1.Chapter one .pptx
- 1. DISASTER PREVENTION AND PREPAREDNESS FOR SECOND YEAR PUBLIC HEALTH OFFICER STUDENTS By:-Mohammed Siraj (Bsc,MPH)
- 2. Learning objectives • Up on completion of this course, the student will be able to: 1. Define disaster 2. Describe the Epidemiology and significance of disaster 3. Classify the types and causes of disaster 4. Identify the most common types of disaster in Ethiopia 5. Describe the health consequences of disaster 6. Design appropriate preventive and control measures in disaster situations
- 3. CHAPTER –ONE INTRODUCTION • Disasters and emergencies are fundamental reflections of normal life. • They are consequences of the way society structure themselves, economically and socially; the way societies and states interact; and the way that relationships between the decision makers are sustained.
- 4. Con………… • The magnitude of each disaster, be in terms of deaths, property damage or costs for a given developing country increases with the increment of marginalization of the population.
- 5. Con………… • Disasters have massive human and economic costs. They may cause many deaths, severe injuries, and food shortages. • Most incidents of severe injuries and deaths occur during the time of impact, whereas disease outbreaks and food shortages often arise much later, depending on the nature and duration of the disaster.
- 6. WHAT IS DISASTER • Disaster: is “a sudden ecological phenomenon of sufficient magnitude to require external assistance”.(WHO) • It is also defined as any event, typically occurring suddenly, that causes damage, ecological disruption, loss of human life, deterioration of health and health services, and which exceeds the capacity of the affected community on a scale sufficient to require outside assistance.
- 7. Cont…… • It is an emergency of such severity and magnitude that the resultant combination of deaths, injuries, illness, and property damage cannot be effectively managed with routine procedures or resources. • Disaster is further defined as an event in which a society or a community undergoes acute deprivation of food and other basic necessities due to natural and man made calamities to such an extent that the normal function of the society or the community is disrupted and that it cannot subsist without outside intervention.
- 8. Cont…… • The occurrence of an abnormal event triggered by a hazards that impacts a vulnerable community, geographical area, infrastructure, etc, in significant levels causing damage or casualties, leaving the affected entity unable to function normally, eroding survival mechanism and forcing it to seek outside assistance for survival.
- 9. Cont…… • Emergency is a state in which normal procedures are suspended and extra-ordinary measures are taken in order to avert a disaster. o The delivery of essential services & activities that are undertaken in the aftermath of a disaster to assist disaster victims. o An emergency can be defined in the context of the social, political and epidemiological circumstances in which it occurs.
- 10. Cont…… • Hazard is a rare or extreme event in the natural or human made environment that adversely affects human life, property or activity to the extent of causing a disaster. o It is essential to make a distinction between hazards and disasters, and to recognize that the effect of the former upon the latter is essentially a measure of the society’s vulnerability.
- 11. Cont…… • Vulnerability: is the degree of loss resulting from a potentially damaging phenomenon. o The degree to which an area, people, physical structures or economic assets are exposed to loss, injury or damage caused by the impact of hazard. o It is the susceptibility of a population to specific type of event.
- 12. Cont…… • The presence of hazard by its self can neither cause risk nor disasters. • There are different predisposing factors that make vulnerable the survivors.
- 13. Cont…… • The following are some of such underlying causes: o Poverty: Virtually all disaster studies show that the wealthiest of the population survive the disaster, remains unaffected or are able to recover quickly. o Population growth: Increasing number of people will compete for limited amount of resources which can lead to conflict and conflict may result in crisis-induced migration. o Rapid urbanization: competition for scarce resources is an inevitable consequence of rapid urbanization, leading to human-made disasters.
- 14. Cont…… • Transitions in cultural practices: Societies are constantly changing and in continuous state of transition. • These transitions are often extremely disruptive and uneven, leaving gaps in social coping mechanisms and technology. • Conflicts as well as transitional cultural practices can also lead to civil conflict.
- 15. Cont…… • Environmental degradation: Deforestation leads to rapid rain run off, which contributes to flooding. • Lack of awareness and information: Disasters can also happen because people vulnerable to them simply do not know how to get out of harm’s way or to take protective measures. • Wars and civil strife
- 16. Cont…… • Disaster mainly occurs when vulnerability and hazard meet. • The interaction and association of such phenomena is depicted in the following figure
- 18. Cont…… • Mitigation: is permanent reduction of the risk of a disaster. o Actions or processes designed to reduce the severity of potential consequences or level of likely harm of a hazard. o Mitigation measures can be both physical/structural & non-structural and can take place before, during, or after a disaster.
- 19. Cont…… o Primary mitigation refers to reducing the resistance of the hazard and reducing vulnerability. o Secondary mitigation refers to reducing the effects of the hazard (preparedness). o Mitigation includes recognizing that disasters will occur; attempts are made to reduce the harmful effects of a disaster, and to limit their impact on human suffering and economic assets.
- 20. Cont…… • Prevention :- is defined as those activities taken to prevent a natural phenomenon or potential hazard from having harmful effects on either people or economic assets. • Disaster prevention refers to measures taken to eliminate the root causes that make people vulnerable to disaster. • For developing nations, prevention is perhaps the most critical components in managing disasters, however, it is clearly one of the most difficult to promote.
- 21. Cont…… • Prevention planning is based on two issues: • Hazard identification:-identifying the actual threats facing a community • Vulnerability assessment :-evaluating the risk and capacity of a community to handle the consequences of the disaster. • Once these issues put in order of priority, emergency managers can determine the appropriate prevention strategies.
- 22. Cont…… • Preparedness: Are the measures that ensure the organized mobilization of personnel, funds, equipments, and supplies within a safe environment for effective relief. • Disaster preparedness is building up of capacities before a disaster situation prevails in order to reduce impacts. • Its measures include availability of food reserve, emergency reserve fund, seed reserve, health facilities, warning systems, logistical infrastructure ,relief manual, and shelves of projects
- 23. Cont…… • Risk assessment is a term used widely for a systematic approach to characterize the risks posed to individuals and populations by potentially adverse exposures. • The process of gathering all relevant data about the community, such as physical characteristics (e.g. location, area, natural resources, climate, etc), demographic features, economic & sociopolitical aspects of the community, environmental problems, etc and able to determine the nature and extent of risk by analyzing the characteristics of hazards, the degree of vulnerability & community capacity.
- 24. Cont…… • Risk :-The probability of a specific hazard occurring in a given location and its likely consequences for people and property. • is the expected losses (lives lost, persons injured, damages to property and disruption of economic activity) due to a particular hazard. Risk = Hazard x Vulnerability Capacity
- 25. Cont…… • Warning: Signs and signals including scientific, indigenous indicators that hazard is likely to happen. • Early warning: The provision of timely & effective information through identified institutions that allows governments, communities and individuals exposed to a hazard to take action to avoid or reduce their risk & prepare for effective response. • Forewarning: The time between warning & impact.
- 26. Cont…… • Response: is the set of activities implemented after the impact of a disaster in order to assess the needs, reduce the suffering, limit the spread and the consequences of the disaster, open the way to rehabilitation. • Reconstruction: the full resumption of socio- economic activities plus preventive measures. • Rehabilitation: is the restoration of basic social functions.
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