1. DISASTER NURSIN
G
Disaster is any occurrence that causes
ecological disruption, loss of human life and
deterioration of healt ervices on a scale sufficient to
warrant an extraordinar esponse from outside the c
mmunity or area.
2. Definition
n
a
It is a natural or human caused event which
cause intensive negative impacts on people, goods,
service and/ or the environment, exceeding the
affecte community’s capability to respond.
Is a serious disruption of the functioning of a
society causing widespread human, material or
environmental losses which exceeds the a bility of
affected society to cope using only its own resources.
4. Types of Disaster
e
Disasters can be classified as according to their speed
of onset or according to th ir cause
Speed of onset
• Rapid Onset Disasters
• Slow Onset Disasters
Cause:
• Natural Disaster
• Manmade Disaster
5. Speed of onset
Rapid Onset Disasters: These disasters are
classifie correspond to the time sequence. In which
the disaster will impact as early or quickly in
no minutes or without expectation.
6. Cont…
Slow Onset Disasters: These disasters are start
slowly and impact on later with severe damages. Ex:
Famine Drought, Deforestation.
7. Cause
Natural Disaster: These are the disaster occurring
due to some natural calamities or by natural means.
Ex: Earth Quake, Land Slide etc.
Manmade Disaster: These are the disaster
occurring due to some problems made by the man
itself or by the mistakes of the man.
Ex: War, Riots etc.
9. e
N
Some Common Disast rs
Water and Climate Related Disasters:
• Floods, Cyclones, Cloud Burst, heat or Cold Waves, Snow
Avalanches, Droughts, Sea Erosion.
Geologically Related:
• Land Slide, Earthquake, Dam failures, Mine fires etc.
Chemical, Industrial and uclear Related:
• Chemical, Industrial related and Nuclear related disasters.
10. Cont…
Accidental Related Disasters:
• Forest Fire, Urban fire, Oil spill, Festival
Relate Disasters, Air, Road and Rail disasters.
Biological Disasters:
• Epidemics, Pest attacks, Cattle Epidemic, Food
Poisoning.
30. Common Disasters
Earthquake:
Causes:
• Slippage of crusted rock along fault or area of strain an
rebound to new alignment.
General Characteristics:
• Shaking of earth caused by waves on & below the earth’
surface causing, after shock, tsunami, tremors,
vibration land slides etc..
31. Cont…
Adverse effects:
• Damage or loss to structures, dam failures, and landslide
may occur, damage to water systems, pollution of
ope wells.
Specific preparedness measures:
• Earth quake warning & preparedness programme.
32. Floods
h
Causes
Accelerated sun off, dam failure, river
floods oastal flood associated wit tropical
cyclones.
Adverse effects:
Structures damaged by washing away
ontamination of wells and grounded water possible.
Specific preparedness:
Flood detection and warning systems,
communit articipation and education.
33. Epidemics
u
Causes
• Exposure to toxin in prono nced rise in number of
cases o parasitic or infectious
origin.
Adverse effects:
• Illness and death, social & political disruption,
economi loss, Increased trauma in E.D.
Specific preparedness:
• Emergency medical assistance, international aid,
i outbreak uncontained.
34. Cyclones
auses:
and moving along.
verse Effects:
v
Mixture of heat and moisture forms a low pressure cente
over oceans in tropical latitudes where a water temperature
are over 26o C, wind current spin and organize aroun
deepening low pressure over accelerating toward the cente
Structures damaged by wing force, flooding, ground wate
may be contaminated, crop and food stock may be wasted
malaria and other viral outbreaks may
happen
ecific Preparedness:
Public warning systems, e acuation plans, training
an community participation.
35. Droughts
n
Causes:
• Rainfall Deficit, Human Induced changes in groun
surface and soil, higher sea surface temperature,
increase atmospheric CO2 and Gree House Gases.
Adverse Effects:
• Reduced income for farmers, increase in price of stapl
foods, increased inflation rates, famine, illness,
death reduction of drinking water sources,
migration, breakup o communities.
Preparedness:
• Development of Inter Institutional response plan.
36. Disaster Response
u
Disaster response is the s m total of actions taken b
people and institutions in the face of disaster. Thes
action commence with the warning of an out comin
threatening event or with the event itself if it occur
without warning.
The end of disaster response comes with th
completion of disaster rehabilitation programme.
37. Aims
c
To ensure the survival of maximum possible numbe
of victims.
To establish self sufficiency and essential services a
quickly as possible.
To repair or replace damaged infrastructure an
regenerate viable economi activities.
38. Steps
• Warning
• Evacuation and Migration
• Search and Rescue
• Post Disaster Assessment
• Emergency Relief
• Logistics and Supply
• Communication and Inform
p
ation Management
• Survivor Response and Co
ing
• Security
39. Cont…
rning:
t refers to arrangement of rapidly disseminate informa
oncerning imminent disaster threats to government offic
nstitutions, and the population at large in the areas at immed
isk.
