e-book readers
 Digital signage systems, digital billboards

37
Data and Multimedia Projectors
 Data projector: Display device that projects all computer output to a
wall or projection screen
 Found in classrooms, conference rooms
 Can be wireless or integrated into devices

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Printers
 Printers: Produce hard copy
 Printer characteristics
 Printing technology used
 Impact vs. nonimpact
 Color vs. black and white
 Personal vs. network printers
 Dot-matrix printer
 Laser printer
 Ink-jet printer
 Plotter:
 A plotter is a device that receives commands
 from the computer and then draws its picture
on
 the page

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Audio Output
 Audio output: Output in the form of voice, music, and
other audible sounds
 Speakers
 Headphones and headsets
 Earphones and earbuds

40
Next Lecture
How Computer Process Data; Central Processing Unit: Control
Unit, Arithmetic & Logic Unit, System Clock & Machine Cycle;
Memory: Volatile & Non-Volatile, Flash Memory, Registers,
Cache Memory; Bus & Types, and Ports.

Lecture 1 AICT FIRST LECTURE IN CUI.pptx

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