Lecture 1 Introduction Eng Quantities.ppt

INTRODUCTION OF CIVIL ENGINEERING QUANTITIES
WEEK 1
LEARNING OUTCOMES (CO1-PO1)
Understand the definition of civil engineering quantities
Understand the construction stages and where is bill of quantity being produced
Understand the purpose of bill of quantities

Scope of civil engineering works
 Civil engineering is a
Civil engineering is a professional engineering
discipline that deals with the construction and design of
public and private sector works such as bridges, roads,
dams and buildings.
 General civil engineers work closely with
General civil engineers work closely with
surveyors and specialized civil engineers to fit and
surveyors and specialized civil engineers to fit and
serve fixed projects within their given site,
serve fixed projects within their given site,
community and terrain by designing grading,
community and terrain by designing grading,
drainage,
drainage, pavement, water supply, sewer service,
electric and communications supply and land (real
property) divisions.

(continued)
(continued)
 Construction engineers engage in the design of
Construction engineers engage in the design of
structures temporary, cost estimating, planning and
structures temporary, cost estimating, planning and
scheduling, materials procurement, selection of
scheduling, materials procurement, selection of
equipment, and cost control.
equipment, and cost control.

QS Services
QS Services
In general;
In general;
QS offers its clients (developer/owner, consultant, contractor
QS offers its clients (developer/owner, consultant, contractor
or sub contractor) a wide range of professional services in the
or sub contractor) a wide range of professional services in the
areas of project/ construction management, quantity
areas of project/ construction management, quantity
surveying, cost/ contract /claim/ planning solutions according
surveying, cost/ contract /claim/ planning solutions according
to their requirements in a most cost effective and efficient
to their requirements in a most cost effective and efficient
manner.
manner.
QS is managed by a group of highly qualified and experienced
QS is managed by a group of highly qualified and experienced
professionals providing
professionals providing Project management,
Project management, Construction
Construction
Cost Consultancy
Cost Consultancy,
, Estimation,
Estimation, Quantity Take-off
Quantity Take-off,
,
Construction Cost Databases
Construction Cost Databases,
, Specification
Specification and
and Construction
Construction
Material Databases
Material Databases etc.
etc.

The Measurement Process / Quantity Take-
off
off
 The main purpose measurement
The main purpose measurement
process is to produce quantity for the
measured works to prepare for Bills
measured works to prepare for Bills
of Quantities.
of Quantities.
 A Bill of Quantities is prepared for
A Bill of Quantities is prepared for
tendering purposes.
tendering purposes.
 Using BQ, contractor is able to price
Using BQ, contractor is able to price
the work with a minimum effort.
 The quantification of the work is done
The quantification of the work is done
either by the main contractor,
either by the main contractor,
subcontractor, or package
subcontractor, or package
contractor.
contractor.

Attributes of a Quantity Surveyor
Ability to describe clearly, fully and precisely the
requirements of the designers and arrange the
Bills of Quantities.
The contractor’s estimator can
quickly, easily and accurately arrive
at the estimated cost of the work.
??????

Ability to describe
Ability to describe clearly,
clearly, fully
fully and
and precisely
precisely the
the
requirements of the designers and arrange the Bills
requirements of the designers and arrange the Bills
of Quantities.
of Quantities.
The surveyor must be:
• careful and accurate in making calculations
•having systematic and orderly mind
•be able to visualize the drawings and details
How to achieve this ?
How to achieve this ?

Divisions of bill preparation
Divisions of bill preparation
 Traditionally, the preparation of BQ divides into 2 distinct stages:
Traditionally, the preparation of BQ divides into 2 distinct stages:
1. The measurement of the dimensions and the compilation
of the descriptions from the drawings and specification.
This process commonly known as taking-off .
taking-off .
2. The preparation of the bill.
o This involves the calculation of volumes, areas, etc
(
(squaring the dimensions).
squaring the dimensions).
o Then followed by entering the descriptions and the
squared dimensions on the an abstract sheet
(abstracting)
(abstracting) to collect similar items together and
present them in recognized bill order.
o From this abstract, the draft bill was written (billing).
(billing).

HOW TO CALCULATE THE QUANTITIES?
m3
?
kg ?
@nurkamaliahmustaffa2013

m3
?