40. Cont…
Evacuation and Migration:
• It involves the relocation of population from zones of ris
of an imminent disaster to a safer location.
• For evacuation to work there must be a timely and
accurat warning system, clear ide tification of
escape routes, a established policy that requires
everyone to evacuate whe an order is given.
41. Cont…
Search and Rescue:
• It is the process of identifying the location of
disaste victims that may be trapped or isolated and
bringing them to safety and medical attention.
42. Cont…
Post Disaster Assessment:
• The primary objective of assessment is to provide clean
concise picture of a post disaster situation to identify
relie needs and to develop strate ies for recovery.
43. Cont…
mergency Relief:
• Is the provision on a humanitarian basis of material aid
emergency care necessary to save and preserve human lives.
• It enables families to meet their basic need for medical and h
care, shelter, clothing, water and food. These are provided fr
cost for days to week immediately following sudden disaster.
44. Cont…
Logistics and Supply:
• A well-organized supply service is crucial for handling th
procurement or receipt, storage and dispatch of relie
supplies for distribution to disaster victims.
45. Cont…
ommunication and Information Management:
All the above activities
communication. There are
are dependento
two aspects
i
communication system in disaster.
One is the equipment, which is essential for informatio
flow such as radio, telephones and their supportin
systems.
46. Cont…
a
Second is Information man gement, the protocol
of knowing who communicates, what information
to whom, what priority is given to it and how is
disseminated and interrupted.
47. Cont…
Survivor Response and Coping:
• Disaster survivor may have new and special needs fo
social services to help adjust to the trauma and
disruptio caused by the disaster. It is easy to overlook
the read need and resources of the surviv r.
48. Cont…
Security:
• It is not always a prior issue after natural disaster, th
protection of human rights and safety of
displace populations and refugees can be paramount
importanc requiring international monitoring.
49. n
Rehabilitation and Reconstruction
Rehabilitation:
• It is the action taken aftermath of a disaster to enable basi
services to resume functioning, assist victims, self-
hel efforts to repair dwellings and community
facilities an facilitate the revival of eco omic
activities.
• It focuses on enabling the affected populations to resum
more or less normal patterns of life.
50. Cont…
c
a
Reconstruction:
• It is the permanent constru tion or replacement of severel
damaged physical structures, the full restoration of
al services and local infrastructures and the
revitalization o the economy.
• It must be fully integrated into ongoing long term
development plans, taking ccount the future disaste
risk.
53. Mitigation
The actions taken to reduce both human sufferings an
property loss resulting from extreme natura
phenomena.
It is one of the positive links between disaster an
development resources to reduce the risks of hazard
through migration process.
54. Cont…
Saving life and reducing economic disruption:
• The scale of disaster and the number of people they ar
capable of killing is the primary justification of
th mitigation. Understanding the way that people are
kille and injured in disasters s a prerequisite for
reducin calamities.
Reduce the hazard and Reduce vulnerability:
• Protection against the threats of disaster can be achieve
by modifying or removing the cause of the threat
or b reducing the effects of the threat if it occurs.
56. Cont…
Engineering:
• Results in stronger individual structures that are mor
resistance to hazard forces. This is some time
referred t as hardening facilities agai st hazard focus.
57. Cont…
Spatial Planning:
• Many hazards are localized with their likely effect
confined to specific known areas. Urban planning
needs t integrate awareness of natural disasters risk
mitigation int the normal procedures of planning a city.
58. Cont…
e
o
Economic:
• Economic development is key to disaster
mitigation. strong economy is the b st
protection against a futur disaster.
• Strong economy means m re money to spend on stronge
buildings, safer sites and large financial reserves to
cop with future losses.
59. Cont…
Management and institutionalization of disaste
mitigation:
• It also requires certain organizational and procedura
measures. Education, training and development
o professional expertise are necessary
components o institutionalizing disaster mitigation.
60. Cont…
w
Societal
• The mitigation of disaster ill only come about when ther
is a consensus that is desirable.
• The gender public is fully aware of potential hazards
choose to protect itself as fully as possible and can
readil support protective efforts made on its behalf.
61. Cont…
Conflict Reduction:
• It should be start with identifying and addressing the root
of causes of the conflicts.
• The causes may be land tenure, employment access t
resources and intolerance of ethnic or religious
differences These issues need to be anticipated
through a form of earl warnings and defused before
conflict erupts.
62. Disaster Preparedness
Is a quiet straight forward, its objectives is to ensur
that in times of disaster appropriate system
procedures and resources are in place to assist thos
affected by the disaster and enable them to hel
themselves.
63. Aims
Minimize adverse effects of a hazard through effectiv
precautionary action.
Ensure timely appropriate and efficient organizatio
and delivery of emergency response following th
impact of disaster.