Who responsible for civil engineering quantities?
If the job done by quantity surveyor , why civil engineer needs
to study the civil engineering quantities?
Let’s discuss…..
Quantity Surveyor
– the application of expert knowledge in measure the
quantity and estimation of the cost and prices of labour,
materials and plant required.
Why?
achieve project’s objective within the scope of
quality, time and cost.

From the above sketch, calculate :
Excavation in cubic meter
Concrete volume in cubic meter
Reinforcement in Kg.
Formwork
Insert all the above answer in “bill of quantities”
Notes: R10 – 0.616 kg/m
Y10 – 0.616 kg/m
Y12 – 0.888 kg/m
Assuming : cover = 25 mm for column
= 50 mm for footing
Leave blank

How quantities can be carried out?
How quantities can be carried out?
TAKING OFF
•It is the process of measuring from drawings and
recording all dimensions in recognized form on
a special ruled paper called “Dimension Paper”
BILL OF QUANTITIES
•A list of items giving the quantities and brief description of
work to be carried out with is respective quantity and unit
cost for carrying out each work.

What is taking off sheet?
A process of measuring from drawings, recording all dimensions in recognized form called taking
of sheet or “dimension paper”
Taking off sheet
No Dimen
sion
Final Quantity Description of item Unit

What is “bill of quantities” ?
A list of items giving the quantities and brief description of work to be carried out with its
respective quantity and unit cost for carrying out each work.
Bill of Quantities
Leave blank
Item Description Quantity Unit Rate Amount (RM)

The purpose of Bill of Quantities (BQ):
1. To set down the various items of works in a logical sequence so that it readily
priced by contractor.
2. Enables all the contractors to tender on the same information.
3. Provide a convenient basis for valuation of stage payments during the
contract, before the accurate remeasurement figure are available.
4. Provide an approximate checklist for the contractor to order materials and
plan for other resources.
5. Provide data for cost analyses for use in cost planning of future projects.
6. Contractors are saved the costly exercise of each having to take off
quantities for themselves.

 The Bills of quantity prepared by Quantity Surveyor
The Bills of quantity prepared by Quantity Surveyor
based on measurement from the construction
based on measurement from the construction
drawings / building plans and specification
drawings / building plans and specification
prepared by the designers/ engineers.
prepared by the designers/ engineers.
 This document were itemized all the quantities for
This document were itemized all the quantities for
each categories of works applied in constructing
each categories of works applied in constructing
the buildings. E.g. building works, mechanical,
the buildings. E.g. building works, mechanical,
electrical works, civil, structural works,
electrical works, civil, structural works,
infrastructure works, etc.
infrastructure works, etc.
 The contractor will priced /estimate all the works
The contractor will priced /estimate all the works
associated in completing the buildings during pre-
associated in completing the buildings during pre-
construction stage.
construction stage.
The Bills of Quantities

 BQ is part of legal
BQ is part of legal tender / contract document
tender / contract document which will
which will
be used to bind the agreement between the client and the
be used to bind the agreement between the client and the
contractor in terms of:
contractor in terms of:

Detailed of construction works to be done on-site
Detailed of construction works to be done on-site –
–
building works, infrastructure works, building services
building works, infrastructure works, building services
works, water & sewerage systems, etc.
works, water & sewerage systems, etc.

The materials used
The materials used – standard / quality
– standard / quality

The standard workmanship /construction methods
The standard workmanship /construction methods,
,

The needs / requirements of the builders on-site
The needs / requirements of the builders on-site in
in
implementing the jobs on–site – e.g. temporary offices,
implementing the jobs on–site – e.g. temporary offices,
storage, shelter / hostel for workers
storage, shelter / hostel for workers

Advantages of using BQ
Advantages of using BQ
According to Seeley (1997),
According to Seeley (1997),
 Avoids the need of for all of the tendering contractors to
Avoids the need of for all of the tendering contractors to
measure the quantities of work themselves before
measure the quantities of work themselves before
preparing an estimate.
preparing an estimate. (if yes, wasteful duplication of
(if yes, wasteful duplication of
efforts and an increase in Contractor’s overhead).
efforts and an increase in Contractor’s overhead).
 BQ prepared in accordance to SMM ensure that an
BQ prepared in accordance to SMM ensure that an
adequate description of work in a recognized format is
adequate description of work in a recognized format is
given to all tendering Contractors and
given to all tendering Contractors and all tender on the
all tender on the
same basis
same basis.
.
 The detailed breakdown of the contract sum (in BQ
The detailed breakdown of the contract sum (in BQ
format) permits
format) permits proper financial management
proper financial management of the
of the
contract.
contract.

off
off
 The main purpose measurement
The main purpose measurement
measured works to prepare for Bills of
measured works to prepare for Bills of
Quantities.
Quantities.
 A Bill of Quantities is prepared for
A Bill of Quantities is prepared for
tendering purposes
tendering purposes (selection process
(selection process
to contract an eligible contractor for the
to contract an eligible contractor for the
project).
project).
 Using BQ, contractor is able to price
Using BQ, contractor is able to price
 The quantification of the work /
The quantification of the work /
measurement / taking-off is done
measurement / taking-off is done
either by the QS consultant (Client),
either by the QS consultant (Client),
QS of main contractor or
QS of main contractor or
subcontractor or Estimator.
subcontractor or Estimator.

The Measurement of Quantities for
The Measurement of Quantities for
Building Works
Building Works
 Main objective
Main objective:
:

To produce the document for the list of quantities
To produce the document for the list of quantities
(bills of quantity).
(bills of quantity). The quantities meaning the
The quantities meaning the
estimated amount of building works / trade works
estimated amount of building works / trade works
for specific building elements.
for specific building elements.

The quantities needed to ensure the exact amount
The quantities needed to ensure the exact amount
of trade works in completing the building /
of trade works in completing the building /
project.
project.
 The measurement is based on the principles and
The measurement is based on the principles and
rules of measurement set up in manual of
rules of measurement set up in manual of STANDARD
STANDARD
METHODS OF MEASUREMENT FOR BUILDING WORKS.
METHODS OF MEASUREMENT FOR BUILDING WORKS.

Standard Methods of Measurement (SMM)
Standard Methods of Measurement (SMM)
Function
Function:
:
To standardize the method of preparing the measurement
To standardize the method of preparing the measurement
for building works and civil engineering works. Contains
for building works and civil engineering works. Contains
of rules and principles of measurement.
of rules and principles of measurement.
 Malaysian Standard Methods of Measurement for
Malaysian Standard Methods of Measurement for
Building works. (SMM2)
Building works. (SMM2) – Institution of Surveyors
– Institution of Surveyors
Malaysia (ISM) (adapted from SMM by RICS(UK)
Malaysia (ISM) (adapted from SMM by RICS(UK)
 Malaysian Standard Method of Measurement for
Malaysian Standard Method of Measurement for
civil
civil engineering works (CESMM)
engineering works (CESMM) – CIDB (adapted from
– CIDB (adapted from
CESMM by ICE / FCEC(UK)
CESMM by ICE / FCEC(UK)

Standard Methods of Measurement for Building Works
Standard Methods of Measurement for Building Works
(SMM)
(SMM)
 Set out rules for the measurement
Set out rules for the measurement
and description of building works.
and description of building works.
 SMM2 is a document that provides
SMM2 is a document that provides
not only a uniform basis for
not only a uniform basis for
measuring building work but also
measuring building work but also
embodies the essentials of good
embodies the essentials of good
practice.
practice.
 Without using it, a set of rules the
Without using it, a set of rules the
quality of BQ can vary widely.
quality of BQ can vary widely.

Malaysian Standard Method of Measurement for Civil
Malaysian Standard Method of Measurement for Civil
Engineering Works (CESMM)
Engineering Works (CESMM)
 To be used in conjunction with the
To be used in conjunction with the
Conditions Of Contract for Civil
Conditions Of Contract for Civil
Engineering Works.
Engineering Works.
 Does not deal with the preparation of BQ
Does not deal with the preparation of BQ
for mechanical & electrical engineering
work, building work or work which is
work, building work or work which is
seldom encountered in civil engineering
seldom encountered in civil engineering
contracts.
contracts.
 If any such work to be included in the
If any such work to be included in the
contract, such work shall be measured in
accordance with their respective SMM
accordance with their respective SMM
and shall be stated in the
and shall be stated in the Preambles to
Preambles to
the BQ.
the BQ.