65. Assessing Vulnerability
Fundamental of all aspects of disaster management i
information. The manager may know that a particula
.geographic region or community is susceptible to th
impacts of sudden or slow onset hazards.
66. Planning
Throughout all the activities designed to promot
disaster preparedness, the ultimate objective is to hav
implementable and for which commitment
plans in place that are agreed upon, that ar
an
resources are relatively assured.
67. p
g
nstitutional framework
A coordinated disaster reparedness and respons
system is a prerequisite to any disaster preparednes
plan. Each system desi n will depend upon th
traditions and governmental structures of the countr
under review.
69. Resource Base
e
The requirements to meet an emergency situation wil
clearly depend upon the types of hazards the pla
anticipates.
Such requirements cover all aspects of disaster relie
from recovery implementation some majo
requirements are sh lter, medicines, food
supplementary food, communication system, logisti
system.
70. Warning Systems
A warning system can save many lives, by giving
vulnerable population adequate notice of an impendin
disaster, they can either escape the event or tak
precautions to reduce the danger.
71. a
Public Education and Training
The planning process will only be effective if those who ar
ultimate beneficiaries know what to do in times of disaste
and know what to expect.
Public education in schools for children and
young adult emphasizing what actions should be
taken in case of disaster threat.
Public information through m ss media
Special training courses for adult population on preventiv
health care
73. Cont…
Type of Disaster
atural
hemical
uclear
ivil Strife Home
iological Health
Nodal Ministry Support Ministry
Agriculture Health
Environment Health
Atomic Energy Health
Health
Public Health
Engineering
74. 6
Disaster Management Act in India
Civil Defense Act 1968
Civil Defense Rules 1968
Civil Defense Regulations 19 8
Disaster Management Act 2005
Disaster Management National Executive Committee
2006 Disaster Management rules 2006
National Institute of Disaster Management Regulations
2006 Disaster Management rules 2007 – 2008
Notification of National Disaster response Force Rules 2008
76. Nurses Responsibility
ersonal Preparedness:
Nurse must be as healthy as possible by physically,
psychologicall and must be certified in first aid and emergency
management.
rofessional Preparedness:
Should know and understand citywide disaster management plan an
update as per need.
77. Cont…
Develop and provide educational material relevant to disaster specifi
to the area
and Non
She should organize disaster drills with Government
Government organizations and should take part in it.
Keep upto date record of vulnerable population.
78. Cont…
Understands available community resources and how the communit
will work together.
Public education about non preventable disaster
Should aware of different kind o tool kits and assessment tools an
how to use them at the disaster site.
79. At Disaster Site
Locate the trapped victims and evacuate them to safe place
Triage or sorting to be done
The goal oftriage is to maximize the no of survivors by sorting th
treatable from the untreatable v ctims. It determines which clie
requires immediate treatment.
Do the dressing for minor wounds
80. Cont…
Provide adequate support to fracture site
Give immunization
Transport the victims to the health
center by minimizing further risk.
81. n health Center
b
Supplies and equipments should e kept ready as soon as nurse get
information about disaster
Receive victims and transfer them to casualty or ICU
Call for medical Attention
Do dressing for minor wounds
Check Airway, Breathing and Circulation
82. Cont…
Assist Doctor in providing medical Care
Provide psychological support to the relatives
Provide comprehensive nursing care
Proper recording and reporting of demographic data, medical care an
nursing care to be done.
83. n Response
sessment report should be given to manager it should contain.
eographical extent of disaster
opulation at risk
resence of concurrent hazard
njuries and death
vailability of shelter
urrent level of sanitation
tatus of health care
infrastructure
84. Cont…
b
elp them to take own decision
elegate task to teenagers to avoid
rovide basic necessity and dignity
lay with stress
isten carefully to victims and retell the feelings
ncourage victims to share their feeling
oredom
efer to counsellor, provide medical and nursing aid
eep records safely
nsure communication, transportation and safe
environment
85. Rehabilitation Stage
ocational Rehabilitation:
Restoration of capacity to
earn damage.
Medical Rehabilitation:
Restoration of normal function by giving assisted medical care
an comprehensive nursing measures.
a livelihood by minimizing furthe
86. Cont…
ocial Rehabilitation:
Restoration of family and social relationship by proper guidance an
counselling.
sychological Rehabilitation:
Restoration of personal dignity and confidence by making the victim
independent on performing their daily activity.
87. Recovery Phase
record upto date.
of disaster.
There may be threat of communicable disease due t
inadequate water supply and crowded living condition, nurse
must teach proper hygiene and making sure immunizatio
Referral services of mental health professional should b
done for psychological stressed victims. Nurse needs to
b
alert for environmental health hazards during recovery phas
88. Psychosocial Interventions
munity Level:
vide social activity for new community.
p survivors to recognize loss
dentify & discuss local problems
rk together towards and achievable
specific goal.
ly Level:
k together about their experiences,
losses and feelings
ourage families to resume normal
activities to extent possible.