Measurement for Civil Engineering
Works
 The civil works measurement referred to a document called 'Civil
The civil works measurement referred to a document called 'Civil
Engineering Standard Method of Measurement '(CESMM).
Engineering Standard Method of Measurement '(CESMM).
 Before this document is produced, the party who responsible for the
Before this document is produced, the party who responsible for the
working measurement refers to the method adopted in the United
working measurement refers to the method adopted in the United
Kingdom named
Kingdom named ‘CESMM 2nd Edition or 3rd Edition’.
 There are a large part of the measurement refer to methods used in
There are a large part of the measurement refer to methods used in
building works or more unfortunate, they use their own
building works or more unfortunate, they use their own
measurement system. This led to inconsistencies in measurement
measurement system. This led to inconsistencies in measurement
procedures. As a result, contractors have difficulty to appreciate
procedures. As a result, contractors have difficulty to appreciate
the tender.
the tender.
 The actual measurement work must take into account the level of
The actual measurement work must take into account the level of
complexity of work undertaken. Work measurement for any one
complexity of work undertaken. Work measurement for any one
item of work is also closely related to the methodology and
item of work is also closely related to the methodology and
construction activities
construction activities

Malaysian Standard Method of
Measurement for Civil Engineering Works
 MALAYSIAN STANDARD METHODS OF
MALAYSIAN STANDARD METHODS OF
MEASUREMENT FOR CIVIL
MEASUREMENT FOR CIVIL
ENGINEERING WORKS
ENGINEERING WORKS is to be used in
is to be used in
conjunction with the Conditions Of
conjunction with the Conditions Of
Contract for Civil Engineering Works.
Contract for Civil Engineering Works.
 Does not deal with the preparation of BQ
Does not deal with the preparation of BQ
work, building work or work which is seldom
work, building work or work which is seldom
encountered in civil engineering contracts.
encountered in civil engineering contracts.
 If any such work to be included in the
If any such work to be included in the
accordance with their respective SMM and
accordance with their respective SMM and
shall be stated in the
shall be stated in the Preambles to the
Preambles to the
BQ.
BQ.

Reasons for Bills of Quantities
Reasons for Bills of Quantities
 All tendering contractors base their prices on the same
All tendering contractors base their prices on the same
information & therefore tenders are strictly comparable
information & therefore tenders are strictly comparable
(even if an error exists in the Bill)
(even if an error exists in the Bill)
 Contractors are saved the costly exercise of each having to
Contractors are saved the costly exercise of each having to
take off quantities for themselves.
take off quantities for themselves.
 Bills provide a fair basis for valuing variations and
Bills provide a fair basis for valuing variations and
adjustments for the final account.
 Bills may provide a convenient basis for valuation of
Bills may provide a convenient basis for valuation of
certificated stage payments during the contract, before the
certificated stage payments during the contract, before the
accurate re-measurement figures are available.
accurate re-measurement figures are available.
 Bills provide an approximate checklist for the contractor to
Bills provide an approximate checklist for the contractor to
order materials and other resources.
order materials and other resources.
 Bills can provide data for cost analysis for use in cost
Bills can provide data for cost analysis for use in cost
planning of future projects.
planning of future projects.

Scope of measurement based on
Scope of measurement based on
CESMM
CESMM
 Various civil engineering works including
Various civil engineering works including
roads, railway, bridges, artificial channels,
roads, railway, bridges, artificial channels,
canals and drainage, shipyard, ports, bases,
canals and drainage, shipyard, ports, bases,
embankments, structure-breaking waves and
embankments, structure-breaking waves and
drainage work.
drainage work.
 Apart from that it also includes projects such
Apart from that it also includes projects such
as structural engineering among others, metal
as structural engineering among others, metal
work, reinforced concrete work, stone work,
work, reinforced concrete work, stone work,
wood work and brick work
wood work and brick work

Procedures and Practices of
Procedures and Practices of
CESMM
CESMM
 Include the scope of most project management such as:
Include the scope of most project management such as:

selection types of contracts,
selection types of contracts,

documentation,
documentation,

preparation of drawings,
preparation of drawings,

specifications,
specifications,

project information,
project information,

contract terms and list of quantities,
contract terms and list of quantities,

preparation of list of material requirements / quantities,
preparation of list of material requirements / quantities,

Method statement - detailed list of detailed construction
Method statement - detailed list of detailed construction
work with short explanation with quantity measured by
work with short explanation with quantity measured by
CESMM
CESMM

Explanation on the scope of work that will be implemented
Explanation on the scope of work that will be implemented
by the contractor and then be the basis for pricing the
by the contractor and then be the basis for pricing the
tender.
tender.

Purpose of CESMM
Purpose of CESMM
 The main purpose of the measurement
The main purpose of the measurement
based on CESMM is for
based on CESMM is for coordinating and
coordinating and
planning of the quantity list, to list the
planning of the quantity list, to list the
details of work to ensure consistency
details of work to ensure consistency
and systematic and to state the new
and systematic and to state the new
techniques of construction clearly.
techniques of construction clearly.

FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF CESMM
CESMM; Section 1
CESMM; Section 1
Definitions
Definitions
 A number of definitions are contained.
A number of definitions are contained.
 Referring to words / expression that will be
Referring to words / expression that will be
defined in the CESMM and preparation of bill of
defined in the CESMM and preparation of bill of
Quantities.
Quantities.
 Words and expression defined in the CESMM
Words and expression defined in the CESMM
shall have the same meaning when defining the
shall have the same meaning when defining the
words / expression in the Conditions of Contract
words / expression in the Conditions of Contract
and the Specifications
and the Specifications
 Please refer to
Please refer to CESMM-Section 1: definitions
CESMM-Section 1: definitions.
.

CESMM; Section 2
CESMM; Section 2
General Principles
General Principles
 In this section , it clarify the following:
In this section , it clarify the following:

The application and extent of CESMM
The application and extent of CESMM

Objective of CESMM
Objective of CESMM

Objectives of the Bill of Quantities
Objectives of the Bill of Quantities
 Malaysian Standard Method of
(CESMM) to be used in conjunction with the
(CESMM) to be used in conjunction with the
conditions of contract for Civil Engineering
conditions of contract for Civil Engineering
works.
works.
 Refer to CESMM-SECTION 2
Refer to CESMM-SECTION 2

CESMM; Section 3
CESMM; Section 3
Application of the Work Classification
Application of the Work Classification
 Work classification divides work into
Work classification divides work into 18
18 main
main
classes; Class A- Class R
classes; Class A- Class R
 Each class comprises up to
Each class comprises up to 3 division
3 division which classify
which classify
work at successive level of detail.
work at successive level of detail.

First division
First division

Second division
Second division

Third division
Third division
 Each division comprises a list of up to
Each division comprises a list of up to 8 descriptive
8 descriptive
features of work.
features of work.
 Each item description shall identify the component
Each item description shall identify the component
of work covered with respect to one feature from
of work covered with respect to one feature from
each division of the relevant class.
each division of the relevant class.

CESMM; Section 4
CESMM; Section 4
Coding & Numbering of Items
 Each item in the work classification has been placed with
Each item in the work classification has been placed with
the code and numbering system that
the code and numbering system that alphabetically
alphabetically and
and not
not
more than three digits
more than three digits.
.
 The letter corresponds to the class in the work
The letter corresponds to the class in the work
classification in which the items occurs and the digits give
classification in which the items occurs and the digits give
the position of the item in the first, second and third
the position of the item in the first, second and third
divisions of the class.
divisions of the class.
 E.g. Code
E.g. Code F.3.1.0
F.3.1.0 identifies an item as
identifies an item as
Class F concrete works
Class F concrete works
1
1st
st
Division 3 precast concrete
Division 3 precast concrete
2
2nd
nd
Division 1 beams
Division 1 beams
3
3rd
rd
Divison 0
Divison 0
 Description
Description: F.3.1.0 - Precast concrete, in beams
: F.3.1.0 - Precast concrete, in beams

CESMM; Section 4
CESMM; Section 4
 Reasons
Reasons:
:

It gives an advantage to the tendered contractors due
It gives an advantage to the tendered contractors due
to bills that have code.
to bills that have code.

Quantity surveyor feels that they are assisted by the
Quantity surveyor feels that they are assisted by the
code and numbering system and can be used as a brief
code and numbering system and can be used as a brief
reference to the file system and data costs.
reference to the file system and data costs.
 Each class work contains a set of measurements,
Each class work contains a set of measurements,
definitions, coverage, additional rules of measurement that
definitions, coverage, additional rules of measurement that
expands and clarify all information and evidence.
expands and clarify all information and evidence.
 Every classification of work explains every units for each
Every classification of work explains every units for each
item of work, within the total allocation and numbering
item of work, within the total allocation and numbering
system for each item, the items in units of meters long, in
system for each item, the items in units of meters long, in
units of square meters of area (hectares for cleaning
units of square meters of area (hectares for cleaning
site), unit volume and weight and metric units.
site), unit volume and weight and metric units.

CESMM; SECTION 4
CESMM; SECTION 4
(Code & Numbering of Items)
Applications for Bridge Work
Applications for Bridge Work

CESMM; SECTION 4
CESMM; SECTION 4
Applications for Road works
Applications for Road works

CESMM; Section 5
CESMM; Section 5
Preparations of the Bill of Quantities
Preparations of the Bill of Quantities
 The preparation of BQ shall be started prior
The preparation of BQ shall be started prior
to the completion of measurement works.
to the completion of measurement works.
 Section of the bill of Quantities:
Section of the bill of Quantities:

Preamble
Preamble

Work items – division of the BQ into parts.
Work items – division of the BQ into parts.

Day work schedule
Day work schedule

Grand summary / tender summary
Grand summary / tender summary

Form & Setting of BQ
Form & Setting of BQ

CESMM; Section 6
CESMM; Section 6
Completion, Pricing and Use of the BQ
Completion, Pricing and Use of the BQ
 Rates and prices shall be inserted in the
Rates and prices shall be inserted in the
rate column in
rate column in Ringgit Malaysia
Ringgit Malaysia with
with Sen
Sen
inserted as decimal fractions of one
inserted as decimal fractions of one
Ringgit.
Ringgit.
 Each part of the BQ shall be totaled
Each part of the BQ shall be totaled
and the total carried to the Grand
and the total carried to the Grand
Summary
Summary

CESMM; Section 7
CESMM; Section 7
Method-Related Charges
Method-Related Charges
 Meaning: the sum for an item inserted in the BQ by a tenderer.
Meaning: the sum for an item inserted in the BQ by a tenderer.
 Two types:
Two types:

Time-related charges
Time-related charges – a method-related charge for work,
– a method-related charge for work,
the cost of which is to be considered as proportional to the
the cost of which is to be considered as proportional to the
length of time taken to execute the work
length of time taken to execute the work

Fixed charge-
Fixed charge- a method-related charge which is not a time
a method-related charge which is not a time
related charge.
related charge.
 A tenderer may insert in the BQ the method related charges
A tenderer may insert in the BQ the method related charges
as he may decide to cover items of works relating to his
as he may decide to cover items of works relating to his
intended method of executing the works, the cost of which are
intended method of executing the works, the cost of which are
not to be considered as proportional to the quantities of the
not to be considered as proportional to the quantities of the
other items and for which he has not allowed in the rates and
other items and for which he has not allowed in the rates and
prices for the other items.
prices for the other items.

Basic contents of typical contract
Basic contents of typical contract
documents
documents
 Conditions of contract
Conditions of contract
 Contract drawings
Contract drawings
 Specification
Specification
 Preambles
Preambles
 Bills of quantities
Bills of quantities
 Schedule of rates
Schedule of rates

Contract Documentation for Civil
Engineering
1.
1. Conditions of contract
Conditions of contract –
–a written agreement intended to
a written agreement intended to
be enforceable by law to bind the appointed contractor with
be enforceable by law to bind the appointed contractor with
the employer based on an agreed conditions.
the employer based on an agreed conditions.
2.
2. Contract Drawings
Contract Drawings –
– technical / detailed construction
technical / detailed construction
drawings for measurement / costing by QS / engineers –
drawings for measurement / costing by QS / engineers –
prepared by architect / engineers.
prepared by architect / engineers.
3.
3. Specification / Preambles
Specification / Preambles -
- A concise description of
A concise description of
materials and workmanship, standard or quality of
materials and workmanship, standard or quality of
workmanship. It must convey the architect and engineer’s
workmanship. It must convey the architect and engineer’s
requirements.
requirements.
4.
4. Bill of Quantities
Bill of Quantities –
– prepared by Quantity Surveyor based
prepared by Quantity Surveyor based
on measurement from the construction drawings / building
on measurement from the construction drawings / building
plans This document were itemized all the quantities for each
plans This document were itemized all the quantities for each
categories of works applied in constructing the buildings. E.g.
categories of works applied in constructing the buildings. E.g.
building works, mechanical, electrical works, civil, structural
building works, mechanical, electrical works, civil, structural
works, infrastructure works, etc. The contractor will
works, infrastructure works, etc. The contractor will
priced /estimate all the works associated in completing the
priced /estimate all the works associated in completing the
buildings during pre-construction stage.
buildings during pre-construction stage.

Purpose / Objectives / Roles
Purpose / Objectives / Roles
Project stages Explanation
PRE-
CONTRACT
(before
official
contract
signed
between
client –
contractor)
Tendering
stage
To enable the contractor to tender to a project &
price the described works.
To control in ordering materials and assessing the
labour requirement for the contract.
POST-
CONTRACT
(contract
signed and
the selected
contractor
started their
works till
completion
stage)
Construction
stage
Provides basis for valuation of variation work and
Provides basis for valuation of monthly progress
payment referring to the working progress on site.
Project
completed
After being priced, it provides a good basis for
cost analysis which subsequently will be used in
future contract especially for cost planning works.
(cost data)

Types of Bill of Quantity
Types of Bill of Quantity
TYPES OF
BILL
SIMILARITIES DIFFERENCES
Fixed
price/ lump
sum
The architects and engineers
prepare detail construction
drawings.
QS measures the quantities
in detail based on the
construction drawing
The QS prepare BQ based
on the measurement.
Virtual completion of the
design proceeds the signing
of the contract.
Both the quantities and unit rates form
part of the contract
 A detail breakdown of all the quantities is
shown in the BQ
The empty bill is supplied to the contractors
to tender / price the described works/ project.
Approximate The QS prepares BQ but subjected to later
adjustment.
Only unit rates form part of the contract.
The signing of the contract and beginning of
the project may proceed before the whole
design is complete.
The empty bill is supplied to the contractors
to tender / price the described works/ project.
Drawings
and
specification
The contractors are supplied with drawings
with full specifications.
No empty bill is supplied to the contractors.
The contractors prepare their own BQ.
Suitable for small project (less than
RM500,000)

Basic contents of Bills of Quantities
Basic contents of Bills of Quantities
 Preliminaries
Preliminaries
 Specifications of materials and
Specifications of materials and
workmanship
workmanship
 Preambles
Preambles (only in Bill of Approx Qtty)
(only in Bill of Approx Qtty)
 Measured works bill
Measured works bill
 Schedules of rates
Schedules of rates (only in Bill of Approx
(only in Bill of Approx
Qtty)
Qtty)

Preliminaries
Preliminaries
It must:
It must:
 Contain a
Contain a definition of the scope of works
definition of the scope of works and
and
details of the proposed form of contract / project.
details of the proposed form of contract / project.
 Contain a
Contain a detailed description
detailed description of the administrative
of the administrative
mechanism / temporary facilities to implement the
mechanism / temporary facilities to implement the
contract / project.
contract / project.
 Contain
Contain list of drawings
list of drawings and
and any special instructions
any special instructions
to the contractor
to the contractor – highlighting the method of
– highlighting the method of
pricing and presenting tenders and other site
pricing and presenting tenders and other site
information.
information.

Specification
Specification
 A concise description of materials
A concise description of materials
and workmanship, standard or
and workmanship, standard or
quality of workmanship.
quality of workmanship.
 It must convey the architect and
It must convey the architect and
engineer’s requirements.
engineer’s requirements.

Measured works
Measured works
 Includes detailed descriptions of building, mechanical
Includes detailed descriptions of building, mechanical
and electrical works presented in accordance with SMM.
and electrical works presented in accordance with SMM.
 This enables the contractors’ estimator / QS to price
This enables the contractors’ estimator / QS to price
individual item of work.
individual item of work.
 This section also includes
This section also includes Prime cost sum (P.C)
Prime cost sum (P.C) and
and
Provisional sum (Prov. sum)
Provisional sum (Prov. sum)
P.C. sum –
P.C. sum – used for works to be carried out by nominated
used for works to be carried out by nominated
sub-contractors, statutory authorities
sub-contractors, statutory authorities
or for
or for goods to be supplied by nominated
goods to be supplied by nominated
suppliers.
suppliers.
Prov. Sum -
Prov. Sum - used for works which cannot be fully detailed
used for works which cannot be fully detailed
or
or for costs which are unknown at the
for costs which are unknown at the
time bills are
time bills are prepared.
prepared.

Preambles
Preambles
 Define the rules governing the method of
Define the rules governing the method of
measurement of the works and contain instruction
measurement of the works and contain instruction
as to what is to be included within unit rates and/or
as to what is to be included within unit rates and/or
lump sum prices.
lump sum prices.
 The preambles do not define the scope of works.
The preambles do not define the scope of works.

Schedule of Rates
Schedule of Rates
 Consists of unit of works that are grouped
Consists of unit of works that are grouped
according to trade and work content and are
according to trade and work content and are
presented in tubular form.
presented in tubular form.
 Each table is referred as ‘schedule’.
Each table is referred as ‘schedule’.
 The schedule of rates comprises a number of
The schedule of rates comprises a number of
schedules that when combined, cover all items
schedules that when combined, cover all items
of work likely to be encountered in the contract.
of work likely to be encountered in the contract.

Traditional Techniques of BQ preparation
Traditional Techniques of BQ preparation
Process Description of works
Measuring / taking-off QS will analyze the drawings / plan received from
engineers’ / architect.
Prepare query list (if necessary)
Measuring from drawings and entering the dimensions on
to specially ruled dimension paper
Working up / squaring Calculating and totaling the area, length, volume,
numbers, item of the dimensions to obtain the exact
quantities for each measured item in the dimension sheet.
Transfer to abstract
sheet
Collecting the totals form dimension paper on to an
abstract to produce a final total for each individual
description.
Billing Reproducing the items from the abstract on to bill paper in
draft form ready for typing.

Preparation of billing
Preparation of billing
item description Qty unit rate amount
1.0 Supply to site 125mm x 125mm
pressure treated timber piles of
6m lengths with provisions of
galvanized mild steel anti split
rail at both ends.
320 NR RM100.00 RM32,000.00
2.0 Drive 125mm x 125mm timber
piles to required depth
1,920 M RM12.00 RM23,040.00
3.0 100mm thick Grade 15 lean
concrete.
115 M2 RM18.00 RM2,070.00
4.0 Grade 35 concrete at brick
retaining wall
8 M3 RM180.00 RM1,440.00
5.0 Bringing to and removing from
site all plant required for this
section of the work
ITEM RM1,800.00 RM180.00

SETTING DOWN DIMENSION
SETTING DOWN DIMENSION

Dimension Paper
Dimension Paper
 Dimension are taken / measure from
Dimension are taken / measure from
the drawings by the taker-off.
the drawings by the taker-off.

Column 1
Column 1 =
= timesing / dotting on
timesing / dotting on
column (
column (where multiplication and
where multiplication and
addition of the dimensions can be
addition of the dimensions can be
recorded)
recorded)

Column 2
Column 2 =
= dimension column
dimension column (in
(in
which the measurements are set
which the measurements are set
down as taken from drawings and
down as taken from drawings and
normally expressed in two
normally expressed in two
decimal point.
decimal point.

Column 3
Column 3 =
= squaring column
squaring column (in
(in
which are set out the calculated
which are set out the calculated
volumes, areas, etc)
volumes, areas, etc)

Column 4
Column 4 =
= description column
description column (in
(in
which is written the description of
which is written the description of
the work to which the dimensions
the work to which the dimensions
apply.
apply.

Column 5
Column 5 =
= Waste
Waste (in which
(in which
preliminary calculations /
preliminary calculations /
sketches are made/ shown)
sketches are made/ shown)
1 2 3 4 5

Units of Measurement
Units of Measurement
 Cubic measurement = m3
Cubic measurement = m3
 Square or superficial measurement = m2
Square or superficial measurement = m2
 Linear measurement = m
Linear measurement = m
 Enumerated items – Nr/ Nos.
Enumerated items – Nr/ Nos.
 Items
Items

Expressions of Measurement / Rules in
Expressions of Measurement / Rules in
setting down the dimension
setting down the dimension
 The dimension are normally expressed to two decimal points.
 It is important that the insertion of the horizontal lines which determines
whether the dimension is intended as linear, superficial, or cubic measurement.

Rules in setting down the dimension:
Timesing
Timesing

Dotting-on
Dotting-on

Alterations in dimensions
Alterations in dimensions
Reminder:
•Deletions with
correcting fluid are
not encourage.
•It is best to nil
entirely and write out
again the dimensions.

Anding-on
Anding-on
Note:
Anding-on , deductions
shall be in similar form of
dimension.

Deductions
Deductions
 Where a deduction is to be made, the
Where a deduction is to be made, the
description is preceded by
description is preceded by Deduct
Deduct which
which
is often abbreviated to
is often abbreviated to Ddt.
Ddt.
 An example as follows:
An example as follows:

Lecture 1 Introduction Eng Quantities.ppt

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